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2nd EAGE International Conference KazGeo
- Conference date: 29 Oct 2012 - 31 Oct 2012
- Location: Almaty, Kazakhstan
- ISBN: 978-90-73834-37-8
- Published: 29 October 2012
1 - 50 of 84 results
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Porphyry Cu-Au/Mo Deposits of Central Eurasia - Geodynamics and Metallogeny
Authors R. Seltmann and A. DolgopolovaThis overview summarises the current knowledge on the geodynamic-metallogenic framework for the formation of porphyry Cu-Au/Mo deposits in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (Altaids). It also discusses exploration criteria for the discovery of giant ore systems
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Large-volume Gold Deposits of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Geological Aspects and Potential.
Authors P.A. Mukhin Ltd. and M. KhakimzhanovThe main feature of large-volume gold deposits of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (resources more than 100 tons, low gold grade) is their relation to the suture zones created in the environment of subduction and collision of microplates during amalgamation of Eurasia continent. These deposits have common geology-geochemical features that point out their origin from dehydrated parts of subducted crust. New principle of assessment of suture zones provides capabilities to define new objects for prospecting and exploration of new large volume gold deposits in Kazakhstan and Central Asia.
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Historic and Genetic Fundamentals of Kazakhstan Sedimentary Basins Oil and Gas Potential
Authors T.K. Paragulgov and K.K. ParagulgovOil and gas potential historic and genetic fundamentals of Kazakhstan different-typed sedimentary basins are broadly considered. Based on sedimentation volume rate the basin gradation has been accomplished in regards of potential resources and large field discovery probability. For each oil and gas–bearing or oil and gas prospective basin oil and gas source rocks have been identified and main phases of oil and gas generation in the light of geological history of the basin have been traced. Hydrocarbon generation and accummulation spatial and temporary relations as the fundamental factors of sedimentary basin oil and gas potential forecast are ascertained. It has been clearly noted that sedimentary basin oil and gas prospectivity is determined by its evolution staging, and the favourable evolution stages are considered.
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Seismic Stratigraphy and Regional Prospectivity of the Offshore Extension of the South Mangyshlak and North Caspian
More LessThe regional prospectivity of the South Mangyshlak, North Caspian and North Ustyurt basins is hereby presented based on seismic stratigraphic interpretation of 2D seismic lines acquired by CGGVeritas between 2006-2009 in both the central and northern Caspian Sea. The seismic dataset covers part of the offshore extension of each basin. We have identified four mega-sequences within the North Caspian Basin, two mega-sequences within the North Ustyurt basin and three mega-sequences within the South Mangyshlak Basin. The mega-sequences represent discrete phases of basin-fill mainly caused by a combination of tectonic subsidence, sedimentation rate and relative sea level change. These mega-sequences were identified based on seismic reflection terminations on bounding regional unconformities and their correlative conformities. These represent key plate re-organisation episodes and relative sea level change. In the North Caspian Basin, we have identified Devonian-Carboniferous, Permian-Triassic, Jurassic-Cretaceous and Tertiary mega-sequences. The Jurassic-Cretaceous and Tertiary mega-sequences occur in all three basins with similar depositional facies. The Permian-Triassic sequence is different in both depositional history and petroleum play elements in all three basins whilst the Devonian-Carboniferous sequence has been drilled only in the North Caspian basin.
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hyperBeam – an Iterative and Interactive Tool for Velocity Model Building for PSDM
Authors A. Pankov LLP, K. Sherwood and W. SmithDirect integration of the model building system with the compute environment provides a unique new tool for exploration teams. By automating the flow of data and parameters through efficient processing systems, we can finally work interactively with model building systems, allowing interpreters and geophysicists to efficiently interact during the model building process. The integrated collaborative workflow ensures that a fragmented workflow is a thing of the past and brings the geologist and geophysicist closer together. The resulting model accuracy improves the focusing in all imaging algorithms which in turn improves the geological understanding of the area, simplifies references with well data, and reduces drilling uncertainty
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Estimation of CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressure for One of the Iranian Oil Reservoirs (Laboratory Study)
Authors A. Vahidi, M. Ahmadi, A. Shahraki and M. EmadiThe miscibility condition is determined by conducting displacement tests at various pressures. Recovery is expected to increase by raising the displacement pressure, and however, it will stay almost constant above the MMP. In this study to estimate MMP of one of the Iranian oil reservoirs with pure CO2, a slim-tube test was performed under constant CO2 injection rate at different displacement pressure above the bubble point. Input and output pressures were continusly monitored during the test. The effluent liquid was flashed to atmospheric conditions; it is weighed and its density is measured for calculating the volumetric oil recovery. The produced gases are passed through gas chromatography for compositional analysis. The oil recovery was plotted against the injection pressure at 1.2 pore volume of injection fluid. The results show that the oil recoveries are more than 90% of original oil in place for all pressures with a constant slop above the bubble point pressure. Therefore, MMP should be the same as bubble point pressure. In addition, effluent gas composition, pressure drop across the slim-tube and no methane bank existence confirm the miscible condition.
