1887
Volume 62, Issue 6
  • E-ISSN: 1365-2478

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Seismic amplitudes contain important information that can be related to fluid saturation. The amplitude‐versus‐offset analysis of seismic data based on Gassmann's theory and the approximation of the Zoeppritz equations has played a central role in reservoir characterization. However, this standard technique faces a long‐standing problem: its inability to distinguish between partial gas and “fizz‐water” with little gas saturation. In this paper, we studied seismic dispersion and attenuation in partially saturated poroelastic media by using frequency‐dependent rock physics model, through which the frequency‐dependent amplitude‐versus‐offset response is calculated as a function of porosity and water saturation. We propose a cross‐plotting of two attributes derived from the frequency‐dependent amplitude‐versus‐offset response to differentiate partial gas saturation and “fizz‐water” saturation. One of the attributes is a measure of “low frequency”, or Gassmann, of reflectivity, whereas the other is a measure of the “frequency dependence” of reflectivity. This is in contrast to standard amplitude‐versus‐offset attributes, where there is typically no such separation. A pragmatic frequency‐dependent amplitude‐versus‐offset inversion for rock and fluid properties is also established based on Bayesian theorem. A synthetic study is performed to explore the potential of the method to estimate gas saturation and porosity variations. An advantage of our work is that the method is in principle predictive, opening the way to further testing and calibration with field data. We believe that such work should guide and augment more theoretical studies of frequency‐dependent amplitude‐versus‐offset analysis.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1111/1365-2478.12179
2014-09-18
2024-04-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. AmalokwuK., BestA., SothcottJ., ChapmanM., MinshullT. and LiX.‐Y.2014. Water saturation effects on elastic wave attenuation in porous rocks with aligned fractures. Geophysical Journal International197(2), 943–947.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. AvsethP., MukerjiT. and MavkoG.2010. Quantitative Seismic Interpretation – Applying Rock Physics Tools to Reduce Interpretation Risk. Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. BachrachR.2006. Joint estimation of porosity and saturation using stochastic rock‐physics modelling. Geophysics71(5), O53–O63.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. BatzleM.L., HanD.‐H. and HofmannR.2006. Fluid mobility and frequency‐dependent seismic velocity, direct measurements. Geophysics71(1), N1–N9.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. BiotM.A.1956a. Theory of propagation of elastic waves in fluid‐saturated porous solid. I. Low‐frequency range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America28, 168–178.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. BiotM. A.1956b. Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid‐saturated porous solid. II. Higher frequency range. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America28, 179–191.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. BostonP.2011. Rock Physics Model‐Based Derivation of Gas Saturation from Frequency‐Dependent Amplitude‐Versus‐Offset (FAVO) Data. BSc dissertation, University of Edinburgh, U.K.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. BurnettM.D., CastagnaJ.P., Méndez‐HernándezE., RodríguezG.Z., GarcíaL.F., VázquezJ.T.M., AvilésM.T. and VillaseñorR.V.2003. Application of spectral decomposition to gas basins in Mexico. The Leading Edge22, 1130–1134.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. CadoretT.G., MavkoT.G. and ZinsznerB.1998. Fluid distribution effect on sonic attenuation in partially saturated limestones. Geophysics63,154–160.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. CausseE., RiedeM., van WijngaardenA.J., BulandA., DutzerJ.F. and FillonR.2007. Amplitude analysis with an optimal model‐based linear AVO approximation: part I – theory. Geophysics72(3), C59–C69.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. ChapmanM.2003. Frequency dependent anisotropy due to meso‐scale fractures in the presence of equant porosity. Geophysical Prospecting51, 369–379.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. ChapmanM.2009. Modeling the effect of multiple sets of mesoscale fractures in porous rock on frequency‐dependent anisotropy. Geophysics74(6), D97–D103.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. ChapmanM. and LiuE.2003. The frequency dependent azimuthal AVO response of fractured rock. 73rd SEG Annual Meeting, Expanded Abstracts, 105–108.
  14. ChapmanM., LiuE. and LiX.‐Y.2006. The influence of fluid‐sensitive dispersion and attenuation on AVO analysis. Geophysical Journal International167, 89–105.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. ChapmanM., ZatsepinS.V. and CrampinS.2002. Derivation of a microstructural poroelastic model. Geophysical Journal International151, 427–451.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. ClarkR.A., CarterA.J., NevillP.C. and BensonP.M.2001. Attenuation measurements from surface seismic data – azimuthal variation and time‐lapse case studies. 63rd EAGE Conference and Technical Exhibition, Expanded Abstracts, L28.
