1887
Volume 19 Number 2
  • ISSN: 1569-4445
  • E-ISSN: 1873-0604

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Palaeoseismology studies the footprints of ancient earthquakes to improve the knowledge about the modern seismicity of the territory. A ground‐penetrating radar (GPR), among other geophysical methods, is used for quick determination of shallow stratigraphy – displaced, oblique layers within the fault zone. GPR data interpretation from diverse and complex reflection patterns of the fault zone heavily depends on the interpreter's experience. The range of different fault zone parameters in which this method can be successfully applied has not yet been investigated. We used a numerical simulation of GPR data to determine how GPR images the elements of faults (fault plane, hanging wall, footwall) in comparison with other reflections. Furthermore, we studied which parameters have the most significant impact on GPR wave patterns. We performed a series of numerical models of a fault, changing its geometry with increasing complexity from elementary models to realistic ones. The resulting synthetic profiles allowed finding specific GPR signatures from the fault plane, the hanging wall and the footwall. We collected field GPR data from two different fault zones and examined them for verification.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1002/nsg.12153
2021-04-16
2024-04-23
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Adija, M., Ankhtsetse, D., Baasanba, T., Baya, G., Bayarsaikhan, C., Erdenezul, D., et al. (2003) One Century of Seismicity in Mongolia (1900–2000), Ulaanbaatar: RCAG– DASE.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Allrogen, N., Tronicke, J., Delock, M. and Böniger, U. (2015) Topographic migration of 2D and 3D ground‐penetrating radar data considering variable velocities. Near Surface Geophysics, 13, 253–259.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Anchuela, Ó.P., Lafuente, P., Arlegui, L., Liesa, C.L. and Simón, J.L. (2016) Geophysical characterisation of buried active faults: The Concud Fault (Iberian Chain, NE Spain). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 105(8), 2221–2239.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Anderson, K.B., Spotila, J.A. and Hole, J.A. (2003) Application of geomorphic analysis and ground‐penetrating radar to characterisation of paleoseismic sites in dynamic alluvial environments: An example from southern California. Tectonophysics, 368, 25–32.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Annan, P. (2003) Ground Penetrating Radar: Principles, Procedures & Applications. Mississauga, Canada: Sensors & Software ,Inc.; 286 p.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Babich, V.M. and Buldyrev, V.S. (1972) Asymptotic Methods in Problems of Diffraction of ShortWaves. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian). Translated to English by Springer, Berlin, Short‐Wavelength Diffraction Theory, 1991.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Baikal Regional Seismological Center (2020) Available athttp://www.seis‐bykl.ru/ (in Russian) [accessed 9 March 2021].
  8. Brandes, C., Igel, J., Loewer, M., Tanner, D.C., Lang, J., Müller, K. and Winsemann, J. (2018) Visualisation and analysis of shear‐deformation bands in unconsolidated Pleistocene sand using ground‐penetrating radar: Implications for paleoseismological studies. Sedimentary Geology, 367, 135–145.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bricheva, S., Schennen, S. and Stanilovskaya, J. (2017) Prospects of the FDTD modelling tool gprMax for imaging of ice wedges. In Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR), Edinburgh, UK, 28–30 June, 2017.