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Advanced PSDM WEM and RTM Imaging – in the Pre-Caspian Region
We demonstrated the application of migration by wavefield continuation to a field survey from the Pre-Caspian region. The dataset has challenging geology that requires advanced imaging algorithms to handle the complex wave propagation. The algorithms were designed for media with tilted transverse isotropy (TTI). We have illustrated that both WEM and RTM provide good uplift in image quality compared to Kirchhoff as they are able to handle the multi pathing caused by complex salt bodies. We showed that RTM yields good images without dip limitations whereas the one-way solution is a good cost-effective alternative for high frequency, high resolution, subsalt imaging.
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Pore Pressure Prediction in the Caspian and Kazakhstan Regions; Taking a Geological Approach
Authors S.A O'Connor, R. Nadirov, R. Swarbrick, R. Lahann and A. MallonThe Great Caspian is a leading, prolific producer of hydrocarbons; this region consists of the North, Middle and South Caspian. A major issue in exploiting these hydrocarbons is an understanding the varying pressure regimes therein, that are a direct result of the interaction between tectonics, lithology (e.g. salt, carbonates) and rates of sedimentation. Accurate pore pressure prediction is vital for successful and safe drilling in order to exploit these accumulations. We state that a geological approach is vital to supplement the other numerous methods for pore pressure prediction used worldwide and applied commonly in this region. These other methods often rely on shale-dominant lithologies – therefore, in this region using standard shale interpretations will be inaccurate. For instance, In the North Caspian, the Tengiz Field is located under less than 500 feet of Permian salt; above the salt the sediments are hydrostatic, below the Carboniferous carbonate reservoirs are close to lithostatic pressures; in these cases, traditional low temperature shale analysis will give only a partial solution at best. In the South Caspian, reservoirs may be up to 5000 psi naturally drawn-down relative to the shales in fields such as Shah-Deniz via lateral drainage
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Near Surface Velocity Building and Statics Solution from Floating Datum
Authors P.J. Christian, P. Moskalyov and B. LucasThis issue describes the statics calculation from floating datum with using LVL data and tomostatics.
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Approach for heterogeneous characterisation in carbonate reservoir
Authors B.B. Musrepova and A. IvakhnenkoA range of different techniques are being utilized during the determination of the geological, petrophysical and geomechanical properties in the petroleum reservoirs. Possibility in express characterisation of their heterogeneity is one of the promising new techniques, which can be used for the field investigation process. In general, understanding in distribution of heterogeneous characteristic, such as geological facies, permeability and porosity helps to delineate the properties of the petroleum field and better understand its structure. The optimized ways of production can be evaluated based on the received data from such analysis.
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Review of Modern Methods of Prestack Seismic Data Analysis
Authors K. Shikeruk, A. Jangirov and A. ShestakovThis paper demonstrates different approaches of prestack seismic data interpretation depending on data availability, project time frame and field development stage. These approaches were implemented by PGS Kazakhstan on number of fields in different geological environment across Kazakhstan. The following article shows effectiveness and limitation of 2 seismic methodics on the example of the field located in the Pre-Caspian depression.
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Fracture Characteristics of a Carbonate Platform, Kashagan Field, Kazakhstan
Authors Y. Kabiyev, D. Carpenter, M. Johns and J. CollinsThe Paleozoic reservoir at Kashagan field is characterized by a relatively porous carbonate platform interior surrounded by a highly-cemented margin called the rim. Most of the faults and fractures are concentrated near the rim. Despite low matrix porosity and permeability, rim wells experience lost circulation, bit drops, and high Kh, suggesting a well-developed secondary porosity system. Understanding the role of fractures in this secondary porosity system will be key to reservoir quality prediction. At the seismic scale, faults commonly strike parallel to the rim boundary. At the borehole-scale, image logs also show a fracture set striking parallel to the rim, with secondary sets at high angles to the rim. Rim parallel features are consistent with their formation during early syndepositional margin collapse and differential compaction of the platform and rim.
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The Application of Multiple Realizations of Geostatistical Inversion for Supporting Geological Objectives.
