1887
Volume 37, Issue 2
  • E-ISSN: 1365-2117
PDF

Abstract

[

, ABSTRACT

Three‐dimensional seismic imaging combined with offshore well data analyses is used to interpret inverted faults underlying a thick Layered Evaporite Sequence in the Southern North Sea. By observing changes in evaporite volume above and away from an inversion structure, we infer that reactivation of thick‐skinned normal faults induced multi‐layered, trans‐structural flow in the overlying evaporites. This flow acted to decouple deformation and prevent stress transmission from below to above the salt. The induced salt flow is layer‐dependent, occurring mainly within the halite lithologies of the Layered Evaporite Sequence between a folded anhydrite stringer. This stringer folding predates inversion, which later induced stringer fold amplification and deflection nearer to the top of the evaporite sequence. These findings provide insights into the complexities of stratified evaporite rheologies and the timing of basin deformation, with wider implications for contractional salt tectonics wherever thick‐ and thin‐skinned deformation may be coeval.

]
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1111/bre.70022
2025-02-25
2026-02-15
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/bre/37/2/bre70022.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1111/bre.70022&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Alberts, M. A., and J. R.Underhill. 1991. “The Effect of Tertiary Structuration on Permian Gas Prospectivity, Cleaver Bank Area, Southern North Sea, UK.” In Generation, Accumulation, and Production of Europe's Hydrocarbons, edited by A. M.Spencer, 161–173. Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Albertz, M., and S. J.Ings. 2012. “Some Consequences of Mechanical Stratification in Basin‐Scale Numerical Models of Passive‐Margin Salt Tectonics.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications363, no. 1: 303–330. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP363.14.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Aldridge, B.2024. “Multi‐Phase Multi Modal Deformation of Evaporites in the Southern North Sea Basin.” MEarthSci. Thesis, pp. 1–104 University of Oxford.
  4. Allen, M. R., P. A.Griffiths, J.Craig, W. R.Fitches, and R. J.Whittington. 1994. “Halokinetic Initiation of Mesozoic Tectonics in the Southern North Sea: A Regional Model.” Geological Magazine131: 559–561. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800012164.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Arthur, T. J.1993. “Mesozoic Structural Evolution of the UK Southern North Sea: Insights From Analysis of Fault Systems.” In Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Conference, edited by J. R.Parker, 1269–1279. Geological Society. https://doi.org/10.1144/0041269.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Badley, M. E., J. D.Price, and L. C.Backshall. 1989. “Inversion, Reactivated Faults and Related Structures: Seismic Examples From the Southern North Sea.” In Inversion Tectonics, edited by M. A.Cooper and G. D.Williams, vol. 44, 201–219. Geological Society, Special Publications. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.044.01.12.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Barnett, H. G., M. T.Ireland, and C.Van der Land. 2023. “Characterising the Internal Structural Complexity of the Southern North Sea Zechstein Group Evaporites.” Basin Research35, no. 5: 1651–1673. https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12768.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Barton, P., and R.Wood. 1984. “Tectonic Evolution of the North Sea Basin: Crustal Stretching and Subsidence.” Geophysical Journal International79: 987–1022. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365‐246X.1984.tb02880.x.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Behlau, J., and G.Mingerzahn. 2001. “Geological and Tectonic Investigations in the Former Morsleben Salt Mine (Germany) as a Basis for the Safety Assessment of a Radioactive Waste Repository.” Engineering Geology61, no. 2–3: 83–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013‐7952(01)00038‐2.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bertoni, C., and J. A.Cartwright. 2007. “Major Erosion at the End of the Messinian Salinity Crisis: Evidence From the Levant Basin, Eastern Mediterranean.” Basin Research19, no. 1: 1–18.