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Abstract

For plane waves, systematic amplitude variations with offset/angle (AVO/AVA) depend on changes in the P-wave, S-wave, density and Poisson's ratio at the plane interface (Young and Braile, 1976). AVO-trends and variations are used in hydrocarbon exploration as fluid/gas indicators (Castagna et al., 1998; Shuey, 1985). The simple 2-layer plane wave approximation may lead to potential pitfalls in the interpretation and inversion of AVO trends (Allen and Peddy, 1993). In land seismics, a number of geological situations introduce a high level of uncertainty for AVO analysis. Here we investigate (1) heterogeneity scale at the reservoir level and (2) significant attenuation (scattering or intrinsic) above the reservoir. Because AVO measurements are obtained from prestack seismic data, noise levels are often high. In addition, source and receiver characteristics, near source effects and geometrical spreading must be included for true amplitude processing (Haase and Stewart, 2010). The effects of heterogeneities on seismic wave propagation can be described in terms of different propagation regimes: quasi-homogeneous for heterogeneities too small to be "seen" by seismic waves, Rayleigh scattering, Mie scattering and small-angle scattering. These scattering regimes cause characteristic amplitude, phase and travel time fluctuations important for the analysis of AVO trends. Wave propagation through heterogeneous media depends on the distribution of physical rock properties (matrix, pore space, fluid/gas composition).

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/content/papers/10.3997/2214-4609.20144673
2011-05-27
2024-03-29
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