1887
Volume 38, Issue 1
  • E-ISSN: 1365-2117
PDF

Abstract

[Highlights

  • Seismic analysis delineated extensive drift formations.
  • Five seismic facies delimit Cretaceous megasequences.
  • Early Cretaceous data revealed volcanic features and sills.
  • Magmatic intrusions accelerate source‐rock maturation.
  • Hydrothermal vents mapped in the offshore Indus Basin.

,

Seismic data reveals Cretaceous stratigraphy and hydrocarbon potential beneath volcanic rocks in Offshore Indus Basin, where magmatic intrusions enhanced source rock maturation and hydrocarbon generation by 8%–18% during favourable timing coinciding with Deccan volcanism.

, ABSTRACT

The Cretaceous petroleum system beneath the volcanic rocks in the deep offshore Indus Basin presents a challenging yet potentially significant frontier for hydrocarbon exploration. This study utilises new 2D seismic reflection data to explore the stratigraphy and structural complexities within the basin, which is predominantly influenced by extensive magmatic activity. Key findings highlight the presence of significant stratigraphic discontinuities and potential hydrocarbon reservoirs below a regionally extensive basalt unit. Through detailed seismic stratigraphy and sequence analysis, integrating data from boreholes and seismic data, this study delineates five seismic facies units grouped into Lower and Upper Cretaceous megasequences, identifies features such as saucer‐shaped sill complexes and hydrothermal vent complexes, and assesses the post‐Cretaceous depositional environments. The complex interplay between tectonics, sedimentary and magmatic processes has been mapped, providing insights into the potential hydrocarbon system. Upper Cretaceous sequences show lateral variations with a northeast to southwest fining trend and differential thickness across the volcanic units, thinning northward and thickening southeastward towards the Saurashtra High. Lower Cretaceous sequences reveal lithologic composition and thickness variability, with the Sembar and Goru formations locally exceeding 2000 m in thickness on the shelf before thinning basinwards. Quantitative thermal modelling indicates that magmatic intrusions impacted source rock maturation, raising sediment temperatures by 50°C–100°C and affecting approximately 15%–20% of the Cretaceous Sembar Formation source rock, thereby potentially generating an additional 10%–15% hydrocarbons beyond burial maturation alone. Our quantification shows magmatic heating accelerated Sembar Formation maturation by 8%–18%, facilitating hydrocarbon generation in this sub‐basalt system. The timing of this magmatism (~70–60 Ma, just before and during Deccan volcanism) was favourable, coinciding with organic‐rich shales entering the peak oil window and favouring hydrocarbon generation and migration. These findings provide insights into the geological history and hydrocarbon potential of the offshore Indus Basin's Cretaceous units and offer analogues for other volcanic passive margins worldwide.

]
Basin Research © 2026 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers and International Association of Sedimentologists © 2026 The Author(s). Basin Research published by International Association of Sedimentologists and European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1111/bre.70089
2026-01-29
2026-03-13

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1111/bre.70089
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/bre/38/1/bre70089.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1111/bre.70089&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Aarnes, I., S.Planke, M.Trulsvik, and H.Svensen. 2015. “Contact Metamorphism and Thermogenic Gas Generation in the Vøring and Møre Basins, Offshore Norway, During the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.” Journal of the Geological Society172, no. 5: 588–598.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Aarnes, I., H.Svensen, J. A.Connolly, and Y. Y.Podladchikov. 2010. “How Contact Metamorphism Can Trigger Global Climate Changes: Modeling Gas Generation Around Igneous Sills in Sedimentary Basins.” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta74, no. 24: 7179–7195.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Agheem, M. H., S. H.Solangi, A. A.Hakro, A. S.Mastoi, and I.Siddiqui. 2011. “Major Element Geochemistry of Basalt Exposed at Ranikot Area, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan.” Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences44, no. 2: 33–43.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Agrawal, A., and J. J.Rogers. 1992. “Structure and Tectonic Evolution of the Western Continental Margin of India: Evidence From Subsidence Studies for a 25–20 ma Plate Reorganization in the Indian Ocean.” In Basement Tectonics 8: Characterization and Comparison of Ancient and Mesozoic Continental Margins, 583–590. Springer Netherlands.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Ahmad, A., and N.Ahmad. 2005. Paleocene Petroleum System and Its Significance for Exploration in the Southwest Lower Indus Basin and Nearby Offshore of Pakistan, 1–22. Proceedings of Annual Technical Conference.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Ahmad, S., F.Ahmad, A.Ullah, et al. 2019. “Integration of the Outcrop and Subsurface Geochemical Data: Implications for the Hydrocarbon Source Rock Evaluation in the Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan.” Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology9: 937–951.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Ahmad, S., and S.Ghazi. 2022. “Depositional Trends and Reservoir Geometries of the Early Cretaceous Lower Goru Formation in Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan: Evidence From Sequence Stratigraphy.” Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology12, no. 11: 2981–3001.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Ahmad, S., S.Ghazi, R. F.Shahzad, et al. 2023. “Forced Regressive Wedge of the Early Cretaceous Sembar Formation, the Potential Reservoir Body Encased Within Outershelf Sediments; Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan.” In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, D011S021R002. SPE.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Ahmad, Z., G.Akhter, F.Bashir, M. A.Khan, and M.Ahmad. 2009. “Structural Interpretation of Seismic Profiles Integrated With Reservoir Characteristics of Bitrism Block (Sind Province), Pakistan.” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects32, no. 4: 303–314.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Ahmed, S., S. H.Solangi, M. S. K.Jadoon, and A.Nazeer. 2018. “Tectonic Evolution of Structures in Southern Sindh Monocline, Indus Basin, Pakistan Formed in Multi‐Extensional Tectonic Episodes of Indian Plate.” Geodesy and Geodynamics9, no. 5: 358–366.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Allégre, C. J., J. L.Birck, F.Capmas, and V.Courtillot. 1999. “Age of the Deccan Traps Using 187Re–187Os Systematics.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters170, no. 3: 197–204.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Amjad, M. R., S.Khan, U. B.Nisar, U.Shakir, and K. A.Ahmed. 2022. “Exploring the Untapped Gas Potential of Ghazij Shale in Pirkoh Area, Pakistan: Integratedapproach of Attribute Analysis and Maturity Modeling.” Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences31, no. 1: 1–19.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Archer, S. G., S. C.Bergman, J.Iliffe, C. M.Murphy, and M.Thornton. 2005. “Palaeogene Igneous Rocks Reveal New Insights Into the Geodynamic Evolution and Petroleum Potential of the Rockall Trough, NE Atlantic Margin.” Basin Research17, no. 1: 171–201.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Asghar, H., M. S.Mughal, M. S.Khan, et al. 2021. “Biostratigraphic Investigation and Depositional Model of the Late Thanetian Ranikot and the Ypresian Laki Formations in the Subsurface of the Southern Indus Basin, Pakistan.” Arabian Journal of Geosciences14, no. 13: 1264.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Baig, M. O., N. B.Harris, H.Ahmed, and M. O. A.Baig. 2016. “Controls on Reservoir Diagenesis in the Lower Goru Sandstone Formation, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan.” Journal of Petroleum Geology39, no. 1: 29–47.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Biswas, S. K.2016. Tectonic Framework, Structure and Tectonic Evolution of Kutch Basin, Western India, 129–150. Conference GSI.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Borgohain, D., K.Kumar, U. G.Marathe, P.Mishra, and D.Kumar. 2015. “Sub‐Basalt Exploration in the Kutch‐Saurashtra Basin Using EM. Geo India. Paper ID, 2003081.”https://apgindia.org/documents/geoindia/papers/2015/2003081.pdf.
