Marine-controlled source electromagnetic sounding across measurement scales: applications in hydrocarbons and beyond

References

1. Alvarez, P., Marcy, F., Vrijlandt, M., Skinnemoen, O., MacGregor, L., Nichols, K., Keirstead, R., Bolivar, F., Bouchrara, S., Smith, M., Tseng, H-W and Rappke, J.
   [2018]. Multi-physics characterisation of reservoir prospects in the Hoop area of the Barents Sea, Interpretation, 6(3), SG1–SG17.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Andreis, D. and MacGregor, L.
   [2011]. Using CSEM to monitor production from a complex 3D gas reservoir: a synthetic case study, The Leading Edge, September 2011, 1070–1079.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Attias, E., Weitemeyer, K., Holz, S., Naif, S., Minshull, T., Best, A., Haroon, A., Jegen-Kulcsar, M. and Berndt, C.
   , 2018. High resolution resistivity imaging of marine gas hydrate structures by combined inversion of CSEM towed and ocean bottom receiver data, Geophys. J. Int., 214, 1701–1714.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Attias, E., Thomas, D., Sherman, D., Ismail, K. and Constable, S.
   [2020]. Marine electrical imagine reveals novel freshwater transport mechanism in Hawai’I, Science Advances, 6(1–8) DOI 10.1126/sciadv.abd4866.
   https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd4866 [Google Scholar]
5. Ayani, M., Grana, D. and Liu, M.
   [2020]. Stochastic inversion method of time-lapse CSEM data for plume monitoring.Int. J. of Greenhouse Gas Control, 100, 1–15.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Berre, L., Morten, J.P., Baillie, G. and Nerland, E.
   [2020]. Experience on controlled-source EM performance for exploration in Norway.Interpretation, 8, SQ25–SQ37.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Constable, S., Kowalczyk, P. and Bloomer, S.
   [2018]. Measuring marine self potential using an autonomous underwater vehicle.Geophys. J. Int., 215, 49–60.
   [Google Scholar]
8. Constable, S., Kannberg, P. and Weitemeyer, K.
   [2016]. Vulcan: A deep towed CSEM receiver, Geophys. Geochem.Geosys., 17, 1–23.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Constable, S.
   [2013]. Review paper: instrumentation for marine magne-totelluric and controlled source electromagnetic sounding.Geophysical Propsecting, 61, 505–532.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Cuevas, N.H. and Alumbaugh, D.
    [2011]. Near source response of a resistive layer to a horizontal or vertical electric dipole excitiation.Geophysics, 76, F353–F371.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Du, Z. and Key, K.
    [2018]. Case study: North Sea heavy oil reservoir characterization from integrated analysis of towed streamer EM and dual sensor seismic data, The Leading Edge, August 2018, 608–615.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Ellingsrud, S., Eidesmo, T., Johansen, S., Sinha, M.C., MacGregor, L.M. and Constable, S.
    [2002]. Remote sensing of hydrocarbon layers using sea-bed logging (SBL): Results of a cruise offshore West Africa.The Leading Edge, 21, 972–982.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Engelmark, F., Mattsson, J., McKay, A. and Du, Z.
    [2014] Towed streamer EM comes of age.First Break, 32, 75–78.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Evans, R.L., Sinha, M.C., Constable, S.C. and Unsworth, M.J.
    [1994]. On the electrical nature of the axial melt zone at 13uN on the East Pacific Rise. J. geophys. Res., 99, 577–588.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Fazad, M. and Mondol, N.
    [2021]. Monitoring geological storage of CO2: a new approach.Nature Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85346-8.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Gehrmann, R., Provenzano, G., Bottner, C., Marin-Moreno, H., Bayrakci, G., Tan, Y., Yilo, N., Djanni, A., Weitemeyer, K., Minshull, T., Bull, J., Karstens, J. and Berndt, C.
    , 2021. Porosity and free gas estimates from CSEM data at the Scanner Pockmark in the North Sea.Int. J. of Greenhouse Gas Control, 109, 1–15.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Goswami, B., Weitemeyer, K., Bunz, S., Minshull, T., Westbrook, G., Ker, S. and Sinha, M.
