1887
Volume 15 Number 6
  • ISSN: 1569-4445
  • E-ISSN: 1873-0604

Abstract

ABSTRACT

We utilise a concept of specific polarizability , represented as the ratio of mineral‐fluid interface polarization per pore‐normalised surface area , to demonstrate the influence of clay‐organic interaction on complex conductivity measurements. Complex conductivity measurements were performed on kaolinite‐ and illite‐sand mixtures as a function of varying ethanol (EtOH) concentration (10% and 20% v/v). The specific surface area of each clay type and Ottawa sand was determined by nitrogen‐gas‐adsorption Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller method. We also calculated the porosity and saturation of each mixture based on weight loss of dried samples. Debye decomposition, a phenom‐enological model, was applied to the complex conductivity data to determine normalised chargea‐bility . Specific polarizability estimates from previous complex conductivity measurements for bentonite‐sand mixtures were compared with our dataset. The for all sand–clay mixtures decreased as the EtOH concentration increased from 0% to 10% to 20% v/v. We observe similar responses to EtOH concentration for all sand–clay mixtures. Analysis of variance with a level of significance suggests that the suppression in responses with increasing EtOH concentration was statistically significant for all sand–clay mixtures. On the other hand, real conductivity showed only 10% to 20% v/v changes with increasing EtOH concentration. The estimates reflect the sensitivity of complex conductivity measurements to alteration in surface chemistry at available surface adsorption sites for different clay types, likely resulting from ion exchange at the clay surface and associated with kinetic reactions in the electrical double layer of the clay‐water‐EtOH media. Our results indicate a much larger influence of specific surface area and ethanol concentration on clay‐driven polarization relative to changes in clay mineralogy.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.3997/1873-0604.2017049
2017-10-01
2024-04-23
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. ArchieG.1942. The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics.Transactions of the AIME146(99), 54–62.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. AtamasN. and AtamasA.2009. The investigations of water‐ethanol mixture by Monte Carlo method.World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology55, 4 p.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. BhatJ.I. and ShettyM.K.2011. Evaluation of limiting molar conductance, Walden product, association constant and thermodynamic properties of sulfacetamide sodium in water+EtOH mixtures.Journal of Molecular Liquids160(3), 140–143.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. BrownS.R., SorensonJ.R. and BrownT.I.2004. A laboratory study of the complex electrical resistivity response of soils.Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2004, pp. 528–539. Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. BrunauerS., EmmettP.H. and TellerE.1938. Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers.Journal of the American Chemical Society60(2), 309–319.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. ColeK.S. and ColeR.H.1941. Dispersion and absorption in dielectrics I. Alternating current characteristics.The Journal of Chemical Physics9, 341.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. CorseuilH.X., HuntC.S., Ferreira dos SantosR.C. and AlvarezP.J.1998. The influence of the gasoline oxygenate ethanol on aerobic and anaerobic BTX biodegradation.Water Research32(7), 2065–2072.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. CraigR.F.1974. Craig’s Soil Mechanics.New York, NY: Spon Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. DavidsonD. and ColeR.1951. Dielectric relaxation in glycerol, propylene glycol, and n‐propanol.The Journal of Chemical Physics19, 1484.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. DowdyR.H. and MortlandM.M.1967. Alcohol‐water interactions on montmorillonite surfaces. I. Ethanol.Clays and Clay Minerals15(1), 259–271.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. GermanW. and HardingD.1969. The adsorption of aliphatic alcohols by montmorillonite and kaolinite.Clay Miner8, 213–227.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. GomezD.E. and AlvarezP.J.J.2010. Comparing the effects of various fuel alcohols on the natural attenuation of benzene plumes using a general substrate interaction model.Journal of Contaminant Hydrology113(1–4), 66–76.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. HarrisR.G., WellsJ.D. and JohnsonB.B.2001. Selective adsorption of dyes and other organic molecules to kaolinite and oxide surfaces.Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects180(1), 131–140.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. LesmesD.P. and FryeK.M.2001. Influence of pore fluid chemistry on the complex conductivity and induced polarisation responses of Berea sandstone.Journal of Geophysical Research106(B3), 4079–4090.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. LesmesD.P. and MorganF.D.2001. Dielectric spectroscopy of sedimentary rocks.Journal of Geophysical Research106(B7), 13329–13346.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. LovanhN., HuntC.S. and AlvarezP.J.J.2002. Effect of ethanol on BTEX biodegradation kinetics: aerobic continuous culture experiments.Water Research36(15), 3739–3746.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Miranda‐TrevinoJ.C. and ColesC.A.2003. Kaolinite properties, structure and influence of metal retention on pH.Applied Clay Science23(1–4), 133–139.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. NordsiekS. and WellerA.2008. A new approach to fitting induced‐polarisation spectra.Geophysics73(6), F235–F245.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. OkayG., LeroyP., GhorbaniA., CosenzaP., CamerlynckC., CabreraJ. et al. 2014. Spectral induced polarisation of clay‐sand mixtures: experiments and modeling.Geophysics79(6), E353–E375.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. OlhoeftG.R.1985. Low frequency electrical properties.Geophysics50(12), 2492–2503.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. OlhoeftG.R.1986. Direct detection of hydrocarbon and organic chemicals with ground penetrating radar and complex resistivity.NWWA/ API Conference on Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water, Dublin, OH, November 12–14, 1986, pp. 284–305.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. OlhoeftG. and KingT.1991. Mapping subsurface: organic compounds noninvasively by their reactions with clays.US Geological Survey Toxic Substance Hydrology Program, Proceedings of Technical Meeting, Monterey, CA, pp. 552–557