  18. Calvès, G., A. M.Schwab, M.Huuse, P. D.Clift, and A.Inam. 2010. “Thermal Regime of the Northwest Indian Rifted Margin–Comparison With Predictions.” Marine and Petroleum Geology27, no. 5: 1133–1147.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Calvès, G., A. M.Schwab, M.Huuse, et al. 2011. “Seismic Volcanostratigraphy of the Western Indian Rifted Margin: The Pre‐Deccan Igneous Province.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth116, no. B1: B01101.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Carmichael, S. M., S.Akhter, J. K.Bennett, et al. 2009. Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Offshore Indus Basin, Pakistan. Vol. 15, 107–116. Petroleum Geoscience.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Cartwright, J., M.Huuse, and A.Aplin. 2007. “Seal Bypass Systems.” AAPG Bulletin91, no. 8: 1141–1166.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Chatterjee, S., A.Goswami, and C. R.Scotese. 2013. “The Longest Voyage: Tectonic, Magmatic, and Paleoclimatic Evolution of the Indian Plate During Its Northward Flight From Gondwana to Asia.” Gondwana Research23, no. 1: 238–267.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Chaudhuri, A., S.Banerjee, and E.Le Pera. 2018. “Petrography of Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Sandstones in the Kutch Basin, Western India: Implications on Provenance and Basin Evolution.” Journal of Palaeogeography7: 1–14.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Clift, P., and C.Gaedicke. 2002. “Accelerated Mass Flux to the Arabian Sea During the Middle to Late Miocene.” Geology30, no. 3: 207–210.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Clift, P. D., L.Giosan, T. J.Henstock, and A. R.Tabrez. 2014. “Sediment Storage and Reworking on the Shelf and in the Canyon of the Indus River‐Fan System Since the Last Glacial Maximum.” Basin Research26, no. 1: 183–202.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Collier, J. S., V.Sansom, O.Ishizuka, R. N.Taylor, T. A.Minshull, and R. B.Whitmarsh. 2008. “Age of Seychelles–India Break‐Up.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters272, no. 1–2: 264–277.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Corfield, R. I., S.Carmichael, J.Bennett, S.Akhter, M.Fatimi, and T.Craig. 2010. “Variability in the Crustal Structure of the West Indian Continental Margin in the Northern Arabian Sea.” Petroleum Geoscience16, no. 3: 257–265.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Daley, T., and Z.Alam. 2002. “Seismic Stratigraphy of the Offshore Indus Basin Special Publication.” Geological Society of London195: 259–272.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Dix, C. H.1955. “Seismic Velocities From Surface Measurements.” Geophysics20, no. 1: 68–86.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Duffy, M., N.Farrell, R.Raeside, et al. 2021. “Observations of Reservoir Quality Alteration in Proximity to Igneous Intrusions for Two Distinct Sandstones in Scotland.” Marine and Petroleum Geology129: 105071.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Eagles, G., and H. H.Hoang. 2014. “Cretaceous to Present Kinematics of the Indian, African and Seychelles Plates.” Geophysical Journal International196, no. 1: 1–14.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Edwards, R. A., T. A.Minshull, and R. S.White. 2000. “Extension Across the Indian–Arabian Plate Boundary: The Murray Ridge.” Geophysical Journal International142, no. 2: 461–477.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Ehsan, M., H.Gu, A.Ali, et al. 2021. “An Integrated Approach to Evaluate the Unconventional Hydrocarbon Generation Potential of the Lower Goru Formation (Cretaceous) in Southern Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan.” Journal of Earth System Science130, no. 2: 90.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Eldholm, O., and M. F.Coffin. 2000. “Large Igneous Provinces and Plate Tectonics.” Geophysical Monograph‐American Geophysical Union121: 309–326.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. France‐Lanord, C., V.Spiess, A.Klaus, et al. 2016. “Expedition 354 Summary.” In Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, vol. 354. International Ocean Discovery Program. https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.354.101.2016.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Gaedicke, C., A.Prexl, H. U.Schlüter, H.Meyer, H.Roeser, and P.Clift. 2002. Seismic Stratigraphy and Correlation of Major Regional Unconformities in the Northern Arabian Sea. Geological Society, London, Special Publications.