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Abstract

Summary

Chalk is an important reservoir rock in the North Sea. However, the reservoirs are maturing, which increases the relevance of affordable improved oil recovery (IOR) solutions. Due to the limited availability of reservoir core material and the high cost of obtaining it, the use of representative outcrop samples is essential for parametric studies on reservoir wettability, capillary forces, relative permeability, oil recovery, and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) studies. The representative core material is also important for future studies on e.g., determining CO2 storage potential in the depleted reservoirs.

In this study, we have evaluated both physical and chemical properties of easily available outcrop chalk material, Stevns Klint (SK) and Aalborg (AA), and compared them against rock properties from North Sea reservoir chalks. The aim was to determine if any outcrop chalk can be used as an analogue to reservoir chalk for laboratory studies.

The petrophysical properties compared were porosity, permeability, BET surface area, and pore size distribution determined by mercury injection (MICP). Mineral surface composition was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and chromatography was used to describe the chemical reactivity of the mineral surfaces. All these properties are important for understanding and describing phase interactions and flow in porous media.

The two reservoir chalk showed very similar properties, and both chalk outcrops had comparable porosity, permeability, and pore size distributions to the reservoir chalk. SEM and EDX analyses revealed that SK chalk had similar grain texture and mineralogy to the reservoir chalk, whereas the AA chalk had significantly higher silica content giving it a different texture and mineralogy. The Opal-CT silica balls identified in AA chalk significantly increased its specific surface area compared to that in SK and reservoir chalk. Despite the larger surface area, the surface reactivity of AA chalk was lower than that of SK and reservoir chalk, confirming the importance of mineralogy on reservoir chemistry.

Spontaneous imbibition experimental results confirmed the chalk property observations. Because of different mineralogy, AA and SK chalk showed different chemical behavior under oil exposure, which could significantly influence core wettability during fluid restorations and the potential of wettability alteration by Smart Water EOR. It was concluded that SK outcrop chalk was a better analogue for the North Sea reservoir chalk compared to AA chalk. The screening methodology suggested in this paper could also be used for screening outcrop material as good analogues for reservoir limestones.

© EAGE Publications BV
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2023-10-02
2024-10-11

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/content/papers/10.3997/2214-4609.202331068
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Comparing Outcrop Analogues with North Sea Reservoir Chalk for Laboratory Studies
Conference Proceedings 2023, 1 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202331068
/content/papers/10.3997/2214-4609.202331068
/content/papers/10.3997/2214-4609.202331068
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