Deformation integrity monitoring for GNSS-positioning services by the Karlsruhe approach (MONIKA) - concept, realisation and results

Along with the global process of the installation of GNSS-positioning services,<br>such as SAPOS/ASCOS in Germany and many others round the world, these services<br>have become an interdisciplinary as well as an indispensable application for a high<br>precise geo-referencing. The capacity of an absolute positioning in a GNSSpositioning<br>service’s network requires, that possible changes of the coordinates of the<br>reference stations in the amount of a few millimeters are detected ad hoc. The reason<br>for a change in the position of a GNSS-reference-station reaches from geological and<br>tectonic movements, over deformation due to mining, changes in the ground-water<br>table to local deformations of the building carrying the GNSS-antenna. Discrepancies<br>in the coordinates may be also originated by the antenna calibration, and so as<br>pseudo-deformation be followed by the change of an antenna.