By K. FilippovaThe efficiency of application of geostatistical inversion technique and especially multiple realizations analysis for supporting geological objectives of brownfield stage are presented in this paper. Two oil fields case studies (a clastic and a carbonate reservoir) are used for demonstrating it.
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The Usage of Geoinformation Technologies for Seismic Data Interpretation in Work Flows of Geostan, JSC
By V. MorenkoДеятельность любой сервисной компании сопряжена с обработкой большого объема разнотипной информации, потребность в которой возникает на различных стадиях работы над проектом. Получение надежных результатов интерпретации сейсмических данных возможно только при проведении комплексного анализа всех исходных данных. Анализ данных предполагает обработку имеющегося фактографического материала, в том числе его систематизацию и проведение необходимых преобразований для последующего использования при построении различных моделей. Результаты моделирования, в свою очередь, также требуют систематизации и преобразования к виду, доступному для оперативного анализа, в том числе, на основе 3D-представления и соответствующих технологий.
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Hydrodynamics and Seismic Attributes
By R. SwarbrickWhen rock physics models are established and calibrated they become powerful exploration tools in predicting fluid type ahead of the bit. Most commonly amplitude analysis for fluids is compared with the structural configuration of the trap, and correlation between fluid amplitude and structure is expected. If the structure is “full to spill” then the amplitudes will also correlate with the closing contour of the structure as determined by structural spill point. Conversely, in hydrodynamic systems the conformity is not only with structural definition of the trap but also the hydrodynamic spill point. Fluid contacts cross-cut structural contours, especially in oil accumulations. Recognition of hydrodynamic systems is therefore key to knowing when it is appropriate to use structure contours and spill point as criteria for amplitudes as fluid indicators.
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Prediction of Petrophysical Properties from P-wave Seismic Data, Delhi Field, LA, US
More LessDelhi Field is located in northeastern Louisiana. The reservoir is the Holt-Bryant zone that consists of Upper Cretaceous (Tuscaloosa) and Lower Cretaceous (Paluxy) sandstones. Currently, the field is undergoing a tertiary CO2 flood of the Holt-Bryant zone for enhanced oil recovery. To better understand the complexity of the reservoir, seismic and well log data were used to determine petrophysical properties within the reservoir. Correlations were established between: density and gamma ray; P-impedance and porosity. Pre-stack, model-based inversion was performed on the seismic data to obtain volumes of density and P-impedance. At the same time, synthetic seismic traces were created by changing the petrophysical properties, and correlations found previously were examined again.
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Azimuthal(HTI) Anisotropy Parameters Evaluation in Downhole Microseismic Survey
Authors S.V. Yaskevich and A.A. DuchkovPassive seismic monitoring is a conventional technique used for mapping hydraulic fracturing treatment assuming that microseismic events occur due to fracture development. These events are usually located using a velocity model derived from sonic logs or perforation shots. Instead of fixing the model we make it also a parameter of inversion while locating the events, and also make it anisotropic (HTI). Such model could be the simplest one for description of azimuthally anisotropic formations. We show advantages of applying such an idea on synthetic data set for homogeneous HTI model and show failure of using isotropic models in this case. Use of isotropic model can lead to biased event locations that shift apparent fracture geometry away from its true position. Used approach not only makes it possible to more accurately predict traveltimes of the recorded waves but it also results in a better event locations. All anisotropic parameters of HTI model appeared to be well constrained by the inversion including accurate estimate of the symmetry axis azimuth. Estimated anisotropic HTI parameters can provide an engineer some additional valuable information as these parameters are usually related to rock physics, lithology, internal fractures etc.
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Detection of Reservoir Fractures Using Curvature Attribute, and Comparison with Similarity Attribute
Authors R. Ghanati, N. Abbasi and M.A. RiahiNowadays, various methods are used for identification of reservoir fractures. Seismic curvature attributes are a group of attributes that can measure the curvature of surface and detect the faults and fractures on that surface. These attributes can be estimated on a definite horizon or in a volume of seismic data. In this paper, the ability of these attributes in fractures detection in one of Iranian south reservoirs by carrying out these attributes on a seismic horizon is studied. Then, the results obtained from curvature attributes are compared with similarity attribute. The results of this study show that curvature attributes such as most positive and most negative curvature can detect fractures on a seismic horizon. In addition, there is a high correlation between curvature and similarity attributes results.
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Log Data Interpretation of the Bagenov Formation Interval
Authors M.A. Pavlova, K.V. Suhorukova and V.N. GlinskihDetail log data interpretation of the bagenov formation interval of two wells of the Salum and Malo-Baluk oil-fields have been done. As the result, structure of the formation has defined more exactly, lithotypes of rocks have recognized on a bases of logs, geophysical parameters of rocks have defined, geoelectrical sections describing resistivity and dielectric permittivity have made.
