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Satellite InSAR Data

Reservoir Monitoring from Space (EET 9)

image of Satellite InSAR Data
  • By Alessandro Ferretti
  • Format: EPUB
  • Publication Year: 2014
  • Number of Pages: 160
  • Language: English
  • Ebook ISBN: 9789462820036

Satellite radar data for surface deformation monitoring are gaining increasing attention, and not only within the oil and gas community. They provide a powerful tool for remotely measuring extremely small surface displacements over large areas and long periods of time, without requiring the installation of in-situ equipment. However, apart from remote sensing and radar specialists, only a relatively small number of geoscientists and engineers understand how a radar sensor orbiting the Earth at about 7 km/s from 700km above the Earth’s surface can actually measure ground displacements of a fraction of a centimetre.
This book provides a step-by-step introduction to satellite radar sensors, SAR imagery, SAR interferometry and advanced InSAR techniques. Rather than a tutorial for remote sensing specialists, the book starts from very basic concepts and explains in plain language the most important ideas related to SAR data processing and why geoscientists and engineers should take a vested interest in this new information source.

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Acknowledgements

General disclaimer

Contents

1 Motivation

2 Satellite radar images
2.1 Key features of satellite radar systems
2.2 Amplitude and phase information: the magic of complex numbers
2.2.1 The basic idea
2.2.2 Modulo-2π values: knowing something, but not everything
2.2.3 Demodulation, sampling and analog to digital conversion
2.3 Range resolution, signal compression and formation of a range line
2.4 Acquisition geometry and synthetic aperture
2.4.1 Azimuth focusing
2.5 SAR images
2.5.1 Signal statistics
2.5.2 Backscatter measurements
2.6 Geometric distortions and satellite orbit
2.6.1 Ascending and descending orbits
2.7 Scattering mechanisms
2.8 What we have learned so far

3 SAR interferometry
3.1 Measuring phase variations
3.2 Modelling the interferometric phase
3.2.1 Linear approximation of the interferometric phase
3.2.2 Metres or millimetres?
3.3 SAR interferograms
3.3.1 Differential interferograms: DInSAR analyses
3.4 Phase decorrelation and coherence maps
3.4.1 Geometrical and volume decorrelation
3.4.2 Temporal decorrelation
3.5 Atmospheric effects
3.5.1 Atmospheric turbulence
3.5.2 Atmospheric stratification
3.5.3 Modelling the atmospheric phase screen
3.6 Phase Unwrapping
3.7 What we have learned so far

4 Multi-interferogram techniques
4.1 Some history
4.1.1 First steps towards a solution
4.2 The Permanent Scatterer (PS) technique: PSInSAR
4.2.1 Basic blocks
4.2.2 Results of the PS technique
4.2.3 Permanent or Persistent?
4.3 SBAS and other multi-interferogram techniques
4.4 SqueeSAR
4.4.1 Deterministic and stochastic scatterers
4.4.2 Processing chain and results
4.4.3 A note on master image and reference point selection
4.5 Estimation of 2-dimensional displacement fields
4.5.1 Pseudo-PS
4.6 Precision assessment and validation
4.6.1 Precision assessment of phase values
4.6.2 Validation
4.7 What we have learned so far

5 Oil and gas applications
5.1 Surface expression of reservoir dynamics: an opportunity more than a problem
5.1.1 Tools for surface deformation monitoring
5.1.2 Compaction and subsidence
5.2 Inversion of surface deformation data
5.2.1 Distributed subsurface deformation sources
5.2.2 Estimation of compaction and subsidence
5.2.3 Fault dislocation
5.2.4 Inversion methods
5.3 A case study in Middle East
5.4 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
5.4.1 First evidence of sub-millimetre accuracy
5.4.2 Permeability estimation
5.5 Underground Gas Storage (UGS)
5.6 Off-shore applications
5.7 What we have learned so far

6 Conclusions and future trends
6.1 InSAR applications
6.2 Artificial Reflectors
6.3 Satellite archives, historical analyses and monitoring projects
6.4 New trends and why we should care

References

Index

Backcover

References

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