Electro-Geophysical Methods for Soil Survey of Agricultural Lands

Geophysical methods measuring electrical conductivity (EC) and resistivity (ER) are important for soil survey and can provide information about soil subsurface quickly and non-destructively, with minimal sampling, and in the range of depths. Compared with electromagnetic methods and ground penetrating radar, methods of EC/ER measured with direct current and four-electrode probe have fewer limitations and were successfully applied on clayish and saline soils as well as on highly resistive Alfisols and Spodosols.