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Detection and Monitoring of Petroleum Reservoir Mineral Deposits
More LessFormation of mineral deposits is encountered in oil and gas production, transportation and processing causing obstruction of technological operations from the initial stage of hydrocarbon production. It has been recognized to be a major operational problem in subsurface and surface oil and gas installations that causes damage to hydrocarbon-producing formations. In order to identify ways of combating this problem we propose study of the detection method for reservoir mineral deposits formed during production. Real-time detection and monitoring of petroleum scales may be possible since the magnetic susceptibilities of scales are distinctly different from crude oils and formation waters. Continuous monitoring or selected measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of petroleum reservoir fluids at the petroleum operational site, or of fluid samples at the laboratory is an effective method to help control scale.
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Shale Formations Deformation During Period of Field Development
Authors O.P. Davydova, A.V. Gorodnov and V.N. ChernoglazovПри разработке продуктивной залежи на режиме истощения пластовое давление в коллекторе снижается, а в низкопроницаемой глинистой покрышке сохраняется начальное поровое давление, в результате чего на границе коллектор - вмещающая порода образуется вертикальный градиент давления. Это приводит к отжиманию флюида из вмещающих пород в эксплуатируемый пласт-коллектор и необратимому уплотнению покрышки.
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Log Appliance in Detection of the Sequence Stratigraphic Zones and Facies Analysis of the Sediments - Kumkol Deposit, Kazakhstan - As a Case Study
Authors S.A. Istekova, A.A. Baidauletova and R.A. MussayevИсследования посвящены использованию петрофизических связей для геологической интерпретации результатов геофизических исследований скважин на месторождениях углеводородов. В работе проведена оценка возможности применения результатов геофизических исследований скважин и анализ полученного петрофизического материала для выполнения литолого-фациального и формационного анализа осадочных отложений месторождений нефти и газа на примере месторождения Кумколь (Казахстан).
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Evaluation of Rock Properties and Rock Structures in the µ-range with sub-µ X-ray Computed Tomography
Authors G. Zacher, M. Halisch and T. MayerIn recent years high resolution X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) for geological purposes contribute increasing value to the quantitative analysis of rock properties. Especially spatial distribution of minerals, pores and fractures are extremely important in the evaluation of reservoir properties. The possibility to visualize a whole plug volume in a non-destructive way and to use the same plug for further analysis is undoubtedly currently the most valuable feature of this new type of rock analysis and will be a new area for routine application of high resolution X-ray CT in the near future. The paper outlines new developments in hard- and software requirements for high resolution CT. It showcases several geological applications which were performed with the phoenix nanotom and recently phoenix nanotom m, the first 180 kV nanofocus CT system tailored specifically for extremely high-resolution scans of samples up to 240 mm in diameter and weighing up to 3 kg with voxel-resolutions down to <300 nm.
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APERM - Permeability From Production Logs
Authors S.D. Jenkins, S.D. Jenkins*, M. Sullivan, D. Belanger, M. Skalinski and I. TussupbayevEstimation of effective permeability at the reservoir scale has been a long standing challenge in carbonate fields. The carbonate depositional and diagenetic history can be quite complex, and this can lead to a permeability field which is quite difficult to characterize. Permeability in vuggy or fractured intervals can be dramatically different from the matrix permeability measured in core plugs. However realistic estimates of oil recovery, and optimized reservoir management requires good estimates of the reservoir permeability. Accurate prediction of permeability from well logs and core plugs is notoriously difficult in carbonate reservoirs. In the Tengiz field, a giant carbonate reservoir in western Kazakhstan, a method has recently been developed to calculate apparent permeability (APERM) based on flow rate from production (PLT) logs. Incorporation of this flow calibrated apparent permeability into the static geologic earth model offers an elegant solution to the long-standing problem of how to best incorporate dynamic PLT data into a reservoir model. A reservoir model recently built using APERM resulted in a step change improvement over previous methods where only static log based permeability transforms were used to populate the earth model.
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Deliverability of Ground Water Wells in Confined Aquifers of Fractional (Non-integer) Spatial Dimensions
By T.A. JelmertFlow in a sparsely fractured reservoir is analyzed by a simplified conceptual model of a single space variable. The fracture network does not fill Euclidian space. The non-filling property shows up as fractional (non-integer) spatial dimensions. The fractal model applies for self-similar geometries. Fractional reservoirs can be described by power law trends. These may have a variety of origins. Fracture architecture, changing flow area and variable rock properties may contribute to power-law dependency. We use fractal nomenclature to formulate the mathematical model. The resulting analytical solutions are valid for any reservoir that may be characterized by power law expressions. Many realizations may give rise to the same power law expressions. Hence the resulting analytical expression is the expected or an average solution. A generalized inflow performance relationship based on single term power law functions has been proposed. The simplicity of the functions facilitates integration of Darcy’s law. The productivity of wells during steady and pseudo steady state flow is investigated. Production rates are proportional to PI. Possible improvements of the productivity index are of obvious importance. We study the effect of a variation in the power law exponent and external radius.