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Gibbons, A. D., J. M.Whittaker, and R. D.Müller. 2013. “The Breakup of East Gondwana: Assimilating Constraints From Cretaceous Ocean Basins Around India Into a Best‐Fit Tectonic Model.” Journal of Geophysical Research. Solid Earth118, no. 3: 808–822.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Gnos, E., A.Immenhauser, and T. J.Peters. 1997. “Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary Convergence Between the Indian and Arabian Plates Recorded in Ophiolites and Related Sediments.” Tectonophysics271, no. 1–2: 1–19.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Gong, J. M., J.Liao, J.Liang, et al. 2020. “Exploration Prospects of Oil and Gas in the Northwestern Part of the Offshore Indus Basin, Pakistan.” China Geology3, no. 4: 633–642.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Green, O. R., M. P.Searle, R. I.Corfield, and R. M.Corfield. 2008. “Cretaceous‐Tertiary Carbonate Platform Evolution and the Age of the India‐Asia Collision Along the Ladakh Himalaya (Northwest India).” Journal of Geology116, no. 4: 331–353.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Halepoto, A. A., S.Ahmed, M. H.Agheem, A. A. A. D.Hakro, R. A.Lashari, and S. B.Ahmedani. 2023. “Integrated Study of Structural Styles and Their Suitability for Hydrocarbon Entrapment, Southern Kirthar Fold Belt, Pakistan.” Journal of Physics: Conference Series2594: e012021.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Hancock, J. M., and E. G.Kauffman. 1979. “The Great Transgressions of the Late Cretaceous.” Journal of the Geological Society136, no. 2: 175–186.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Haq, B. U.1981. “Paleogene Paleoceanography: Early Cenozoic Oceans Revisited.” Oceanologica Acta4: 70–82.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Haq, B. U.2014. “Cretaceous Eustasy Revisited.” Global and Planetary Change113: 44–58.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Holford, S., N.Schofield, J.MacDonald, I.Duddy, and P.Green. 2012. “Seismic Analysis of Igneous Systems in Sedimentary Basins and Their Impacts on Hydrocarbon Prospectivity: Examples From the Southern Australian Margin.” APPEA Journal52, no. 1: 229–252.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Huang, Z. X., Y. M.Wang, and Y. C.Wang. 2005. “Sequence Stratigraphy and Tectonics in Middle Indus Basin, Pakistan.” Shiyou Kantan Yu Kaifa (Petroleum Exploration and Development)32, no. 1: 134–139.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Hubbard, R. J., J.Pape, and D. G.Roberts. 1985. Depositional Sequence Mapping as a Technique to Establish Tectonic and Stratigraphic Framework and Evaluate Hydrocarbon Potential on a Passive Continental Margin. Geology, Environmental Science.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Jaeger, J. C.1964. “Thermal Effects of Intrusions.” Reviews of Geophysics2, no. 3: 443–466.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Jay, A. E., and M.Widdowson. 2008. “Stratigraphy, Structure and Volcanology of the SE Deccan Continental Flood Basalt Province: Implications for Eruptive Extent and Volumes.” Journal of the Geological Society165, no. 1: 177–188.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Kadri, B.1995. Petroleum Geology of Pakistan. Pakistan Petroleum Ltd.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Kazmi, A. H., and M. Q.Jan. 1997. Geology and Tectonics of Pakistan. Graphic Publishers.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Kenyon, N. H., A.Amir, and A.Cramp. 1995. “Geometry of the Younger Sediment Bodies of the Indus Fan.” In Atlas of Deep Water Environments: Architectural Style in Turbidite Systems, 89–93. Springer Netherlands.
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Khan, M., Y.Liu, A.Farid, and M.Owais. 2018. “Characterizing Seismo‐Stratigraphic and Structural Framework of Late Cretaceous‐Recent Succession of Offshore Indus Pakistan.” Open Geosciences10, no. 1: 174–191.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Khan, N., K.Rehman, S.Ahmad, J.Khokher, M. I.Hajana, and M.Hanif. 2016. “Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis of Eocene Rock Strata, Offshore Indus, Southwest Pakistan.” Marine Geophysical Research37: 207–228.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Khan, S., Z.Latif, M.Hanif, I. U.Jan, and S.Iqbal. 2016. “Velocity and Structural Modeling of Mesozoic Chiltan Limestone and Goru Formation for Hydrocarbon Evaluation in the Bitrisim Area, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan.” Acta Geologica Sinica90, no. 1: 258–275.