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Besly, B. M.1998. “Carboniferous.” In Petroleum Geology of the North Sea, edited by K. W.Glennie, 104–136. Blackwell Science Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444313413.ch4.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bonini, M., F.Sani, and B.Antonielli. 2012. “Basin Inversion and Contractional Reactivation of Inherited Normal Faults: A Review Based on Previous and New Experimental Models.” Tectonophysics522: 55–88.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Brennan, C., A.Preiss, and J.Adam. 2023. “Three‐Dimensional Seismic Classification of Salt Structure Morphologies Across the Southern North Sea.” AAPG Bulletin107, no. 12: 2141–2167. https://doi.org/10.1306/08072221136.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Brennand, T. P., B.Van Hoorn, K. H.James, and K. W.Glennie. 1998. Historical Review of North Sea Exploration. Petroleum Geology of the North Sea: Basic Concepts and Recent Advances. 4th ed. Blackwell Science Ltd.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Brown, A. R.2011. Interpretation of Three‐Dimensional Seismic Data. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Brun, J. P., and X.Fort. 2011. “Salt Tectonics at Passive Margins: Geology Versus Models.” Marine and Petroleum Geology28, no. 6: 1123–1145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.03.004.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Burliga, S.1996. “Kinematics Within the Kłodawa Salt Diapir, Central Poland.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications100: 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.02.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Burliga, S., H. A.Koyi, and P.Krzywiec. 2012. “Modelling Cover Deformation and Decoupling During Inversion, Using the Mid‐Polish Trough as a Case Study.” Journal of Structural Geology42: 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.06.013.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Cameron, T. D. J., A.Crosby, P. S.Balson, et al. 1992. United Kingdom Offshore Regional Report: The Geology of the Southern North Sea. HMSO for the British Geological Survey.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Cartwright, J., M.Jackson, T.Dooley, and S.Higgins. 2012. “Strain Partitioning in Gravity‐Driven Shortening of a Thick, Multilayered Evaporite Sequence.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications363: 449–470. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP363.21.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Cartwright, J., C.Kirkham, M.Foschi, N.Hodgson, K.Rodriguez, and D.James. 2021. “Quantitative Reconstruction of Pore‐Pressure History in Sedimentary Basins Using Fluid Escape Pipes.” Geology (Boulder)49, no. 5: 576–580. https://doi.org/10.1130/G48406.1.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Carver, F., J.Cartwright, A.McGrandle, C.Kirkham, and E.Pryce. 2023. “The Continuation of the Mull Dyke Swarm Into the Southern North Sea.” Journal of the Geological Society180, no. 6: jgs2023–039. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2023‐039.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Christian, H. E.1969. “Some Observations on the Initiation of Salt Structures of the Southern British North Sea.” In The Exploration for Petroleum in Europe and North Africa, edited by P.Hepple, 231–250. Institute of Petroleum.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Cobbold, P. R., and P.Szatmari. 1991. “Radial Gravitational Gliding on Passive Margins.” Tectonophysics188, no. 3–4: 249–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040‐1951(91)90459‐6.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Cooper, M. A., G. D.Williams, P. C.De Graciansky, et al. 1989. “Inversion Tectonics—A Discussion.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications44, no. 1: 335–347.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Corfield, S. M., R. L.Gawthorpe, M.Gage, A. J.Fraser, and B. M.Besly. 1996. “Inversion Tectonics of the Variscan Foreland of the British Isles.” Journal of the Geological Society153: 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.153.1.0017.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Crittenden, S.1987. “The “Albian Transgression” in the Southern North Sea Basin.” Journal of Petroleum Geology10, no. 4: 395–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐5457.1987.tb00581.x.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Dahlstrom, C. D. A.1969. “Balanced Cross Sections.” Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences6, no. 4: 743–757.