The Power of Frequency Domain: When you should be using it

The characteristics of frequency domain EM system give it a broad frequency range and more than 5 orders of range for resistivity. The smaller size allows a rigid geometry and thereby in-phase data. Resistivity from phase angle is very sensitive across a wide range, and relatively independent of altitude, as well as measuring magnetic susceptibility and dielectric. The smaller size also allows a coaxial (X) component and close terrain following for the best possible lateral resolution. HFEM should be used where near-surface vertical and lateral resolution are essential, and where geology is resistive or targets weakly conductive.