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A finding fuel and energy reserve is one of the pressing problems of the modern world. It is of great importance given the rise in the global demographic indicators. At the same time, this raises a question of the theory of their formation. The main objective of this work – to conduct exploratory work on the structures formed as a result of geological activity flowing rivers, i.e. in the canyons, catacombs, caves and peninsulas, as well as in swamps, waterfalls and in forests, on the basis of scientific writings and assumptions of great scientists such as D.I. Mendeleev, V. Zhukov, I.M. Gubkin and M.V. Lomonosov. In this research work we put forward a new theory about the formation of petroleum and coal deposits, which is related to geological activities of flowing rivers.