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Davison, I., I.Alsop, and D.Blundell. 1996. “Salt Tectonics: Some Aspects of Deformation Mechanics.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications100: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.01.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Davison, I., L.Anderson, and P.Nuttall. 2012. “Salt Deposition, Loading and Gravity Drainage in the Campos and Santos Salt Basins.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications363, no. 1: 159–174. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP363.8.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. De Jager, J.2003. “Inverted Basins in The Netherlands, Similarities and Differences.” Netherlands Journal of Geosciences Mijnbouw82: 355–366. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016774600020175.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Donald, A. M.1989. “Growth Fault‐Bend Folding at Southeast Lost Hills, San Joaquin Valley, California.” AAPG Bulletin73, no. 1: 54–67.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Dooley, T. P., M. R.Hudec, L. M.Pichel, and M. P.Jackson. 2020. “The Impact of Base‐Salt Relief on Salt Flow and Suprasalt Deformation Patterns at the Autochthonous, Paraautochthonous and Allochthonous Level: Insights From Physical Models.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications476, no. 1: 287–315. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP476.13.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Doornenbal, H., and A.Stevenson. 2010. Petroleum Geological Atlas of the Southern Permian Basin Area. EAGE.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Duffy, O. B., R. L.Gawthorpe, M.Docherty, and S. H.Brocklehurst. 2013. “Mobile Evaporite Controls on the Structural Style and Evolution of Rift Basins: Danish Central Graben, North Sea.” Basin Research25, no. 3: 310–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12000.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Elliott, V. E.2019. “Fault Characterisation in the Pre‐Zechstein Succession of the Anglo‐Dutch and East Pennine Basins.” PhD Thesis. University of Oxford.
  37. Fiduk, J. C., and M. G.Rowan. 2012. “Analysis of Folding and Deformation Within Layered Evaporites in Blocks BM‐S‐8 &‐9, Santos Basin, Brazil.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications363, no. 1: 471–487.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Fisher, M. J.1986. “Triassic.” In Introduction to the Petroleum Geology of the North Sea, edited by K. W.Glennie, 113–132. Blackwell Scientific.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Fisher, M. J., and D. C.Mudge. 1998. “Triassic.” In Petroleum Geology of the North Sea: Basic Concepts and Recent Advances, edited by K. W.Glennie, 212–244. Blackwell Science.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Fyfe, L. J., and J. R.Underhill. 2023. “The Upper Permian Zechstein Group of NE England and the Adjacent Southern North Sea: A Review of Its Role in the UK's Energy Transition.” Journal of Petroleum Geology46, no. 3: 383–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.12843.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Geluk, M.1999. “Late Permian (Zechstein) Rifting in The Netherlands; Models and Implications for Petroleum Geology.” Petroleum Geoscience5: 189–199. https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo.5.2.189.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Geluk, M. C.2005. “Stratigraphy and Tectonics of Permo‐Triassic Basins in the Netherlands and Surrounding Areas.” PhD thesis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  43. Geluk, M. C.2007. “Permian.” In Geology of The Netherlands, edited by T. E.Wong, D. A. J.Batjes, and J.de Jager, 63–83. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. van Gent, H., J. L.Urai, and M.de Keijzer. 2011. “The Internal Geometry of Salt Structures—A First Look Using 3D Seismic Data From the Zechstein of The Netherlands.” Journal of Structural Geology33: 292–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.07.005.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Glennie, K. W.1986. “Development of N.W. Europe's Southern Permian Gas Basin.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications23: 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.023.01.01.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Glennie, K. W.1990. “Rotliegend Sediment Distribution: A Result of Late Carboniferous Movements.” In Tectonic Events Responsible for Britain's Oil and Gas Reserves, edited by R. F. P.Hardman and J.Brooks, vol. 55, 127–138. Geological Society (London) Special Publications. