4D Seismic Modelling using the Tip-wave Superposition Method

Production effects, such as fluid substitution and pore pressure changes, influence the rock physics properties of the reservoir rock. These changes, in turn, affect the seismic velocities and densities. 4D seismic monitoring aims at estimating and quantifying such changes through inverting the acquired seismic data for the parameters of interest. The three main effects observed on the seismic data are time shifts, amplitude variations and waveform changes of the target reflections. Question is: How sensitive is the seismic data to minor changes within the reservoir zone? In this work, we illustrate how changes in seismic parameters influence the synthetic seismic data modelled with the tip-wave superposition method. Also, we provide a quantitative comparison of the tip-wave superposition method with independent modelling approaches.