oa A Multi-Scenario Approach for Evaluating Carbon Storage Sites. Example of the P18 Field, Offshore Netherlands

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in geological reservoirs is at the forefront of solutions for reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Effective CCS implementation requires comprehensive evaluation of storage capacity, leakage risks associated with fault-seal integrity, and potential CO2 migration pathways. To address these challenges, we present an interactive migration and trapping simulator based on simplified macroscopic invasion-percolation algorithms.

Our simulator supports both preliminary site screening and detailed assessment for geological CO2 storage projects. The tool integrates various structural data (seismic surfaces, fault networks, etc.) and petrophysical parameters (capillary pressure, permeability distributions, etc.), giving the interpreter flexibility in simulation inputs based on available data. The tool also provides interactive modification of fault permeability properties - with options for sealing, leaking, or passing conditions - while providing real-time visualization of resulting CO2 migration.

The simulator enables identifying all possible structural traps, and evaluating multiple injection scenarios to optimize placement and quantify storage volumes. This approach was validated using the P18 depleted gas field which will be reused as a CO2 storage site in the Porthos project, offshore Netherlands. Multiple scenarios were created by varying the faults sealing state and the injection point locations demonstrating how different geological interpretations significantly impact predicted storage capacity.