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.055.01.06.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Glennie, K. W.1997. “History of Exploration in the Southern North Sea.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications123, no. 1: 5–16.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Glennie, K. W.1998. “Lower Permian—Rotliegend.” In Petroleum Geology of the North Sea: Basic Concepts and Recent Advances, edited by K. W.Glennie, 4th ed., 137–173. Blackwell Science.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Glennie, K. W., and P. L. E.Boegner. 1981. “Sole Pit Inversion Tectonics.” In Petroleum Geology of the Continental Shelf of Northwest Europe, edited by L. V.Illing and G. D.Hobson, 110–120. Institute of Petroleum.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Glennie, K. W., and J. R.Underhill. 1998. “Origin, Development and Evolution of Structural Styles.” In Petroleum Geology of the North Sea, edited by K. W.Glennie, 42–84. Blackwell Science Ltd.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Granado, P., J. B.Ruh, P.Santolaria, P.Strauss, and J. A.Muñoz. 2021. “Stretching and Contraction of Extensional Basins With Pre‐Rift Salt: A Numerical Modeling Approach.” Frontiers in Earth Science9: 648937.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Grant, R. J., M. G.Booth, J. R.Underhill, and A.Bell. 2020. “Structural Evolution of the Breagh Area: Implications for Carboniferous Prospectivity of the Mid North Sea High, Southern North Sea.” Petroleum Geoscience26, no. 2: 174–203. https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2019‐100.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Grant, R. J., J. R.Underhill, J.Hernández‐Casado, S. M.Barker, and R. J.Jamieson. 2019. “Upper Permian Zechstein Supergroup Carbonate‐Evaporite Platform Palaeomorphology in the UK Southern North Sea.” Marine and Petroleum Geology100: 484–518.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Green, P. F., I. R.Duddy, and P.Japsen. 2017. “Multiple Episodes of Regional Exhumation and Inversion Identified in the UK Southern North Sea Based on Integration of Palaeothermal and Palaeoburial Indicators.” Geological Society, London, Petroleum Geology Conference Series8, no. 1: 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1144/PGC8.21.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Gvirtzman, Z., M.Reshef, O.Buch‐Leviatan, and Z.Ben‐Avraham. 2013. “Intense Salt Deformation in the Levant Basin in the Middle of the Messinian Salinity Crisis.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters379: 108–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.07.018.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Haward, S. J., A. Q.Shen, J.Page, and T. A.Zaki. 2017. “Poiseuille Flow Over a Wavy Surface.” Physical Review Fluids2, no. 12: 124102.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Henderson, C. M., V. I.Davydov, B. R.Wardlaw, F. M.Gradstein, and O.Hammer. 2012. “The Permian Period.” In The Geologic Time Scale 2012, edited by F. M.Gradstein, J. G.Ogg, M. D.Schmitz, and G. M.Ogg, vol. 2, 653–679. Elsevier.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Heybroek, P., U.Haanstra, and D. A.Erdman. 1967. Observations on the Geology of the North Sea Area, 12176. World Petroleum Congress.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Hodgson, N. A., J.Farnsworth, and A. J.Fraser. 1992. “Salt‐Related Tectonics, Sedimentation and Hydrocarbon Plays in the Central Graben, North Sea, UKCS.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications67, no. 1: 31–63. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1992.067.01.03.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Hospers, J., J. S.Rathore, F.Jianhua, E. G.Finnstrøm, and J.Holthe. 1988. “Salt Tectonics in the Norwegian—Danish Basin.” Tectonophysics149, no. 1–2: 35–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040‐1951(88)90117‐5.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Hossack, J.1995. “Geometric Rules of Section Balancing for Salt Structures.” In Salt Tectonics: A Global Perspective, edited by M. P. A.Jackson, D. G.Roberts, and S.Snelson, vol. 65, 29–40. American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Hudec, M. R., M.Jackson, N.Cottington, B. C.Vendeville, D. D.Schultz‐Ela, and T. P.Dooley. 2011. “The Salt Mine: A Digital Atlas of Salt Tectonics.”
