Sixth EAGE Global Energy Transition Conference & Exhibition (GET 2025)
- Conference date: October 27-31, 2025
- Location: Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Published: 27 October 2025
1 - 20 of 210 results
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Geothermal Reservoir Property Prediction from 2D Seismic Data, Onshore the Netherlands
More LessSummaryThe development of geothermal energy requires an understanding of the reservoir properties of the target subsurface formation. The estimation of subsurface reservoir properties from seismic reflection data is an established discipline in hydrocarbon exploration and development. In this presentation, we discuss the application of seismic inversion and reservoir characterisation to an onshore 2D dataset for the purpose of geothermal site selection verification.
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Calcium Carbonate Synthesis from Waste Concrete for Carbon Dioxide Capture: From Laboratory to Pilot Scale
More LessAuthors J. ChoiSummaryThis research article enlightens the synthesis and scale-up of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) from waste concrete as calcium-rich material by an inorganic carbonation process. In the laboratory scale condition, productivity was 1 kg/d, the calcium was extracted from waste concrete using hydrochloric (HCl), and the other extracted cations present in the waste concrete such as aluminum, iron or magnesium were precipitated through pH control method. The calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) was synthesized from calcium chloride (CaCl2) by adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which induced the spontaneous reaction of CaCO3 without any additional energy consumption. Additionally, carbon dioxide (CO2) was purged into Ca(OH)2 to form CaCO3, to confirm the amount of CO2 capture, the total amount of reaction was measured by analyzing the concentration of CO2 before and after reaction. A process with a CaCO3 productivity of 20 kg/d was designed and manufactured through a laboratory scale. The pilot scale process was operated in the same way as the laboratory scale, and finally, the CO2 reduction amount was calculated through the immobilization ability of CO2 and the power used in the facility, and the power consumption was presented to evaluate the process.
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Deep Decarbonization and Desulfurization using CU-FE/VO- TIO2 in Ambient Temperature with Oxygen Vacancies
More LessAuthors J. ChoiSummaryThe presence of surface oxygen vacancies (Vo) has proven critical in enhancing the reaction and activation processes for the selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and Carbon. However, achieving efficient H2S removal at ambient temperatures remains a significant challenge. In this study, we report the synthesis of a copper-iron impregnated titanium oxide (Cu-Fe/Vo-TiO2) catalyst designed to address this challenge through a facile impregnation method.
The objectives of this research were to synthesize and characterize novel multi-metal catalyst and evaluate the feasibility of its application to remove H2S in room temperature. 1) The synthesized novel multi-metal catalyst was characterized. 2) The effects of multi-metal catalyst, initial H2S concentration on the behavior of fixed-bed column, and reusability of novel catalyst was investigated. 3) A possible reaction mechanism of novel multi-metal catalyst was proposed through diverse chemical analysis.
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The Coaxial Reversable Medium-Deep Geothermal Heat Well Technology An Innovative Approach to Sustainable Heating
More LessAuthors R. Niemi, E. Salmenvaara and H. BitlisSummaryHeating systems are major contributors to CO2 emissions, especially in Northern Europe where they account for up to 30%. To decarbonize this sector, electrification and integration of renewable sources are essential. Medium-deep geothermal heat wells (MDGHWs), at depths of 1,000–3,000 meters, offer a sustainable solution when paired with industrial-scale heat pumps.
MDGHWs enable year-round heating, cooling, and critically, thermal energy storage within local low-temperature heating networks. In winter, they deliver heat; in summer, they recharge via waste heat or excess renewable energy. This stored heat is then reused when needed, improving efficiency and reducing energy waste.
The coaxial MDGHW design optimizes energy extraction from deep thermal wells while mitigating performance issues. Each well delivers heat equivalent to 40 traditional geothermal wells, significantly enhancing thermal exchange and reducing energy losses. The system also allows for the underground storage of waste heat, ensuring thermal stability within networks.
This approach improves heat pump efficiency through lower temperature differentials, extends system lifespan, and reduces maintenance costs. It achieves significantly higher Coefficient of Performance (COP) rates compared to conventional systems while using 97% less land—ideal for dense urban settings. Ultimately, it ensures a resilient, carbon-neutral heating future.
