Detection of LNAPL pools with GPR: theoretical modelling and surveys of a controlled spill

LNAPLs (light non-aqueous phase liquids), such as gasoline, kerosene and other hydrocarbon fuels, that have leaked into the subsurface, are a serious groundwater contaminant. Successful remediation of contaminated sites requires knowledge of the location of the LNAPL in the subsurface. Geophysical techniques such as surface and borehole EM, DC resistivity and GPR techniques have had limited success in delineating LNAPLs in the subsurface. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors controlling anomalous responses in GPR surveys above LNAPL contaminated zones, we have modelled the theoretical GPR response and performed GPR surveys of a controlled kerosene spill.