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Velocities, Imaging, and Waveform Inversion
By Ian F. JonesLanguage: EnglishPublication Date: January 2018More LessVelocities, Imaging, and Waveform Inversion - The evolution of characterizing the Earth’s subsurface is part of Ian Jones' EAGE Education Tour and will be a fusion of practical industrial elements, concentrating on the origin and nature of the geological complexities that give rise to imaging problems, as well as a physical (rather than mathematical) understanding of subsurface parameter estimation, and will also look at some possible future directions. The course is designed for: practising geoscientists who desire to better understand the principles and limitations of both current and emerging technologies involved in subsurface parameter estimation and imaging and geoscience students. Following this course, participants should ideally understand how contemporary velocity estimation methods work, and what approximations are involved in obtaining computationally tractable solutions.
In using sound waves to characterise the Earth’s subsurface, we can employ ray theory and/or wave theory, and both migration algorithms and parameter estimation schemes employ one or other of these theoretical descriptions. In this course, we will review the evolution of the industry’s approaches to building earth models via velocity estimation and imaging, outlining the evolution from ray tomography to full waveform inversion, and look towards the emerging possibilities for replacing imaging techniques with direct subsurface parameter inversion methods.
The approach will be mostly non-mathematical, concentrating on an intuitive understanding of the principles, demonstrating them via case histories, and will be divided into the following sections:
- Dealing with the near surface
- The effects of strong vertical velocity contrasts
- The effects of strong lateral velocity contrasts
- Waves versus rays - Model building using ray methods (tomography)
- Model building using wavefield extrapolation methods (FWI)
- Data examples and comparisons
- Future developments
The first three sections outline the nature of the problems we face when building images representing subsurface impedance contrasts, and the next three deal with the technology we deploy to address the problems. In addition, I have included three appendices to outline: the historical development of model building, anisotropy and pre-processing considerations for complex imaging. Several of the individual chapters build on a series of recent tutorial papers which I published in First Break. However, only the key points from these tutorial papers are included, so I refer readers to the original papers for more detail and/or a range of real data examples for each of their topics.
However, due to space and time constraints in the EET format, I have had to omit or limit coverage of various topics, including migration of multiples, Marchenko and inverse scattering series migration, joint migration-inversion, least-squares migration and uncertainty estimation.
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Velocities, Time-imaging and Depth-imaging: Principles and Methods
Language: EnglishPublication Date: January 2010More LessThere are numerous textbooks and publications on seismic processing, and in particular migration. However, we do not know of any work giving an overview of the many types of 'velocities' used in Seismics and how they relate to the different methods involved in the creation of the seismic image.
This text reviews the imaging methods used in the oil and gas industry today, with a unique emphasis on this relationship between imaging and velocity. It addresses imaging in both time and depth domains, spanning the range of complexity from NMO correction to sophisticated pre-stack migrations. Recent tools, such as inversion and demigration, and new directions, e.g. accounting for anisotropy have also been tackled. The work is comprehensively illustrated with a total of more than 200 figures.
The book should therefore be of interest to students looking for a complete introduction to seismic imaging techniques and their respective theoretical and practical merits and limitations. It is equally written to serve as a reference book for industry professionals, both generalists and specialists, who wish to revise standard techniques or take a look at some of the newer developments. In particular, interpreters, who participate in more and more tasks involving seismic velocities, will find answers to many of the questions which arise when, for example, tying seismic images to wells, creating post- and pre-stack time migration velocity fields, building a velocity model for depth migration or simply converting maps from time to depth.
The book is divided into four major sections:
Chapters 1-3 are dedicated to the fundamental concepts that lie behind elastic wave propagation within the subsurface, the velocity of such propagation, and the seismic imaging process itself. They should be considered as a (long!) introduction and most of the concepts will be used subsequently.
Chapters 4-6 outline the specific imaging principles: NMO, DMO, stack and post-stack migrations. In these chapters important ideas such as ‘migration in time’ and ‘migration in depth’ are presented. We also aim to clarify the relationship between velocity and migration, going on to show how improved velocity information leads to better seismic imaging, which in turn allows a better estimation of subsurface propagation velocities.
Chapter 7 generalizes the migration concepts from ‘post-stack’ to ‘prestack’ in both the time domain and the depth domain.
Chapter 8 recapitulates practical issues in estimating depth from the seismic image and the seismic velocity, and matching these with borehole data.
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