  63. Hughes, M., and I.Davison. 1993. “Geometry and Growth Kinematics of Salt Pillows in the Southern North Sea.” Tectonophysics228, no. 3–4: 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040‐1951(93)90343‐I.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Jackson, C. A. L., M. P. A.Jackson, M. R.Hudec, and C.Rodriguez. 2014. “Internal Structure, Kinematics, and Growth of a Salt Wall: Insights From 3‐D Seismic Data.” Geology42: 307–310. https://doi.org/10.1130/G34865.1.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Jackson, M. P., B. C.Vendeville, and D. D.Schultz‐Ela. 1994. “Structural Dynamics of Salt Systems.” Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences22, no. 1: 93–117.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Jackson, M. P. A., and M.Hudec. 2017. “Salt Stocks and Salt Walls.” In Salt Tectonics, Principles and Practice, 76–118. Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. De Jager, J., and M. C.Geluk. 2007. “Petroleum Geology.” In Geology of the Netherlands, edited by T. E.Wong, D. A. J.Batjes, and J.De Jager, 241–264. Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Jackson, C. A. L., and S. A.Stewart. 2017. “Composition, Tectonics, and Hydrocarbon Significance of Zechstein Supergroup Salt on the United Kingdom and Norwegian Continental Shelves: A Review.” In Permo‐Triassic Salt Provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Margins, edited by J. I.Soto, J.Flinch, and G.Tari. Elsevier.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Jenyon, M. K.1985. “Fault‐Associated Salt Flow and Mass Movement.” Journal of the Geological Society142, no. 3: 547–553. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.142.3.0547.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Jenyon, M. K.1988a. “Some Deformation Effects in a Clastic Overburden Resulting From Salt Mobility.” Journal of Petroleum Geology11, no. 3: 309–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐5457.1988.tb00820.x.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Jenyon, M. K.1988b. “Overburden Deformation Related to the Pre‐Piercement Development of Salt Structures in the North Sea.” Journal of the Geological Society145, no. 3: 445–454. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.145.3.0445.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Jenyon, M. K., and P. M.Cresswell. 1987. “The Southern Zechstein Salt Basin of the British North Sea, as Observed in Regional Seismic Traverses.” In Petroleum Geology of North West Europe, edited by J.Brooks and K.Glennie, 277–292. Graham and Trotman.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Johnson, H., G.Warrington, and S. J.Stoker. 1994. “Permian and Triassic of the Southern North Sea.” In Lithostratigraphic Nomenclature of the UK North sea, edited by R. W. O.' B.Knox and W. G.Cordey. British Geological Survey.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Kelly, P. G., D. C. P.Peacock, D. J.Sanderson, and A. C.McGurk. 1999. “Selective Reverse‐Reactivation of Normal Faults, and Deformation Around Reverse‐Reactivated Faults in the Mesozoic of the Somerset Coast.” Journal of Structural Geology21, no. 5: 493–509.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Kent, P. E.1967. “Outline Geology of the Southern North Sea Basin.” Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society36, no. 1: 1–22.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Kirkham, C., C.Bertoni, J.Cartwright, et al. 2020. “The Demise of a ‘Salt Giant’ Driven by Uplift and Thermal Dissolution.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters531: 115933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115933.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Kirkham, C., and J.Cartwright. 2021. “Restoration of Multiphase Salt Tectonic Deformation Using Passive Strain Markers.” Basin Research2021, no. 33: 2453–2473. https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12564.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Koyi, H., and K.Petersen. 1993. “Influence of Basement Faults on the Development of Salt Structures in the Danish Basin.” Marine and Petroleum Geology10, no. 2: 82–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264‐8172(93)90015‐K.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Krzywiec, P.2012. “Mesozoic and Cenozoic Evolution of Salt Structures Within the Polish Basin: An Overview.