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The Deep Temperature and Lithospheric Thermal Structure of the Central Tan-Lu Fault Zone, North China
More LessSummaryThe Tan-Lu Fault Zone (TLFZ) plays a critical role in the accumulation of deep high-temperature geothermal resources. However, the deep thermal regime of the central TLFZ and the thermal control exerted by its four parallel faults remain unclear. Herein, we calculate the deep temperature, thermal lithosphere thickness, and crust-mantle heat flow ratio of the central TLFZ by measuring and analyzing thermal conductivity, heat production, regional stratigraphic thickness, and surface heat flow. Our results show from the TLFZ toward the adjacent regions, deep temperatures decrease, while the thermal lithosphere thickness and the crust-mantle heat flow ratio increase. The central TLFZ exhibits an exceptionally thin lithosphere and a shallow mantle heat source, resulting in localized temperatures exceeding 150°C at 3 km depth and regionally pervasive temperatures above 150°C at 4 km depth, indicative of abundant deep high-temperature geothermal resources. The maximum value of deep temperature, minimum value of thermal lithosphere thickness, and the lowest crust-mantle heat flow ratio in the central TLFZ all occur in the western branches of the fault. This indicates that the western branches are the weakest part of the lithosphere and the richest region in deep high-temperature geothermal resources in the central TLFZ.
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Numerical Analysis of Gas Storage Operations in a Real Lined Rock Cavern
More LessAuthors D. Damasceno and S. SvanströmSummaryThis study presents a numerical analysis of gas storage operations in a full-scale lined rock cavern (LRC) facility located in Skallen, southwestern Sweden. As the energy sector increasingly incorporates renewable sources, LRCs offer a geologically flexible solution for high-capacity, seasonal energy storage. However, thermal challenges—such as freezing near cavern walls or overheating during injection—pose risks to structural integrity and operational efficiency. A thermodynamic model was validated using field data from the initial storage cycle, during which active temperature control was minimally applied in the field. In later cycles, measured temperatures drive the activation of a simulated gas circulation system to estimate circulated volumes and mitigate thermal extremes. Results confirm that circulation markedly limits freezing in the rock mass and dampens injection induced temperature spikes. Despite limitations in measurement resolution and circulation data, the model reproduces observed thermal behavior accurately. This work underscores the role of physics based modeling in optimizing LRC performance and paves the way for its extension to hydrogen storage in low carbon energy systems.
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Validation of an In-situ Method to Measure Thermal Conductivities
More LessAuthors R. Usbeck, M. Dillon and U. SchlagerSummaryFor cable route and in-field investigations for offshore wind farms, the thermal conductivity is usually measured according to the standard ASTM D5334 on samples of sediment cores retrieved from the seabed. One challenge with these tests is that the exact original depth of the sample is not always easy to determine and the sediment sample may be modified during the sampling procedure (e.g., change of density, water content, and/or structure) which may alter the thermal conductivity. To gain the ‘true’ thermal conductivity of the prevailing sediments, it is preferred to test the thermal properties in-situ. We show the results of an experiment of a direct co-measurement of ‘in-situ’ needle probe measurements according to the ASTM D5334 standard and a ‘Lister-type’ probe that can be deployed with a vibrocorer.
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Model for Heat Extraction from Salt Structures by a Closed-Loop Geothermal System
More LessAuthors P. Wojnarowski, L. Pająk, M. Wangen, V. Harcouët-Menou, O. Vestavik and B. TomaszewskaSummaryThe occurrence of hydrothermal reservoirs is limited, and closed-loop heat exchangers represent an alternative to conventional systems. The HOCLOOP project aims to develop and test a novel CBHE technology. The project deals, among others, with the possibility of using deep salt structures as a geothermal system’s heat source. GTW software was used for calculations of system performance, and CBHE was assumed with a horizontal well using DualPipe technology. The area of the Goleniów was chosen for the analysis because both salt domes and pillows occur there. In addition, the city has a District Heating System based on a coal-fired boiler. Using the HOCLOOP solution would help reduce emissions and transform the fossil-fuel-based system to renewable energy. The results suggest that the system performance is more dependent on the operating parameters than on the geological conditions. The potential for integration into a DHS is a more critical factor in determining the location of a CBHE. The unique feature is that the heat supply from the wells after the initial higher value is flattening out and is estimated to be nearly constant and cover dynamic demands for the future with little maintenance and no need for an external power supply.
