oa Equatorial F-Region Plasma Bubbles Studies

Equatorial ionospheric plasma bubbles associated with equatorial range-type spread F, are regions where the plasma densities are much lower than the ambient plasma density and are aligned along the earth's magnetic field lines . The plasma bubbles can be observed by both the radio wave (e.g. ionosonde, radar, scintillation etc.) and optical techniques (e.g. by measuring nightglow emissions such as 01 630 nm, 01 557.7 nm and 01 777.4 nm, which come from the ionospheric F-region and their intensities are proportional to the electron density