  17. DasguptaR. and ClarkR.1998. Estimation of Q from surface seismic reflection data. Geophysics63(6), 2120–2128.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. DuttaN.C. and OdéH.1979a. Attenuation and dispersion of compressional waves in fluid‐filled porous rocks with partial gas saturation (White model) – part I: Biot theory. Geophysics44(11), 1777–1788.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. DuttaN.C. and OdéH.1979b. Attenuation and dispersion of compressional waves in fluid‐filled porous rocks with partial gas saturation (White model) – part II: results. Geophysics44(11), 1789–1805.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. DvorkinJ., MavkoG. and NurA.1995. Squirt flow in fully saturated rocks. Geophysics60, 97–107.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. EndresA.L. and KnightR.J.1997. Incorporating pore geometry and fluid pressure communication into modeling the elastic behaviour of porous rocks. Geophysics62, 106–117.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. GassmannF.1951. Über die Elastizität poröser Medien: Vierteljahrs‐schrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich, Vol. 96, 1–23.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. GistG.A.1994. Interpreting laboratory velocity measurements in partially gas‐saturated rocks. Geophysics59, 1100–1109.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. GurevichB.2013. Rigorous bounds for seismic attenuation and dispersion in poroelastic rocks. EAGE Workshop on Seismic Attenuation, Singapore, O03.
  25. GurevichB., MakarynskaD., de PaulaO. and PervukhinaM.2010. A simple model for squirt‐flow dispersion and attenuation in fluid‐saturated granular rocks. Geophysics75(6), N109–N120.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. HanD.‐H. and BatzleM.2002. Fizz water and low gas‐saturated reservoirs. The Leading Edge21, 395–398.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. HudsonJ.A., LiuE. and CrampinS.1996. The mechanical properties of materials with interconnected cracks and pores. Geophysical Journal International124, 105–112.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. InnanenK.A.2011. Inversion of the seismic AVF/AVA signatures of highly attenuative targets. Geophysics76(1), R1–R14.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. InnanenK.A.2012. Anelastic P‐wave, S‐wave and Converted‐wave AVO Approximations. 74th EAGE Conference & Exhibition, Extended Abstracts, P197.
  30. JakobsenM. and ChapmanM.2009. Unified theory of global and squirt flow in cracked porous media. Geophysics74, WA65–WA76.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. JakobsenM., HudsonJ.A. and JohansenT.A.2003. T‐matrix approach to shale acoustics. Geophysical Journal International154, 533–558.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. KingM.S., MarsdenJ.R. and DennisJ.W.2000. Biot dispersion for P‐ and S‐wave velocities in partially and fully saturated sandstones. Geophysical Prospecting48, 1075–1089.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. MarfurtK.J. and KirlinR.L.2001. Narrow‐band spectral analysis and thin‐bed tuning. Geophysics66, 1274–1283.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. MavkoG. and JizbaD.1991. Estimating grain‐scale fluid effects on velocity dispersion in rocks. Geophysics56, 1940–1949.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. MavkoG., KjartanssonE. and WinklerK.1979. Seismic wave attenuation in rocks. Review of Geophysics17, 1155–1164.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. MavkoG. and MukerjiT.1998. Bounds on low frequency seismic velocities in partially saturated rocks. Geophysics63, 918–924.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. MüllerT.M., GurevichB. and LebedevM.2010. Seismic wave attenuation and dispersion resulting from wave‐induced flow in porous rocks – a review. Geophysics75, A147–A164.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. MüllerT.M. and RothertE.2006. Seismic attenuation due to wave‐induced flow: why Q in random structures scales differently. Geophysical Research Letters33, L16305.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. MurphyW.F.1982. Effects of partial water saturation on attenuation in massilon sandstone and Vycor porous glass. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America71, 1458–1468.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. MurphyW.F.1984. Acoustic measures of partial gas saturation in tight sandstones. Journal of Geophysical Research89, 11549–11560.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. NakagawaS., KneafseyT.J., DaleyT.M., FreifeldB.M. and ReesE.V.2013. Laboratory seismic monitoring of supercritical CO2 flooding in sandstone cores using the split Hopkinson resonant bar technique with concurrent X‐ray computed tomography imaging. Geophysical Prospecting61, 254–269.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. O'ConnellR.J. and BudianskyB.1977. Viscoelastic properties of fluid‐saturated cracked solids. Journal of Geophysical Research79, 4626–4627.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. OdebeatuE., ZhangJ., ChapmanM., LiuE. and LiX.Y.2006. Application of spectral decomposition to detection of dispersion anomalies associated with gas saturation. The Leading Edge25, 206–210.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. PartykaG.A., GridleyJ.M. and LopezJ.1999. Interpretational applications of spectral decomposition in reservoir characterization. The Leading Edge18(3), 353–360.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. PointerT., LiuE. and HudsonJ.A.2000. Seismic wave propagation in cracked porous media. Geophysical Journal International142, 199–231.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. PrideS.R., BerrymanJ.G. and HarrisJ.M.2004. Seismic attenuation due to wave induced flow. Journal of Geophysical Research109, B01201.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. QuintalB. and TisatoN.2013. Modeling seismic attenuation due to wave‐induced fluid flow in the mesoscopic scale to interpret laboratory measurements. Fifth Biot Conference on Poromechanics, Vienna, Austria, pp. 31–40.
