WAG-CO2 Light Oil Recovery from Deep Offshore Carbonate Reservoirs

Brazilian pre-salt reservoirs are constituted by carbonate rock and light oil with some CO2 and high solution gas ratio. A sustainable production of oil from pre-salt reservoirs requires a destination for the produced CO2 to mitigate its emission into the atmosphere. CO2 has been used to improve oil recovery when combined with water injection in the water-alternating-gas process (WAG). WAG-CO2 is an Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method that modifies the fluid and rock-fluid properties. This injection process is associated to hysteresis of relative permeability and capillary pressure. Before implementation of the WAG injection in a field, the use of the reservoir simulation is required, a tool used to predict the oil recovery. A more rigorous way to simulate this process is by using a compositional reservoir simulator, given that an Equation of State (EOS) must be used to represent the pressure, volume, temperature (PVT) data that is different from the representation considered in conventional Black-Oil models. An EOS obtained from conventional PVT experiments and swelling tests must be employed to adequately represent the phase behavior resulting from the CO2 dissolution in the oil. Changes in relative permeability and capillary pressure resulting from hysteresis associated with the alternation between the injected fluids in the WAG process must be considered in the simulation model, avoiding a non-realistic oil recovery prediction. The impact of changes in oil properties and the hysteresis effect are considered in the prediction of WAG-CO2 oil recovery from a reservoir with petrophysical properties similar to a real carbonate reservoir constituted by light oil (about 8% molar of CO2). Reservoir simulation results give an indication of the expected oil recovery from a reservoir with pre-salt characteristics, enabling one to decide if the WAG-CO2 process is indicated for implementation in practice.