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Kjoberg, S., T.Schmiedel, S.Planke, et al. 2017. “3D Structure and Formation of Hydrothermal Vent Complexes at the Paleocene‐Eocene Transition, the Møre Basin, Mid‐Norwegian Margin.” Interpretation5, no. 3: SK65–SK81.
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Krishna, J.1987. “An Overview of the Mesozoic Stratigraphy of Kachchh and Jaisalmer Basins.” Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India32: 136–149.
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Kumar, P., and A. K.Chaubey. 2019. “Extension of Flood Basalt on the Northwestern Continental Margin of India.” Journal of Earth System Science128, no. 4: 81.
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Magee, C., C. A. L.Jackson, J. P.Hardman, and M. T.Reeve. 2017. “Decoding Sill Emplacement and Forced Fold Growth in the Exmouth Sub‐Basin, Offshore Northwest Australia: Implications for Hydrocarbon Exploration.” Interpretation5, no. 3: SK11–SK22.
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Malkani, M. S.2016. “Revised Stratigraphy of Indus Basin (Pakistan): Sea Level Changes.” In Cretaceous Ecosystems and Their Responses to Paleoenvironmental Changes in Asia and the Western Pacific, edited by O. S.Dzyuba, E. B.Pestchevitskaya, and B. N.Shurygin, 15–20. UNESCO.
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Mark, N. J., N.Schofield, S.Pugliese, et al. 2018. “Igneous Intrusions in the Faroe Shetland Basin and Their Implications for Hydrocarbon Exploration; New Insights From Well and Seismic Data.” Marine and Petroleum Geology92: 733–753.
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Memon, A. A., and I.Siddiqui. 1999. The Role of Cretaceous Rifts on the Occurrence of Oil in Sindh, Monocline, Pakistan, 65–74. SPE‐PAPG, Annual Technical Conference.
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Memon, A. D.1994. “Tectonic Resemblance of the Indian Platform, Pakistan With the Moesian Platform, Romania and Strategy for Exploration of Hydrocarbons.” In Geology in South Asia‐I. IAEA.
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Mishra, R., D. K.Pandey, P.Ramesh, and P. D.Clift. 2016. Identification of New Deep Sea Sinuous Channels in the Eastern Arabian Sea. Vol. 5, 1–18. SpringerPlus.
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Mitchum, J. R. M., P. R.Vail, and I. I. I. S.Thompson. 1977. “Seismic Stratigraphy and Global Changes of Sea Level: Part 2. The Depositional Sequence as a Basic Unit for Stratigraphic Analysis: Section 2. Application of Seismic Reflection Configuration to Stratigraphic Interpretation.”https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Seismic‐Stratigraphy‐and‐Global‐Changes‐of‐Sea‐Part‐Mitchum‐Vail/2c96e7103be9a8e6fb16bba43fa65e9c43b10a38.
  66. Molnar, P., F.Pardo‐Casas, and J.Stock. 1988. “The Cenozoic and Late Cretaceous Evolution of the Indian Ocean Basin: Uncertainties in the Reconstructed Positions of the Indian, African and Antarctic Plates.” Basin Research1, no. 1: 23–40.
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Najman, Y., E.Appel, M.Boudagher‐Fadel, et al. 2010. “Timing of India‐Asia Collision: Geological, Biostratigraphic, and Palaeomagnetic Constraints.” Journal of Geophysical Research. Solid Earth115, no. B12: B12416.
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Naseer, M. T., and S.Asim. 2018. “Porosity Prediction of Lower Cretaceous Unconventional Resource Play, South Indus Basin, Pakistan, Using the Seismic Spectral Decomposition Technique.” Arabian Journal of Geosciences11: 1–13.
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Pandey, D. K., N.Nair, A.Pandey, and G.Sriram. 2017. “Basement Tectonics and Flexural Subsidence Along Western Continental Margin of India.” Geoscience Frontiers8, no. 5: 1009–1024.
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Patil, D. J., D.Mani, T.Madhavi, et al. 2013. “Near Surface Hydrocarbon Prospecting in Mesozoic Kutch Sedimentary Basin, Gujarat, Western India—A Reconnaissance Study Using Geochemical and Isotopic Approach.” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering108: 393–403.