  48. ReineC., van der BaanM. and ClarkR.2009. The robustness of seismic attenuation measurements using fixed‐and variable‐window time‐frequency transforms. Geophysics74(2), WA123–WA135.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. RenH., GoloshubinG. and HiltermanF.2009. Poroelastic analysis of amplitude‐versus‐frequency variations. Geophysics72, N41–N48.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. RubinoJ.G. and HolligerK.2012. Seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion in heterogeneous partially saturated porous rocks. Geophysical Journal International188, 1088–1102.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. RutherfordS.R. and WilliamsR.H.1989. Amplitude‐versus‐offset variations in gas sands. Geophysics54, 680–688.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. SchoenbergM. and ProtazioJ.1992. ‘Zoeppritz’ rationalized and generalized to anisotropy. Journal of Seismic Exploration1, 125–144.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. SunS., JiangS., SunX., YangH., HanJ. and LiY.2012. Fluid identification using frequency‐dependent AVO inversion in dissolution caved carbonate reservoir. 82nd SEG Technical Program, Expanded Abstracts, pp. 1–5.
  54. SinhaS., RouthP.S., AnnoP.D. and CastagnaJ.P.2005. Spectral decomposition of seismic data with continuous‐wavelet transform. Geophysics70(6), 19–25.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. TisatoN. and QuintalB.2013. Measurements of seismic attenuation and transient fluid pressure in partially saturated Berea sandstone: evidence of fluid flow on the mesoscopic scale. Geophysical Journal International195(1), 342–351.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. VarelaI., MaultzschS., ChapmanM. and LiX.‐Y., 2009. Fracture density inversion from a physical geological model using azimuthal AVO with optimal basis functions. 79th SEG Annual Meeting, Expanded Abstracts, 2075–2079.
  57. WangY.2007. Seismic time‐frequency spectral decomposition by matching pursuit. Geophysics72(1), 13–20.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. WhiteJ.E.1975. Computed seismic speeds and attenuation in rocks with partial gas saturation. Geophysics40, 224–232.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. WilsonA., ChapmanM. and LiX.‐Y.2009. Frequency‐dependent AVO inversion. 79th Annual SEG Meeting, Expanded Abstracts 28, 341–345.
  60. WuX., ChapmanM., LiX.‐Y., AngererE. and BostonP.2013. Bayesian inversion for porosity and saturation using frequency‐dependent rock physics models. 83rd Annual SEG Meeting, Expanded Abstracts, 3057–3061.
  61. WuX. and LiuT.2009. Spectral decomposition of seismic data with reassigned smoothed pseudo Wigner‐Ville distribution. Journal of Applied Geophysics68(3), 386–393.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. XuD., WangY.‐H., GanQ. and TangJ.2011. Frequency‐dependent seismic reflection coefficient for discriminating gas reservoirs. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering8, 508–513.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. ZhangS., YinX.‐Y. and ZhangG.‐Z.2011. Dispersion‐dependent attribute and application in hydrocarbon detection. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering8, 498.
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1111/1365-2478.12179
Loading
/content/journals/10.1111/1365-2478.12179
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most Cited This Month Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error