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Seismic-Driven Coupled Multiphase Flow and Geomechanics for Risk Assessment of Luna CO2 Storage Site, North Sea
More LessAuthors A. Haghi and R. PorjeszSummaryInclusive evaluation of geomechanical risks is critical to ensuring the reliability of geological carbon storage. While poromechanics has long established the relationship between injection-induced pore pressure changes and potential rock failure, managing the large-scale geomechanical risks linked to CO2 injection into deep saline aquifers remains a key hurdle for its broader adoption in the global transition to net-zero emissions. In this study, we explore the mechanical behaviour of the Luna saline aquifer in the North Sea under CO2 injection through integrated simulations that couple multiphase flow with geomechanics, based on a seismic-driven high-fidelity static model. Our findings indicate a surface uplift of approximately 13 mm after two decades of continuous injection at 1.5×106 m3/day (equivalent to 1 Mt/year), a level deemed safe for offshore infrastructure. Furthermore, our analysis reveals maximum shear stress level (SSL) and tensile stress level (TSL) of 0.5 and 0.78, respectively, in both the reservoir and the overlying caprock. Given that stress levels under 0.8 are considered safe thresholds, our results imply a low probability of gas injection-induced mechanical failure, reinforcing the integrity of the caprock and supporting the long-term feasibility of CO2 storage in this setting.
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The Lithium Brine Play: A Global Perspective
More LessAuthors P. MullinSummaryLithium is the element of choice in battery development to support the energy transition. Recent developments in direct lithium extraction from brines (DLE) provide the opportunity to extract lithium in a matter of days from brines associated with geothermal projects or pumped from deep aquifers. This has minimal impact on the surface environment, by contrast to spodumene mining or evaporation in high altitude salars.
This paper will present a new global overview of those basins where lithium content in brines has been established, highlighting areas of particularly high lithium concentration. Key examples will be reviewed in detail, and inferences drawn on lithium sources and the mechanisms of lithium concentration, which may allow overlooked basins with high potential to be identified for further evaluation.
The recent drop in lithium prices emphasizes the need for locating the ‘sweet-spot’ in each of these basins, which is a function of both lithium grade and subsurface geology. An example is provided from the Jurassic Smackover of Arkansas, the likely site of a first commercial DLE plant. Geothermal projects are also emphasized given their potential for synergies and the development of multiple revenue streams, thereby providing hedging against product price fluctuations.
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Integrated Approach for the Containment Assessment of the Seal/Overburden Successions – the Ravenna Hub Example
More LessAuthors C. Barbieri, D. Catellani, L. Trupiano, E. Sturaro, A. Corrao, G. Barbacini, F. Di Maggio, S. Ricci, E. Previde Massara, P. Viaggi and A. OrtenziSummaryThis study employed an integrated methodology (stratigraphy, sedimentology, geophysics, mineralogy, and petrophysics) to analyse caprock and overburden successions for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) projects in the northern Adriatic Sea, focusing on the Ravenna Hub.
The methodology involved well revisions, seismic interpretation for depositional element maps, sedimentological analysis of cores for facies and mineralogy (XRD and SEM), and log facies calibration. 3D stratigraphic forward modelling integrated diverse data for a coherent reconstruction. This approach significantly enhanced the understanding of relationships between mineralogical composition and sedimentary facies, providing a robust basis for characterising caprock and overburden. This workflow is adaptable to various case studies for CO2 containment assessment.
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Geological Heterogeneity of the UKCS Aquifers and its Impact on CO2 Injection and 4D Seismic Signal
More LessAuthors B. Kopydlowska and C. MacBethSummaryThe geological heterogeneity of key CO2 injection targets in the UKCS is exhibited at various scales. However, due to the size and spatial extent of saline aquifers, usually only the regional scale is modelled to investigate the spatial distribution of CO2 over time. Time-lapse seismic is a well-established technology used to monitor CCS operations. This study focuses on the different types of small-scale heterogeneity and translating it onto fine-scale 2D reservoir models. We generate multiple heterogeneity scenarios using available literature, build 2D reservoir models based on them, and flow CO2 across the whole length of the reservoir to simulate progression at the front of the plume. We then utilise Sim2Seis (an ETLP software) to obtain the 4D signal stemming from injection into these heterogeneous reservoirs. As CO2 is highly mobile, we find that its flow pattern may be hard to predict when faced with heterogeneity. The CO2 flow pattern differs based on the proximity to the injection site and inherent heterogeneity of the reservoir. The resulting 4D signal is strong and saturation-driven, and the effect of heterogeneity is visible.
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Natural Hydrogen Development-Potential and Challenges
More LessAuthors A. EvertsSummaryThis paper investigates the technical development potential of natural hydrogen by estimating, for some recent finds and identified prospects, in-place and recoverable hydrogen, well productivity, water production and other byproducts that a future development would have to cater for. Indicative Unit Technical Cost (UTC) is also estimated. Finds are in three broad play types: 1) focused-seepage plays where predominantly aqueous hydrogen migrates with minimal trapping; 2) coalbed plays where hydrogen is adsorbed molecularly in coals; 3) reservoir-trap-seal plays with gaseous hydrogen trapped underneath an impermeable seal.