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Peace, A., K.McCaffrey, J.Imber, R.Hobbs, J.van Hunen, and K.Gerdes. 2017. “Quantifying the Influence of Sill Intrusion on the Thermal Evolution of Organic‐Rich Sedimentary Rocks in Nonvolcanic Passive Margins: An Example From ODP 210‐1276, Offshore Newfoundland, Canada.” Basin Research29, no. 3: 249–265.
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Planke, S., T.Rasmussen, S. S.Rey, and R.Myklebust. 2005. Seismic Characteristics and Distribution of Volcanic Intrusions and Hydrothermal Vent Complexes in the Vøring and Møre Basins. Vol. 6, 833–844. Geological Society, London, Petroleum Geology Conference Series.
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Qayyum, M., R. D.Lawrence, and A. R.Niem. 1997. “Discovery of the Palaeo‐Indus Delta‐Fan Complex.” Journal of the Geological Society154, no. 5: 753–756.
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Qayyum, M., A. R.Niem, and R. D.Lawrence. 2001. “Detrital Modes and Provenance of the Paleogene Khojak Formation in Pakistan: Implications for Early Himalayan Orogeny and Unroofing.” Geological Society of America Bulletin113, no. 3: 320–332.
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Rateau, R., N.Schofield, and M.Smith. 2013. “The Potential Role of Igneous Intrusions on Hydrocarbon Migration, West of Shetland.” Petroleum Geoscience19, no. 3: 259–272.
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Raza, H. A., S. M.Ali, and R.Ahmed. 1990. “Petroleum Geology of Kirthar Sub‐Basin and Part of Kutch Basin.” Pakistan Journal of Hydrocarbon Research2, no. 1: 27–73.
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Richards, M. A., W.Alvarez, S.Self, et al. 2015. “Triggering of the Largest Deccan Eruptions by the Chicxulub Impact.” Geological Society of America Bulletin127, no. 11–12: 1507–1520.
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Roelofse, C., T. M.Alves, and O. O.Kamal'deen. 2021. “Reutilisation of Hydrothermal Vent Complexes for Focused Fluid Flow on Continental Margins (Modgunn Arch, Norwegian Sea).” Basin Research33, no. 2: 1111–1134.
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Schoene, B., M. P.Eddy, K. M.Samperton, et al. 2019. “U‐Pb Constraints on Pulsed Eruption of the Deccan Traps Across the End‐Cretaceous Mass Extinction.” Science363, no. 6429: 862–866.
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Schofield, N., S.Holford, J.Millett, et al. 2017. “Regional Magma Plumbing and Emplacement Mechanisms of the Faroe–Shetland Sill Complex: Implications for Magma Transport and Petroleum Systems Within Sedimentary Basins.” Basin Research29, no. 1: 41–63.
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Schutter, S. R.2003. “Hydrocarbon Occurrence and Exploration in and Around Igneous Rocks.”https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.214.01.02.
  82. Senger, K., J.Millett, S.Planke, et al. 2017. “Effects of Igneous Intrusions on the Petroleum System: A Review.” First Break35, no. 6: 47–56.
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Shahzad, K., C.Betzler, N.Ahmed, F.Qayyum, S.Spezzaferri, and A.Qadir. 2018. “Growth and Demise of a Paleogene Isolated Carbonate Platform of the Offshore Indus Basin, Pakistan: Effects of Regional and Local Controlling Factors.” International Journal of Earth Sciences107: 481–504.
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Shahzad, K., C.Betzler, and F.Qayyum. 2019. “Controls on the Paleogene Carbonate Platform Growth Under Greenhouse Climate Conditions (Offshore Indus Basin).” Marine and Petroleum Geology101: 519–539.
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Sheikh, N., and P. H.Giao. 2017. “Evaluation of Shale‐Gas Potential in the Lower Cretaceous Sembar Formation, Southern Indus Basin, Pakistan.” Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering44: 162–176.
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Shuaib, S. M.1982. “Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of Offshore Indus Basin, Pakistan: Geologic Notes.” AAPG Bulletin66, no. 7: 940–946.
