Estimation of earthquake local site effects using microtremor observations for the Garhwal–Kumaun Himalaya, India

References

1. Bard, P.Y. (1999) Microtremor measurements: a tool for site effect estimation. The Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion, 3, 1251–1279.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Bard, P.Y. and Participants, S.E.S.A.M.E . (2004) The SESAME project: an overview and main results. In Proc. of 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada, August (pp. 1–6).
3. Borah, K., Kanna, N., Rai, S.S. and Prakasam, K.S. (2015) Sediment thickness beneath the Indo‐Gangetic plain and Siwalik Himalaya inferred from receiver function modelling. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 99(2015), 41–56.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Borcherdt, R.D. (1970) Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay. Bulletin of Seismological Society of America, 60, 29–61.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Du, Y., Xu, P., Ling, S., Tian, B., You, Z. and Zhang, R. (2019) Determining the soil‐bedrock interface and fracture‐zone scope in the central urban area of the Jinan city, China, by using microtremor signals. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, 16(4), 680–689.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Fat‐Helbary, R.E.S., El‐Faragawy, K.O. and Hamed, A. (2019) Application of HVSR technique in the site effects estimation at the south of Marsa Alam city, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 154, 89–100.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Field, E. and Jacob, K. (1993) The theoretical response of sedimentary layers to ambient seismic noise. Geophysical Research Letters, 20, 2925–2928.
   [Google Scholar]
8. Friedrich, A., Krüger, F. and Klinge, K. (1998) Ocean‐generated microseismic noise located with the Gräfenberg array. Journal of Seismology, 2(1), 47–64.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Gansser, A. (1964) Geology of the Himalayas. Wiley InterScience.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Gaytan, A.R., Estrella, H.F., Preciado, A., Bandy, W.L., Lazcano, S., Nolasco, L.A., et al. (2020) Subsoil classification and geotechnical zonation for Guadalajara City, México: Vs30, soil fundamental periods, 3D structure and profiles. Near Surface Geophysics, 18(2), 175–188.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Gupta, G., Gokarn, S.G. and Singh, B.P. (1994) Thickness of the Siwalik sediments in the Mohand–Ramnagar region using magnetotelluric studies. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 83(1994), 217–224.
    [Google Scholar]
12. IS 1893–2002 (Part 1) . (2002) Indian standard criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures. Part 1: general provisions and buildings Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
13. Konno, K. and Ohmachi, T. (1998) Ground‐motion characteristics estimated from spectral ratio between horizontal and vertical components of microtremor. Bulletin of Seismological Society of America, 88, 228–241.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Krinitzsky, E.L. and Hynes, M.E. (2002) The Bhuj, India, earthquake: lessons learned for earthquake safety of dams on alluvium. Engineering Geology, 66, 163–196.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Kumar, A.K. and Kumar, P. (2018) Site characterisation in Kangra Valley (NW Himalaya, India) by inversion of H/V spectral ratio from ambient noise measurements and its validation by multichannel analysis of surface waves technique. Near Surface Geophysics, 16(3), 314–327.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Lachet, C. and Bard, P.Y. (1994) Numerical and theoretical investigations on the possibilities and limitations of Nakamura's technique. Journal of Physics of the Earth, 42, 377–397.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Lachet, C. and Bard, P.Y. (1995) Theoretical investigations on the Nakamura's technique. International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, 3.
18. Lachet, C., Hatzfeld, D., Bard, P.‐Y., Theodulidis, N., Papaioannou, C. and Savvaidis, A. (1996) Site effects and microzonation in the city of Thessaloniki (Greece) comparison of different approaches. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86, 1692–1703.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Lacave‐Lachet, C., Bard, P.Y., Gariel, J.C. and Irikura, K. (2000) Straightforward methods to detect non‐linear response of the soil: application to the recordings of the Kobe earthquake (Japan, 1995). Journal of Seismology, 4(2), 161–173.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Lee, W.H.K. and Stewart, S.W. (1981) Principles and Applications of Microearthquake Networks: Advances in Geophysics, vol. 2. New York: Academic Press, pp. 1–293.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Lermo, J. and Chávez‐García, F.J. (1994) Are microtremors useful in site response evaluation?Bulletin of Seismological Society of America, 84, 1350–1364.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Macau, A., Benjumea, B., Gabàs, A., Bellmunt, F. and Figueras, S. (2018) Geophysical measurements for site effects characterisation in the urban area of Girona, Spain. Near Surface Geophysics, 16(3), 340–355.
    [Google Scholar]
23. Mahajan, A.K., Galiana‐Merino, J.J., Lindholm, C., Arora, B.R., Mundepi, A.K., Rai, N. et al. (2011) Characterization of the sedimentary cover at the Himalayan foothills using active and passive seismic techniques. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 73(3), 196–206.
    [Google Scholar]
24. Mahajan, A.K., Gupta, V. and Thakur, V.C. (2012) Macroseismic field observations of 18 September 2011 Sikkim earthquake. Natural Hazards, 63, 589–603.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Midorikawa, S. (1992) Site effects on strong‐motion records of the 1985 Chile earthquake and their nonlinear behavior. Earthquake Engineer 10th World, 2, 1031.
    [Google Scholar]
26. Mohamed, A.M.E., El‐Hussain, I., Deif, A., Al‐Jabri, K., Al‐Habsi, Z. and El‐Hady, S. (2016) Near‐surface site characterization at Quriyat City, Sultanate of Oman using HVSR and MASW techniques. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(1), 23.