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Österreicher‐CunhaP., GuimaräesJ.R.D., do Amaral VargasE. and Pais da SilvaM.I.2007. Study of biodegradation processes of BTEX‐ethanol mixture in tropical soil.Water, Air, and Soil Pollution181(1‐4), 303–317.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. ParkeS.A. and BirchG.G.1999. Solution properties of ethanol in water.Food Chemistry67(3), 241–246.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. PersonnaY.R., SlaterL., NtarlagiannisD., WerkemaD. and SzaboZ.2013. Complex resistivity signatures of ethanol in sand‐clay mixtures.Journal of Contaminant Hydrology149, 76–87.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. PowersS.E., HuntC.S., HeermannS.E., CorseuilH.X., RiceD. and AlvarezP.J.2001a. The transport and fate of ethanol and BTEX in groundwater contaminated by gasohol.Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology31 (1), 79–123.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. PowersS.E., RiceD., DooherB. and AlvarezP.J.2001b. Will ethanol‐blended gasoline affect groundwater quality?Environmental Science & Technology35, 24–30.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. RevilA., KaraoulisM., JohnsonT. and KemaA.2012. Review: some low‐frequency electrical methods for subsurface characterization and monitoring in hydrogeology.Hydrogeology Journal, 1–42
    [Google Scholar]
  29. RobertsJ. and WildenschildD.2004. Electrical properties of sand–clay mixtures containing trichloroethylene and ethanol.Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics9, 1.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Ruiz‐AguilarG.M.L., Fernandez‐SanchezJ.M., KaneS.R., KimD. and AlvarezP.J.J.2002. Effect of ethanol and methyl‐tert‐butyl ether on monoaromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation: response variability for different aquifer materials under various electron‐accepting conditions.Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry21(12), 2631–2639. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. SadowskiR.M.1988. Clay‐organic interactions. MSc thesis, Colorado School of Mines, USA.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. SaidyA.R., SmernikR.J., BaldockJ.A., KaiserK., SandermanJ. and MacdonaldL.M.2012. Effects of clay mineralogy and hydrous iron oxides on labile organic carbon stabilisation.Geoderma173, 104–110.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. SaidyA.R., SmernikR.J., BaldockJ.A., KaiserK. and SandermanJ.2013. The sorption of organic carbon onto differing clay minerals in the presence and absence of hydrous iron oxide.Geoderma209–210, 15–21.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. SchaeferC.E., YangX., PelzO., TsaoD.T., StregerS.H. and SteffanR.J.2010. Aerobic biodegradation of iso‐butanol and ethanol and their relative effects on BTEX biodegradation in aquifer materials.Chemosphere81(9), 1104–1110.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. SharmaS.2016. Specific polarizability of sand‐clay mixtures with varying ethanol concentration. Master’s dissertation, Rutgers University‐ Newark, USA.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. SlaterL. and LesmesD.2002. Electrical‐hydraulic relationships observed for unconsolidated sediments.Water Resources Research38(10), 31.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. SpagnoliG., Fernández‐SteegerT., HuH., FeinendegenM. and AzzamR.2010. Potential calculation according to the Gouy and the Stern model for kaolinite and smectite. Giornale di Geologia Applicata13, 87–91.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. SpositoG., SkipperN.T., SuttonR., ParkS., SoperA.K. and GreathouseJ.A.1999. Surface geochemistry of the clay minerals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America96(7), 3358–3364.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. UstraA., SlaterL., NtarlagiannisD. and ElisV.R.2012. Spectral induced polarisation (SIP) signatures of clayey soils containing toluene.Near Surface Geophysics10(6), 503–515.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. van OlphenH.1977. An Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry.For Clay Technologists, Geologists, and Soil Scientists, 2nd edn, pp. 57–120. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. VinegarH.J. and WaxmanM.H.1984. Induced polarisation of shaly sands. Geophysics49(8), 1267–1287.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. WaxmanM.H. and SmitsL.J.M.1968. Electrical conductivities in oilbearing shaly sands.Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal8(02), 107–122.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. WellerA., SlaterL., NordsiekS. and NtarlagiannisD.2010. On the estimation of specific surface per unit pore volume from induced polarisation: a robust empirical relation fits multiple data sets.Geophysics75(4).
    [Google Scholar]
  44. WellerA., BreedeK., SlaterL. and NordsiekS.2011. Effect of changing water salinity on complex conductivity spectra of sandstones. Geophysics76(5), F315.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. WellerA., SlaterL., HuismanJ.A., EsserO. and HaegelF.2015. On the specific polarizability of sands and sand‐clay mixtures.Geophysics80(3), 3–7.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. ZisserN., KemnaA. and NoverG.2010. Relationship between low‐frequency electrical properties and hydraulic permeability of low‐permeability sandstones.Geophysics75, E131–E141.
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.3997/1873-0604.2017049
Loading
/content/journals/10.3997/1873-0604.2017049
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article

Most Cited This Month Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error