Focused-seepage plays have a low to modest hydrogen resource-density, low well-productivity and developments may co-produce large volumes of water. Only local-offtake opportunities may be pursued since larger offtake would require unrealistically large well counts and water-handling/disposal capacities. UTC is marginal to unattractive.
Coalbed hydrogen plays may have higher resource density but again, low well-productivity and developments may face environmental concerns (surface footprint, disposal of significant amounts of water and co-produced CO2 and/or methane). Coalbed plays are unlikely to be commercial as a standalone natural hydrogen development.
Only developments of reservoir-trap-seal plays could potentially achieve industrial offtake at attractive UTC but to date, no accumulations of this type have unambiguously been discovered.
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Optimizing Reinjection: Evaluating Temperature-Driven Mineral Reactions and Well Performance in Lithuania’s Cambrian Reservoirs
More LessAuthors A.R. Abdul Nabi Memon, P. Makauskas and M. PalSummaryThis study explores the optimization of reinjection strategies in Lithuania’s Cambrian geothermal reservoirs, focusing on temperature effects on mineral interactions and long-term reservoir performance. Western Lithuania contains significant geothermal potential, especially in the Cambrian sandstone reservoirs, which reach temperatures up to 96°C at 2000 meters depth. These reservoirs, once used for oil production, are now being reconsidered for geothermal energy, particularly district heating. Using reactive transport modelling (RTM) with TOUGHREACT, the study evaluates the impact of reinjecting saline water at 40°C—a temperature historically aligned with district heating return flows—on mineral dissolution and precipitation.
Simulations reveal that porosity and permeability around the injection well change over time due to geochemical reactions. Near the well, permeability increased by 53%, while it decreased by 83% at 20 meters distance. However, the 40°C reinjection temperature does not significantly impact reservoir quality, making it a viable option for sustained operations. The results suggest that careful reinjection temperature control, combined with horizontal well technologies, can enhance geothermal energy extraction while maintaining reservoir integrity. This research contributes to geothermal field development planning in Lithuania and supports sustainable energy transition efforts.
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Geomechanical Screening for Hydrogen Storage Containment Integrity in a Depleted Gas Field
More LessAuthors K. Bisdom, N. Hummel, K. Hindriks, A. Cilona, B. Kiani and J. Van WindenSummaryA novel semi-analytical geomechanical workflow offers a fast and efficient alternative to traditional 3D finite element models for evaluating containment integrity in underground hydrogen storage. Applied to a depleted gas field in the Netherlands, the method uses a nucleus-of-strain approach to estimate stress and deformation responses during hydrogen injection and withdrawal cycles. By slightly simplifying subsurface mechanics, the model enables rapid screening of potential storage sites without compromising the reliability of early risk assessments. Results for this particular case study show that surface deformation remains below 1 cm and that stress changes in the caprock during hydrogen cycling are smaller than those observed during historical gas depletion. The models indicate a low risk of top seal failure during hydrogen storage compared to the gas depletion phase, and the relative increase in shear failure risk during hydrogen injection and production remains within safe bounds. This modeling approach significantly reduces computational cost while providing critical insights into containment risks, making it a valuable tool for early-stage site selection in hydrogen storage development.
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Assessment of Potential Microbial Hydrogen Consumption in European Hydrogen Underground Storage Sites
More LessAuthors K. Cerna, J. Riha, K. Fadrhonc, P. Bombach, S. Rad, S. Stephant, C. Michel, L. Fablet, D. Ropers, A. Belcour, J. Tremosa, K. Kyaw, N. Paltrinieri, A. Biwen An-Stepec and N. DopffelSummaryUnderground hydrogen (H2) storage is a key technology for stabilizing Europe’s renewable energy supply, but microbial activity in subsurface environments may lead to H2 loss, gas quality degradation, and infrastructure damage. The CETP-funded HyLife project brings together four European microbiology laboratories and multiple industry partners to quantify microbial risks associated with underground hydrogen storage. Twenty-one brine samples from salt caverns, aquifers, and depleted gas reservoirs across ten countries were characterized so far using developed fully standardized anoxic sampling and analytical workflows, including geochemical analysis, enrichment cultures, qPCR, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Distinct microbial communities were identified at each site, even when brine chemistries were similar. Enrichment experiments revealed rapid H₂ loss within weeks in several porous-rock reservoirs at ≤ 50°C, while most salt-cavern brines showed negligible activity after 12 months. Hydrogen consumption was most commonly linked to methanogenesis. Kinetic parameters derived from these tests are being integrated into 3D reactive-transport models and an open-access database to support techno-economic assessments, mitigation strategies, and evidence-based guidelines for selecting safe and efficient hydrogen storage sites. The project actively engages industry partners and continues to expand its dataset through additional sampling across diverse geological settings.