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications363, no. 1: 381–394. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP363.17.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Krzywiec, P., M.Adamuszek, L.Filbà, M. G.Rowan, and O.Ferrer. 2024. “Salt‐Pillow Formation During Inversion of Evaporite‐Filled Half Graben–Insights From Seismic Data Interpretation and Integrated Analogue‐Numerical Modelling.” Journal of Structural Geology184: 105148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105148.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Letouzey, J., B.Colletta, R.Vially, and J. C.Chermette. 1995. “Evolution of Salt‐Related Structures in Compressional Settings.” In Salt Tectonics: A Global Perspective, edited by M. P. A.Jackson, D. G.Roberts, and S.Snelson, vol. 65, 41–60. AAPG Memoir.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Lokhorst, A., K.Adlam, J. V. M.Brugge, et al. 1998. NW European Gas Atlas: Composition and Isotope Ratios of Natural Gases: Haarlem, the Netherlands. Netherlands Institute of Applied Geoscience‐TNO, CD‐ROM.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Menning, M., A. S.Alekseev, B. I.Chuvashov, et al. 2006. “Global Time Scale and Regional Stratigraphic Reference Scales of Central and West Europe, East Europe, Tethys, South China, and North America as Used in the Devonian–Carboniferous–Permian Correlation Chart 2003 (DCP 2003).” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology240, no. 1–2: 318–372.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Millán, H., M.Aurell, and A.Meléndez. 1994. “Synchronous Detachment Folds and Coeval Sedimentation in the Prepyrenean External Sierras (Spain): A Case Study for a Tectonic Origin of Sequences and Systems Tracts.” Sedimentology41, no. 5: 1001–1024.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Moneron, J.2025. “Major Heterogeneity in Evaporitic Depositional Systems: The Genesis of Kilometre‐Scale Gypsum Networks in the Zechstein Basin.” Global and Planetary Change246: 104710.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. O'Brien, M. J., and S. H.Gray. 1996. “Can We Image Beneath Salt?” Leading Edge15, no. 1: 17–22.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Van Ojik, K., A.Silvius, Y.Kremer, and Z. K.Shipton. 2020. “Fault Seal Behaviour in Permian Rotliegend Reservoir Sequences: Case Studies From the Dutch Southern North Sea.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications496, no. 1: 9–38. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP496‐2018‐189.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Oudmayer, B. C., and J.De Jager. 1993. Fault Reactivation and Oblique‐Slip in the Southern North Sea, 1281–1290. Geological Society, London, Petroleum Geology Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.1144/0041281.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Patruno, S., H.Kombrink, and S. G.Archer. 2021. “Cross‐Border Stratigraphy of the Northern, Central and Southern North Sea: A Comparative Tectono‐Stratigraphic Megasequence Synthesis.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications494, no. 1: 13–83. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP494‐2020‐228.
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Peel, F. J., C. J.Travis, and J. R.Hossack. 1995. “Genetic Structural Provinces and Salt Tectonics of the Cenozoic Offshore U.S. Gulf of Mexico: A Preliminary Analysis.” In Salt Tectonics: A Global Perspective: AAPG Memoir, edited by M. P. A.Jackson, D. G.Roberts, and S.Snelson, vol. 65, 153–175. AAPG.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Peryt, T. M., M. C.Geluk, A.Mathiesen, J.Paul, and K.Smith. 2010. “Zechstein.” In Petroleum Geological Atlas of the Southern Permian Basin Area, edited by J. C.Doornenbal and A. G.Stevenson, 123–147. EAGE.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Pharaoh, T. C., M.Dusar, M. C.Geluk, et al. 2010. “Tectonic Evolution.” In Petroleum Geological Atlas of the Southern Permian Basin Area, edited by J. C.Doornenbal and A. G.Stevenson, 25–57. EAGE Publications b.v.
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Pichel, L. M., M.Huuse, J.Redfern, and E.Finch. 2019. “The Influence of Base‐Salt Relief, Rift Topography and Regional Events on Salt Tectonics Offshore Morocco.” Marine and Petroleum Geology103: 87–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.02.007.
