1887

Abstract

Summary

Onshore time-lapse seismic is a major challenge, particularly in the harsh desert environments encountered in Saudi Arabia. Injection of CO2 into a stiff carbonate reservoir results in weak 4D signal, which can easily be contaminated by noise generated by changing near surface conditions. Using a hybrid acquisition system, consisting of permanent buried receivers and surface vibroseis sources, the seasonal variations in data repeatability are clearly identified. Data acquired under the same conditions (e.g., both surveys during the dry season) provide the best data quality, with significant waveform variations observed when comparing surveys from different seasons (i.e., dry-wet). Buried receiver acquisition and specialized processing has resulted in outstanding final stack repeatability. For surveys acquired under dry conditions, mean NRMS values in the range of 3–5% have been reported for surveys separated by up to two years. This level of repeatability has allowed small signals due to CO2 injection to be detected, which grow with increasing injection volume and are consistent with engineering data.

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/content/papers/10.3997/2214-4609.201801471
2018-06-11
2024-03-29
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References

  1. Bakulin, A., Burnstad, R., Jervis, M., and P.Kelamis
    , 2012, The Feasibility of Permanent Land Seismic Monitoring with Buried Geophones and Hydrophones: 74th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating EUROPEC, Expanded Abstracts, X038.
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    , 2014. Near surface changes and 4D seismic repeatability in desert environment: From days to years, 84th SEG Annual Meeting Expanded Abstracts, 4843–4847.
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