Study of Errors in Conductivity Meters Using the Low Induction Number Approximation and How to Overcome Them

In this contribution we made a study of the errors in obtaining the apparent electrical conductivity of the earth by electromagnetic induction conductivity meters which use the low induction number (LIN) approximation. We have made theoretical simulations, using the full Maxwell's equations, of conductivity measurements at any height from the ground using the technical specifications of several known brands of conductivity meters, and calculated the observed errors in the measurements for a wide range of ground conductivities in order to achieve the accuracy of the use of the LIN approximation for the calculation of the apparent conductivity and propose other simple but more accurate methods to calculate the apparent conductivity from the mutual coupling ratio (Q) which is measured by the conductivity meters.