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Since 2009 there has been an increase of seismicity in the State of Texas, USA, particularly in areas that have been aseismic before (Delaware Basin, Midland Basin, Fort Worth Basin, Eagle Ford). The earthquake catalogue and the Oil and Gas (O&G) operations data are the primary datasets that helps us to understand the causal factors of seismicity in the State. In our analysis we investigated three types of causal factors, hydraulic stimulation, shallow and deep produced water injection. However, our approach can be used also into Geothermal and CCUS projects.
The proposed workflow can be used to identify causal linkage between different geo-energy related subsurface operations and seismicity. Two out of the four different approaches have predictive capabilities. The application and accuracy of the proposed approaches is highly based on the availability of information. Although, this workflow has been applied successfully in different areas (e.g., Oklahoma, Texas) we believe that accurate hypocentral depth estimation is an additional parameter that can validate any statistical, physics-based, or geomechanical model assessment of causal linkage of seismicity with O&G operations and should be included in induced seismicity assessment.