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The last ten years have seen increasing application of electromagnetic and shallow seismic reflection techniques in groundwater investigations. However, resistivity techniques are still the most popular and although recent developments ensure that high quality data are recorded. There is now general acceptance that lateral resistivity variations or "electrode effects" can be a serious problem in resistivity sounding and techniques have been developed to remove them. Sounding can now he measured under computer control using multicore cable systems, another reason why high quality sounding data can now be regularly obtained. Most recently electrical imaging techniques have been introduced to enable the study of areas of complexgeology.