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Pichel, L. M., C. A. L.Jackson, F.Peel, and T. P.Dooley. 2020. “Base‐Salt Relief Controls Salt‐Tectonic Structural Style, São Paulo Plateau, Santos Basin, Brazil.” Basin Research32, no. 3: 453–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12375.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Preiss, A. D., and J.Adam. 2021. “Basement Fault Trends in the Southern North Sea Basin.” Journal of Structural Geology153: 104449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104449.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Pritchard, M. J.1991. “The V‐Fields, Blocks 49/16, 49/21, 48/20a, 48/25b, UK North Sea.” In United Kingdom Oil and Gas Fields, 25 Years Commemorative, edited by I. L.Abbotts, vol. 14, 497–502. Geological Society, London, Memoir.
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Puigdefàbregas, C., J. A.Muñoz, and M.Marzo. 1986. “Thrust Belt Development in the Eastern Pyrenees and Related Depositional Sequences in the Southern Foreland Basin.” In Foreland Basins, edited by P. A.Allen and P.Homewood, 229–246. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Roma, M., O.Ferrer, K. R.McClay, et al. 2018. “Weld Kinematics of Syn‐Rift Salt During Basement‐Involved Extension and Subsequent Inversion: Results From Analog Models.” Geologica Acta16: 391–410. https://doi.org/10.1344/GeologicaActa2018.16.4.4.
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Rowan, M. G., and P.Krzywiec. 2014. The Szamotuly Salt Diapir and Mid‐Polish Trough: Decoupling During Triassic‐Jurassic Rifting and Alpine Inversion. International Conference & Exhibition.
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Rowan, M. G., J. L.Urai, J. C.Fiduk, and P. A.Kukla. 2019. “Deformation of Intrasalt Competent Layers in Different Modes of Salt Tectonics.” Solid Earth10, no. 3: 987–1013.
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Smith, D. B.1970a. “The Palaeogeography of the British Zechstein.” In Third Symposium on Salt, edited by J. L.Rau and L. F.Dellwid, 20–23. Northern Ohio Geological Society.
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Smith, D. B.1970b. “Permian and Trias.” Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland41: 66–91.
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Smith, D. B.1979. “Rapid Marine Transgressions and Regressions of the Upper Permian Zechstein Sea.” Journal of the Geological Society, London136: 155–156. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.136.2.0155.
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Smith, D. B.1989. “The Late Permian Palaeogeography of North‐East England.” Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society47: 285–312. https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs.47.4.285.
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Stewart, S. A., and M. P.Coward. 1995. “Synthesis of Salt Tectonics in the Southern North Sea, UK.” Marine and Petroleum Geology12: 457–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264‐8172(95)91502‐G.
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Strozyk, F.2017. “The Internal Structure of the Zechstein Salt and Related Drilling Risks in the Northern Netherlands.” In Permo‐Triassic Salt Provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Margins, 115–128. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978‐0‐12‐809417‐4.00006‐9.
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Strozyk, F., J. L.Urai, H.van Gent, M.de Keijzer, and P. A.Kukla. 2014. “Regional Variations in the Structure of the Permian Zechstein 3 Intrasalt Stringer in the Northern Netherlands: 3D Seismic Interpretation and Implications for Salt Tectonic Evolution.” Interpretation2, no. 4: SM101–SM117. https://doi.org/10.1190/INT‐2014‐0037.1.
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Strozyk, F., H.Van Gent, J. L.Urai, and P. A.Kukla. 2012. “3D Seismic Study of Complex Intra‐Salt Deformation: An Example From the Upper Permian Zechstein 3 Stringer, Western Dutch Offshore.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications363, no. 1: 489–501. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP363.23.
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Sutton, M., A.Rufas, M.Kendall, J.Asplet, J.Moneron, and M.Kallingal. 2024. “What do we Need to Know to Safely Store CO2 Beneath Our Shelf Seas? Stakeholder Workshop Report.”