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Siddiqui, N. K.2016. Petroleum Geology, Basin Architecture and Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Nusrat K. Siddiqui.
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Svensen, H., S.Planke, L.Chevallier, A.Malthe‐Sørenssen, F.Corfu, and B.Jamtveit. 2007. “Hydrothermal Venting of Greenhouse Gases Triggering Early Jurassic Global Warming.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters256, no. 3–4: 554–566.
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Sweeney, J. J., and A. K.Burnham. 1990. “Evaluation of a Simple Model of Vitrinite Reflectance Based on Chemical Kinetics.” AAPG Bulletin74, no. 10: 1559–1570.
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Telford, W. M., L. P.Geldart, and R. E.Sheriff. 1990. Applied Geophysics. Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Thomson, K., and D.Hutton. 2004. “Geometry and Growth of Sill Complexes: Insights Using 3D Seismic From the North Rockall Trough.” Bulletin of Volcanology66: 364–375.
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Thomson, K., and N.Schofield. 2008. “Lithological and Structural Controls on the Emplacement and Morphology of Sills in Sedimentary Basins.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications302, no. 1: 31–44.
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Todal, A., and O.Edholm. 1998. “Continental Margin Off Western India and Deccan Large Igneous Province.” Marine Geophysical Researches20, no. 4: 273–291.
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Toqeer, M., A.Ali, T. M.Alves, A.Khan, Zubair, and M.Hussain. 2021. “Application of Model Based Post‐Stack Inversion in the Characterization of Reservoir Sands Containing Porous, Tight and Mixed Facies: A Case Study From the Central Indus Basin, Pakistan.” Journal of Earth System Science130: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040‐020‐01543‐5.
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Tounkara, F., M.Ehsan, M.Nasar Iqbal, et al. 2023. “Analyzing the Seismic Attributes, Structural and Petrophysical Analyses of the Lower Goru Formation: A Case Study From Middle Indus Basin Pakistan.” Frontiers in Earth Science10: 1034874.
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Vail, P. R., and R. M.Mitchum. 1977. “Seismic Stratigraphy and Global Changes of Sea Level: Part 1. Overview: Section 2. Application of Seismic Reflection Configuration to Stratigraphic Interpretation.”https://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/seismic1/data/a165/a165/0001/0050/0051.htm.
  97. van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., P. C.Lippert, G.Dupont‐Nivet, et al. 2012. “Greater India Basin Hypothesis and a Two‐Stage Cenozoic Collision Between India and Asia.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109, no. 20: 7659–7664.
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Wandrey, C. J., B. E.Law, and H. A.Shah. 2004. Sembar Goru/Ghazij Composite Total Petroleum System, Indus and Sulaiman‐Kirthar Geologic Provinces, Pakistan and India. US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey.
     [Google Scholar]
  99. White, R., and D.McKenzie. 1989. “Magmatism at Rift Zones: The Generation of Volcanic Continental Margins and Flood Basalts.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth94, no. B6: 7685–7729.
     [Google Scholar]
  100. White, R. S., J. R.Smallwood, M. M.Fliedner, B.Boslaugh, J.Maresh, and J.Fruehn. 2003. “Imaging and Regional Distribution of Basalt Flows in the Faeroe‐Shetland Basin.” Geophysical Prospecting51, no. 3: 215–231.
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Yilmaz, Ö.2001. Seismic Data Analysis: Processing, Inversion, and Interpretation of Seismic Data. Society of exploration geophysicists.
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Zaigham, N. A., and K. A.Mallick. 2000. “Prospect of Hydrocarbon Associated With Fossil‐Rift Structures of the Southern Indus Basin, Pakistan.” AAPG Bulletin84, no. 11: 1833–1848.
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1111/bre.70089
Loading
Upper Cretaceous Seismic Stratigraphy and Magma‐Enhanced Petroleum System of the Offshore Indus Basin
Basin Research 38, e70089 (2026); https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.70089
/content/journals/10.1111/bre.70089
/content/journals/10.1111/bre.70089
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): cretaceous petroleum systems; seismic facies interpretation; seismic stratigraphy; sub‐basalt hydrocarbon exploration; volcanic margins

Most Cited This Month Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error