  10. Campo, D. (2019) Finite difference time domain modelling as support to ground penetrating radar surveys of precast concrete units. Near‐Surface Geophysics, 17, 277–289.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Červený, V., Klimeš, L. and Pšenčík, I. (2007) Seismic ray method: recent developments. Advances in Geophysics, 48, 1–126.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Chwatal, W., Decker, K. and Roch, K.‐H. (2005) Mapping of active capable faults by high‐resolution geophysical methods: examples from the central Vienna Basin. Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences, 97, 52–59.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Deev, E. (2019) Localisation zones of ancient and historical earthquakes in Gorny Altai. Izvestiya. Physics of the Solid Earth, 55, 451–470.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Deev, E., Turova, I., Borodovskiy, A.P., Zol'nikov, I.D. and Oleszczak, L. (2017) Unknown large ancient earthquakes along the Kurai fault zone (Gorny Altai): new results of palaeoseismological and archaeoseismological studies. International Geology Review, 59, 293–310.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Deev, E.V. (2018) Neotectonics and paleoseismicity of intramontane basins in the northern Central Asia (Gorny Altai and northern Tien Shan). [D.Sc. thesis]. A.A. Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 450 p.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Ercoli, M., Pauselli, C., Frigeri, A., Forte, E. and Federico, C. (2013) “Geophysical paleoseismology” through high‐resolution GPR data: a case of shallow faulting imaging in Central Italy. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 90, 27–40.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Faure Walker, J.P., Roberts, G.P., Cowie, P.A., Papanikolaou, I.D., Sammonds, P.R., Michetti, A.M. and Phillips, R.J. (2009) Horizontal strain‐rates and throw‐rates across breached relay zones, central Italy: Implications for the preservation of throw deficits at points of normal fault linkage. Journal of Structural Geology, 31(10), 1145–1160.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Ferry, M., Meghraoui, M., Girard, J.‐F., Rockwell, T.K., Kozaci, Ö., Akyuz, S. and Barka, A. (2004) Ground‐penetrating radar investigations along the North Anatolian fault near Izmit, Turkey: Constraints on the right‐lateral movement and slip history. Geology, 32, 85–88.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Giannakis, I., Giannopoulos, A. and Warren, C. (2016) A realistic FDTD numerical modeling framework of ground penetrating radar for landmine detection. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 9(1), 37–51.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Iezzi, F., Roberts, G., Walker, J.F. and Papanikolaou, I. (2019) Occurrence of partial and total coseismic ruptures of segmented normal fault system: Insight from the Central Apennines, Italy. Journal of Structural Geology, 126, 83–99.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Koyan, P. and Tronicke, J. (2020) 3D modeling of ground‐penetrating radar data across a realistic sedimentary model. Computers & Geosciences, 137, 104422.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Kravtsov, Y.A. and Orlov, Y.I. (1980) Geometrical Optics of Inhomogeneous Media. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian). Translation to English by Springer, Berlin, 1990.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Lichtenecker, K. (1926) Die dielektrizitskonstante natürlicher und künstlicher Mischkrper. Physikalische Zeitschrift, 27, 115 p.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Lunina, O.V., Andreev, A.V. and Gladkov, A.S. (2012) The Tsagan earthquake of 1862 on Lake Baikal revisited: a study of secondary coseismic soft‐sediment deformation. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 53, 571–587.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Lunina, O.V. and Denisenko, I.A. (2020) Single‐event throws along the Delta Fault (Baikal rift) reconstructed from ground penetrating radar, geological and geomorphological data. Journal of Structural Geology, 141, 104209.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Lunina, O.V., Gladkov, A.S., Afonkin, A.M. and Serebryakov, E.V. (2016) Deformation style in the damage zone of the Mondy fault: GPR evidence (Tunka basin, southern East Siberia). Russian Geology and Geophysics, 57(9), 1269–1282.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Lunina, O.V., Gladkov, A.S., Gladkov, A.A. and Denisenko, I.A. (2018) Srednekedrovaya paleoseismodislocation in the Baikal ridge: Its structure and throws estimated from ground‐penetrating radar data. Geodynamics & Tectonophysics, 9(2), 531–555 (in Russian)
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Lunina, O.V., Gladkov, A.S. and Gladkov, A.A. (2019) Surface and shallow subsurface structure of the Middle Kedrovaya paleoseismic rupture zone in the Baikal Mountains from geomorphological and ground‐penetrating radar investigations. Geomorphology, 326, 54–67.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Mats, V.D. and Perepelova, T.I. (2011) A new perspective on evolution of the Baikal Rift. Geoscience frontiers, 2(3), 349–365.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. McCalpin, J. P. (ed.) (2009) Paleoseismology, 2nd edition.Academic Press. International Geophysics Series 95, 613 p.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. McClymont, A.F., Green, A.G., Streich, R., Horstmeyer, H., Tronicke, J., Nobes, D.C., et al. (2008a) Visualisation of active faults using geometric attributes of 3D GPR data: an example from the Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand. Geophysics, 73, B11–B23.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. McClymont, A.F., Green, A.G., Villamor, P., Horstmeyer, H., Grass, C. and Nobes, D.C. (2008b) Characterisation of the shallow structures of active fault zones using 3‐D ground‐penetrating radar data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, B10315.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Meghraoui, M., Camelbeeck, T., Vanneste, K. and Brondeel, M. (2000) Active faulting and paleoseismology along the Bree fault, lower Rhine graben, Belgium. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105(B6), 13809–13841.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Middleton, T.A., Walker, R.T., Parsons, B., Lei, Q., Zhou, Y. and Ren, Z. (2016) A major, intraplate, normal‐faulting earthquake: The 1739 Yinchuan event in northern China. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 121(1), 293–320.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Pinegina, T.K., Kozhurin, A.I. and Ponomareva, V.V. (2012) Seismic and tsunami hazard assessment for Ust‐Kamchatsk Settlement, Kamchatka, based on paleoseismological data. Vestnik Kraunts. Nauki o Zemle, 2, 138–159 (in Russian).
