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In order that the whole suite of geophysical logging methods may be employed, it is necessary that the borehole contain drilling mud. Usually in shallow water bores this mud consists simply of a clay component and make-up water, although during drilling it also contains particles and fluids derived from the formations penetrated. The major purposes of the mud, from the driller’s point of view, are to lubricate and cool the bit, to prevent caving especially in unconsolidated sediments and to carry bit cuttings to the surface.
While the mud composition may be relatively simple, the physical, electrical and chemical system comprising the mud column and formation is rather complex. Mud filtrate, a fluid extract of the mud, is expressed and enters the formations