    [Google Scholar]
27. Mukhopadhyay, B., Acharyya, A. and Dasgupta, S. (2011) Potential source zones for Himalayan earthquakes: constraints from spatial–temporal clusters. Natural Hazards, 57, 369.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Mundepi, A.K. (2013) Seismic microzonation study in Doon valley, northwest Himalaya, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 81(6), 767–773.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Nakamura, Y. (1989) A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using microtremor on the ground surface. Quarterly Report of Railway Technical Research Institute, 30, 25–33.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Nakamura, Y. and Saito, A. (1983) Estimation of amplification characteristics of surface ground and PGA using strong motion records in Japan. In Proc. 17th JSCE Earthquake Engineering Symposium (pp. 25–28).
31. Nath, R.R., Kumar, G., Sharma, M.L. and Gupta, S.C. (2018) Estimation of bedrock depth for a part of Garhwal Himalayas using two different geophysical techniques. Geoscience Letters, 5(1), 9.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Panzera, F., Halldorsson, B. and Vogfjörð, K. (2017b) Directional effects of tectonic fractures on ground motion site amplification from earthquake and ambient noise data: a case study in South Iceland. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 97, 143–154.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Panzera, F., Lombardo, G., Monaco, C. and Di Stefano, A. (2015) Seismic site effects observed on sediments and basaltic lavas outcropping in a test site of Catania, Italy. Natural Hazards, 79(1), 1–27.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Panzera, F., Lombardo, G., Sicali, S. and D'Amico, S. (2017a) Surface geology and morphologic effects on seismic site response: the study case of Lampedusa, Italy. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 98, 62–72.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Parolai, S., Bormann, P. and Milkert, C. (2002) New relationships between Vs, thickness of sediments, and resonance frequency calculated by the H/V ratio of seismic noise for Cologne Area (Germany). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92, 2521–2527.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Paul, A. (2010) Evaluation and implications of seismic events in Garhwal–Kumaun region of Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 76(4), 414–418.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Pileggi, D., Rossi, D., Lunedei, E. and Albarello, D. (2011) Seismic characterization of rigid sites in the ITACA database by ambient vibration monitoring and geological surveys. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 9(6), 1839–1854.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Pudi, R., Roy, P., Martha, T.R., Kumar, V.K. and Rao, P.R. (2018) Spatial potential analysis of earthquakes in the western Himalayas using b‐value and thrust association. Journal of Geological Society of India, 91, 664–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-018-0921-y.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM) . (2008) Ground water prospects mapping. National Remote Sensing Agency, Dept of Space, Govt of India
40. Rastogi, B.K., Singh, A.P., Sairam, B., Jain, S.K., Kaneko, F., Segawa, S. et al. (2011) The possibility of site effects: the Anjar case, following past earthquakes in Gujarat, India. Seismological Research Letters, 82(1), 59–68.
    [Google Scholar]
41. Rogers, J.D., Karadeniz, D. and Chung, J.W. (2007) June. The effect of site conditions on amplification of ground motion in the St. Louis area. In 4th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Paper (No. 1768).
42. Sairam, B., Singh, A.P., Patel, V., Pancholi, V., Chopra, S., Dwivedi, V.K. et al. (2018) Influence of local site effects in the Ahmedabad mega city on the damage due to past earthquakes in northwestern India. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 108(4), 2170–2182.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Sathyaseelan, R., Pappachen, J.P. and Mundepi, A.K. (2018) micro‐tremor induced gravity and seismic noise spectra in the Garhwal Himalaya and the adjoining regions. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 91(3), 273–280.
    [Google Scholar]
44. SEISAT . (2000) Seismotectonic Atlas of India. Geological Survey of India.
45. Singh, A.P. (2015) Seismic hazard evaluation in Anjar city area of western India: microtremor array measurement. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 71, 143–150.
    [Google Scholar]
46. Singh, A.P., Kumar, M.R., Pandey, A. and Roy, K.S. (2019) Investigation of spatial and temporal variability of site response in the Arunachal Himalaya using ambient seismic noise and earthquake waveforms. Near Surface Geophysics, 17(4), 427–445.
    [Google Scholar]
47. Singh, C. (2016) Spatial variation of seismic b‐values across the NW Himalaya. Geomatica Natural Hazard Risk, 7(2), 522–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2014.9419512.
    [Google Scholar]
48. Sitharam, T.G., Govindaraju, L. (2004) Geotechnical aspects and ground response studies in Bhuj earthquake, India. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 22, 439–455. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GEGE.0000025045.90576.d3
    [Google Scholar]
49. Stone, W.C., Yokel, F.Y., Celebi, M., Hanks, T., Leyendecker, E.V. (1987) Engineering aspects of the September 19, 1985 Mexico earthquake. NBS Building Science Series, 165, 207
    [Google Scholar]
50. Surve, G. and Mohan, G. (2010) Site response studies in Mumbai using (H/V) Nakamura technique. Natural Hazards, 54(3), 783–795.
    [Google Scholar]
51. Valdiya, K.S. (1980) Geology of Kumaun Lesser Himalaya. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology.
    [Google Scholar]
52. Vicêncio, H., Teves‐Costa, P. and Caetano, P.S. (2018) Site characterisation in Barreiro urban area (Portugal) using H/V and ReMi techniques. Near Surface Geophysics, 16(3), 298–312.
    [Google Scholar]
53. Verma, M., Singh, R.J. and Bansal, B.K. (2014) Soft sediments and damage pattern: a few case studies from large Indian earthquakes vis‐a‐vis seismic risk evaluation. Natural Hazards, 74(3), 1829–1851.
    [Google Scholar]
54. Yin, A. (2006) Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along‐strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation. Earth‐Science Reviews, 76(1–2), 1–131.
    [Google Scholar]