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Modeling of Irreversible Thermodynamics Relevant to CCS using Parameterization Approach
More LessAuthors J. Lu, D. Voskov and A. NovikovSummaryThis work presents an extension of the Operator-Based Linearization (OBL) framework to model irreversible thermodynamic behavior in geological carbon storage (CCS). Traditional OBL employs adaptive parameterization over primary state variables (pressure, temperature, and composition) but lacks the ability to represent hysteresis phenomena critical to CO2–brine systems. To address this, we introduce an additional state parameter—the historical maximum gas saturation into the OBL operator space, enabling accurate modeling of hysteresis in relative permeability and capillary pressure.
The extended framework is validated through a series of numerical tests. A single-cell simulation demonstrates how Land–Killough hysteresis formulations capture saturation-path-dependent permeability behavior. A 2D aquifer model further illustrates improved CO2 trapping and sharper plume fronts due to hysteresis effects. Finally, we apply the model to the heterogeneous SPE11 benchmark, showing enhanced capillary trapping and reduced dissolution under realistic subsurface conditions.
This approach allows for the rigorous integration of irreversible physics into adaptive interpolation without altering the solver structure. Future work includes incorporating capillary pressure hysteresis, validating against field-scale simulators, and extending to fully implicit formulations.
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Exploring Global Geothermal Energy Potential Pathways: Unlocking Integrated Assessment Model Strategies Projections
More LessAuthors P.H. Gulelmo Souza and A. SzkloSummaryAmong the diverse array of renewable options, geothermal energy emerges as a highly promising resource due to its reliability and efficiency in generating both heat and electricity to meet global demand. This study highlights the geothermal energy supply projections based on Integrated Assessment Models in distinct scenarios from 2030 to 2100. Moreover, point out key geothermal technologies and breakthrough methods that could address projected geothermal energy growth. Emphasis on renewables and technological innovation strongly favors geothermal energy. By evaluating these advancements, the paper elucidates geothermal energy’s possible roles in contributing to sustainable, long-term decarbonization objectives and demand supply.
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Characterization of the Fault Gouge Material for CO2 Storage Conditions
More LessAuthors A. Mortazavi, A. Sekerbayeva and R. HazlettSummaryCarbon capture and storage (CCS) has emerged as a critical technology in response to global climate commitments, such as those set out in the Paris Agreement. One of the most crucial elements for successful CO2 sequestration is the mechanical and hydraulic integrity of the caprock, particularly when intersected by fault zones. Fault gouge material, a fine-grained composition often formed from crushed rock along faults, plays a pivotal role in either facilitating or impeding CO2 migration. Despite its importance, the permeability behavior of gouge under realistic subsurface conditions remains poorly understood. This study investigates the relationship between permeability and confining pressure using artificial fault gouge samples, helping to bridge this knowledge gap with implications for risk assessment and site selection in CCS operations.
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Assessing Interfacial Interactions in Mixed H2-CO2 Aqueous Systems for Geological Gas Storage
More LessSummaryUnderground hydrogen storage (UHS) offers a viable solution for large-scale hydrogen storage, yet understanding the interfacial interactions that govern gas mobility and trapping remains critical. This study investigates the interfacial tension (IFT) behaviour of H2–CO2–brine systems under reservoir-relevant conditions, focusing on the effects of temperature (20–80°C), pressure (10–100 bar), salinity, and gas composition. Using experimental methods, gas-water IFT values were measured in both distilled water and formation brine environments. Results show that IFT trends vary with aqueous composition and gas type: IFT increases with temperature in pure H2-water systems but decreases in brine due to salt-induced weakening of cohesive forces. CO2-containing mixtures exhibit a pronounced pressure-dependent reduction in IFT, linked to greater gas solubility and molecular interactions. Salinity also consistently reduces IFT via the salting-out effect. The study highlights the role of CO2 as a cushion gas, which enhances hydrogen injectivity by lowering IFT and minimizing capillary trapping. Nonlinear IFT responses at high CO2 concentrations further emphasize the complexity of multiphase interactions in porous media. These findings improve the fundamental understanding of interfacial behaviour in subsurface hydrogen storage and inform the design of more effective UHS and CO2 sequestration strategies.
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