  110. Taylor, J. C. M.1998. “Upper Permian—Zechstein.” In Petroleum Geology of the North Sea: Basic Concepts and Recent Advances, edited by G. W.Glennie, 4th ed., 174–211. Blackwell Science Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444313413.ch6.
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Ten Veen, J. H., S. F.Van Gessel, and M.Den Dulk. 2012. “Thin‐and Thick‐Skinned Salt Tectonics in The Netherlands; a Quantitative Approach.” Netherlands Journal of Geosciences91, no. 4: 447–464. https://doi.org/10.1017/S001677460000030.
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Tucker, M. E.1991. “Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate– Evaporite Basins: Models and Application to the Upper Permian, Zechstein of Northeast England and Adjoining North Sea.” Journal of the Geological Society, London148: 1019–1036. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.148.6.1019.
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Turner, J. P., and G. A.Williams. 2004. “Sedimentary Basin Inversion and Intra‐Plate Shortening.” Earth‐Science Reviews65: 277–304.
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Underhill, J. R.2009. “Role of Intrusion‐Induced Salt Mobility in Controlling the Formation of the Enigmatic ‘Silverpit Crater’, UK Southern North Sea.” Petroleum Geoscience15, no. 3: 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1144/1354‐079309‐843.
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Underhill, J. R., and M. A.Partington. 1993. “Jurassic Thermal Doming and Deflation in the North Sea: Implications of the Sequence Stratigraphic Evidence.” In Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Conference, edited by J. R.Parker, 337–345. Geological Society. https://doi.org/10.1144/0040337.
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Underhill, J. R., and M. A.Partington. 1994. “Use of Genetic Sequence Stratigraphy in Defining and Determining a Regional Tectonic Control on the ‘Mid Cimmerian Unconformity’: Implications for North Sea Basin Development and the Global Sea Level Chart.” In Siliciclastic Sequence Stratigraphy: Recent Developments and Applications, edited by P.Weimer and H. W.Posamentier, vol. 58, 449–484. AAPG Memoir.
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Uranga, R. M., O.Ferrer, G.Zamora, J. A.Muñoz, and M. G.Rowan. 2022. “Salt Tectonics of the Offshore Tarfaya Basin, Moroccan Atlantic Margin.” Marine and Petroleum Geology138: 105521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105521.
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Verdier, J. P.1996. “The Rotliegend Sedimentation History of the Southern North Sea and Adjacent Countries.” In Geology of Gas and Oil Under The Netherlands, edited by H. E.Rondeel, D. A. J.Batjes, and W. H.Nieuwenhuijs. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978‐94‐009‐0121‐6_6.
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Walker, I. M., and W. G.Cooper. 1987. “The Structural and Stratigraphic Evolution of the Northeast Margin of the Sole Pit Basin.” In Petroleum Geology of North West Europe, edited by J.Brooks and K.Glennie, 263–275. Graham and Trotman.
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Warren, J. K.2006. Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons. Springer Science & Business Media.
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Wilson, E. P., P.Granado, P.Santolaria, O.Ferrer, and J. A.Muñoz. 2023. “Inversion of Transfer Zones in Salt‐Bearing Extensional Systems: Insights From Analogue Modeling.” EGUsphere14: 1–38.
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Withjack, M. O., and S.Callaway. 2000. “Active Normal Faulting Beneath a Salt Layer: An Experimental Study of Deformation Patterns in the Cover Sequence.” AAPG Bulletin84, no. 5: 627–651.
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Woods, P. G. E.1979. “1979 the Geology of Boulby Mine.” Economic Geology74, no. 2: 409–418. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.74.2.409.
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Ziegler, P. A.1990. “Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe.” In Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij, 2d ed., 239. Hague, distributed by the Geological Society Publishing House, Bath.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1111/bre.70022
Loading
/content/journals/10.1111/bre.70022
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): evaporites; faulting; inversion; salt tectonics; Zechstein

Most Cited This Month Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error