    [2017]. Variations in pockmark composition at the Vestnesa Ridge: Insights from marine CSEM and seismic data.Geophys., Geochem., Geosys., 18, 1111–1125.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Johansen, S., Panzer, M., Mittet, R., Amundsen, H., Lim, A., Vik, E., Landro, M. and Arntsen, B.
    [2019]. Deep electrical imaging of the ultraslow spreading Mohns Ridge.Nature, 567, 379.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Helwig, S., Wood, W. and Gloux, B.
    [2019]. Vertical-vertical controlled source electromagnetic instrumentation and acquisition.Geophys. Prosp., 67, 1582–159.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Lin, L., Abubaker, A. and Habashy, T.M.
    [2012]. Joint inversion of controlled-source electromagnetic and production data for reservoir monitoring.Geophysics, 77, ID9–ID22.
    [Google Scholar]
21. MacGregor, L., Kowalczyk, P., Galley, C., Weitemeyer, K., Bloomer, S., Phillips, N. and Poctor, A.
    [2021]. Chracterization of seafloor mineral deposits using multiphysics datasets acquired from an AUV.First Break, 39, 1–7.
    [Google Scholar]
22. MacGregor, L. and Tomlinson, J.
    [2014]. Marine Controlled Source Electromagnetic methods in the hydrocarbon industry: a tutorial on method and practice.Interpretation, 2, AH13–SH32.
    [Google Scholar]
23. MacGregor, L.M., Sinha, M.C. and Constable, S.
    [2001]. Electrical resistivity structure of the Valu Fa Ridge, Lau Basin, from marine controlled source electromagnetic sounding, Geophys. J. Int., 146, 217–236.
    [Google Scholar]
24. Micallef, A., Person, M., Haroon, A., Weymer, B., Jegen, M., Schwalenberg, K., Faghih, Z., Duan, S., Cohen, D., Mountjoy, J., Woelz, S., Gable, C., Avares, T. and Tiwari, A
    , 2020b. 3D characterisation and quantification of an offshore freshened groundwater system in the Canterbury Bight.Nature Communications, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14770-7.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Nguyen, A.K., Hanssen, P., Mittet, R., Jensen, H., Fogelin, L., Skaro, M., Rosenquist, M. and Van der Sman, P.
    [2017]. The next generation electromagnetic acquisition system, Expanded Abstract, 79th EAGE annual conference and exhibition, Paris, 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
26. Park, J., Sauvin, G., Voge, M. and Vanneste, M.
    [2016]. 2.5D inversion and joint interpretation of marine EM data at Sleipner CO2 storage, EAGE Near Surface Geoscience Conference 2016, extended abstract.
    [Google Scholar]
27. Park, J., Vanneste, M., Bohloli, B., Viken, I. and Bjornara, T.I.
    [2014]. In situ resistivity of CO2 plume at Sleipner from CSEM and gravity data, Extended Abstract, 1st applied shallow marine geophysics conference, Athens, 2014.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Price, A., Twarz, C. and Gabrielsen, P.
    [2019]. Building confidence in CSEM for exploration – Benchmarking, SEG expanded abstract, 89th SEG annual meeting, San Antonio, 10.1190/segam2019‑3214720.1.
    https://doi.org/10.1190/segam2019-3214720.1 [Google Scholar]
29. Subagjo, I., Dupuy, B., Park, J., Romdhane, A., Querendez, E. and Stovas, A.
    [2018]. Joint rock physics inversions of seismic and electromagnetic data for CO2 monitoring at Sleipner, EAGE Near Surface Geoscience conference 2018, extended abstract.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Tharimela, R., Augustin, A., Ketzer, M., Cupertino, J., Miller, D., Viana, A. and Senger, K.
    [2019]. 3D CSEM imaging of gas hydrates, Insights from the Pelotas Basin offshore Brazil.Interpretation, 7, SH111–SH131.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Young, P.D. and Cox, C.S.
    [1981]. Electromagnetic active source sounding near the East Pacific Rise.Geophys. Res. Letts., 8, 1043–1046.
    [Google Scholar]