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Investigations of the near surface typically require a comprehensive strategy involving various methodologies. These investigations span geological, hydrological, mineral exploration, geotechnical, and engineering fields. Despite their different objectives, a unified geophysical methodology can connect them all. Seismic investigations, utilizing the analysis of various wave modes combined with electric and/or electromagnetic methods, form the basis for near-surface characterization. In some cases, seismic methods alone may suffice to delineate the near surface. However, they are often best combined with electrical methods for optimal results.
We present and discuss the methodology we developed for landslide investigations. Our approach is based on the application of comprehensive yet inexpensive geophysical techniques, readily applicable to solving typical engineering geophysics problems and other near-surface studies. This work provides an overview of several years of investigations across different landslides in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.