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Abstract

Summary

In this review paper, we show how sequential multi-physics trapping processes operate within the storage complex to generally reduce the risks of re-migration and leakage. Using the Invasion Percolation Markov Chain model we show how the probability of these CO2 migration events within a multi-barrier geological system can be quantified.

Considering the possibility of vertical migration pathways, such as via active fracture zones or well-bore damage zones, we identify several geomechanical and geochemical processes which have a tendency to add other ‘multi-physics’ retention processes, especially geomechanical creep and carbonate precipitation. The role of these coupled geochemical and geomechanical processes is complex and an important topic of ongoing research. However, laboratory studies to date suggest that geomechanical creep and carbonate mineral precipitation tend to act slowly but effectively to reduce the risks of vertical migration of CO2 in the subsurface.

To gain better insights into CO2 fluxes along faults and fractures in the Earth’s crust, we are studying natural tectonic degassing in the North Atlantic region, where many natural CO2 fluxes have been quantified. We plan to use these natural analogues as a reference model for quantifying possible future episodic leakage fluxes from CO2 storage facilities.

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2025-09-01
2026-02-15
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