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Reiss, S., Reicherter, K.R. and Reuther, C.‐D. (2003) Visualisation and of active normal faults and associated sediments by high‐resolution GPR.: BristowC.S. and JolH.M. ( Eds.) Ground Penetrating Radar in Sediments. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 211, 247–255.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Roberts, G.P., Raithatha, B., Sileo, G., Pizzi, A., Pucci, S., Faure Walker, J.F., et al. (2010) Shallow subsurface structure of the 2009 April 6 Mw 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake surface rupture at Paganica, investigated with ground‐penetrating radar. Geophysical Journal International, 183, 774–790.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Rockwell, T.K., Fletcher, J.M., Teran, O.J., Hernandez, A.P., Mueller, K.J., Salisbury, J.B., et al. (2015) Reassessment of the 1892 Laguna Salada earthquake: fault kinematics and rupture patterns. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 105(6), 1–9.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Saintenoy, A., Sénéchal, G., Rousset, D., Brigaud, B., Pessel, M. and Zeyen, H. (2017) Detecting faults and stratigraphy in limestone with ground‐penetrating radar: a case study in Rustrel. In: Proceeding of the Ninth International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR), Edinburgh, UK, 28–30 June 2017
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Schennen, S.S., Bricheva, S.S. and Tronicke, J.T. (2017) Potential of ground‐penetrating radar for imaging active layer and ice wedges in permafrost areas. In:Proceedings of 23rd European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Malmö, Sweden.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Smekalin, O.P., Chipizubov, A.V. and Imaev, V.S. (2010) Paleoearthquakes in the Baikal region: Methods and results of timing. Geotectonics, 44(2), 158–175.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Smith, D.G. and Jol, H.M. (1995) Wasatch Fault (Utah), detected and displacement characterised by ground penetrating radar. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 1, 489–496.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Taraban'ko, A.V. (2007) Application of the GPR for the study of seismic rupture generated during shallow intraplate earthquakes. Vestnik KRAUNTs. Nauki o Zemle., 1, 154–158 (In Russ.).
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Tronicke, J., Villamor, P. and Green, A.G. (2006) Detailed shallow geometry and vertical displacement estimates of the Maleme fault zone, New Zealand, using 2D and 3D georadar. Near Surface Geophysics, 4(3), 155–161.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Turova, I., Deev, E., Pozdnyakova, N., Entin, A., Nevedrova, N., Shaparenko, I., et al. (2020) Surface‐rupturing paleoearthquakes in the Kurai fault zone (Gorny Altai, Russia): trenching and geophysical evidence. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 197, 104399.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Verma, S. (2007) GPR response over coal seam discontinuities. Indian School of Mines University, 37 p.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Warren, C., Giannopoulos, A. and Giannakis, I. (2016) gprMax: Open source software to simulate electromagnetic wave propagation for ground penetrating radar. Computer Physics Communications, 209, 163–170.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Wilkinson, M., Roberts, G.P., McCaffrey, K., Cowie, P., Faure Walker, J.P., Papanikolaou, I., et al. (2015) Slip distribution on active normal faults measured from LiDAR and field mapping of geomorphic offset: an example from L'Aquila, Italy, and implications for modelling seismic moment release. Geomorphology, 237, 130–141.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Wyatt, D.E. and Temples, T.J. (1996) Ground‐penetrating radar detection of small‐scale channels, joints and faults in the unconsolidated sediments of the Atlantic coastal plain. Environmental Geology, 27, 219–225.
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1002/nsg.12153
Loading
/content/journals/10.1002/nsg.12153
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Faults; Finite‐difference; Geohazard; Ground‐penetrating radar; Numerical modelling

Most Cited This Month Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error