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Carbonates Basins of the Caspian Depression - Geological Sedimentation Model
More LessКарбонатные резервуары Прикаспийской впадины содержат уникальные по запасам скопления нефти, газа и конденсата. Carbonates tanks of the Near-Caspian hollow contain unique on stocks of a congestion of oil, gas and a condensate. Ключевые слова: Прикаспийская впадина, резервуары, нефть, газ, конденсат Keywords: the Near-Caspian hollow, tanks, oil, gas, a condensate
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Karachaganak Field - Lower Permian Modelling
Authors F. Ibragimov, F. Bigoni, C. Albertini, A. Francesconi, V. Tarantini, G. Tumbarello and F. VillaThe reservoir characterisation of Karachaganak Lower Permian pinnacles has been performed using an object modeling workflow, differentiating massive bioherm facies vs. bedded facies. The integration between geological data and dynamic data allowed, through dynamic simulations, a revision and tuning of geological concepts and assumptions. This approach allowed describing the fast pressure decline observed at wells with a geological meaningful model. The former use of local compartments, not geologically supported and just defined “a posteriori” to hit the History Match, has been dropped and a Reservoir Model, statistically reliable for the not appraised areas, has been defined.
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Seismic Geomorphology of Microbial-dominated Margin and Slope Environments around an Isolated Platform, Tengiz Field
A newly acquired 3D seismic dataset over the Tengiz Field, Kazakhstan, has been interpreted to better understand the heterogeneity and complexity of carbonate margin, slope, and basinal environments. Initial iterative plan-view and cross-sectional mapping approaches coupled with better seismic imaging revealed features that are novel and impact reservoir characterization. New observations on stratigraphy and geomorphology are integrated with concepts from outcrop analogs, well data and provide critical new insights that support modify new generation of geological models including the sequence stratigraphy framework, lithofacies distribution and presence and occurrence of fractures and cavernous porosity.
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Interpretation of a Dextral Strike Slip Fault System for Fracture Prediction in the Kozhasay Field, Pre Caspian Basin
Authors O. Klarner, E. Khabibulin and A. ShestakovThe interpretation of the fault system and the respective tectonical stress regime of a HC exploration prospect or HC field are of high importance for understanding the structure, type and direction of faults and occurrence of associated fractures. This has a significant impact on the number of wells to be drilled and on the direction of the well path aiming at the maximum cut of fractures to achieve best possible flow rate. The paper represents a methodical approach of interpreting the fault pattern being present on regional, sub-regional and field levels. This approach also allows for predicting undiscovered structural trends and faults of sub-seismic scale.
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Fractures in Steep-rimmed Carbonate Platforms: Tengiz Reservoir, Kazakhstan and Outcrops in Canning Basin, NW Australia
More LessNatural fractures bear significant influence on productivity in Tengiz field, which is one of several giant light-oil accumulations trapped in isolated carbonate platforms in the Pricaspian Basin of Kazakhstan. Outcrop analogs are particularly important for understanding reservoir fracture systems because many aspects of fracture character (e.g. height, length) are impossible to measure with subsurface data. The Devonian margin of the Canning Basin in NW Australia presents a well-exposed outcrop analog for steep margin and slope deposits of Tengiz field. Fracture data gathered from Tengiz core and image logs suggest affinity to fractures in the Canning outcrops in terms of origin, orientation, and range of density. Inclusion of additional information - gained through outcrop study - into reservoir fracture description leads to improved understanding of stratigraphic influence on their occurrence and character.
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Difficulties in Simulating Diffusive Flux in Matrix-fracture Model
Authors M. Khosravi, B. Rostami and S.A. MirazimiDiffusion is an influential mechanism in oil recovery, which accelerates miscibility achievement, and usually has difficulties in modeling by commercial software. Previous studies have illustrated that compositional software could not calculate diffusion flux properly between two neighboring grids, in which oil saturation has a sudden drop from 1 to 0. Therefore, a dummy zone with medium oil saturation has to be defined at the oil/gas interface; however, this would affect the material balance and fluid flow. Furthermore, it is impossible to use such a method in a dual-pore fracture model and it would impose severe restrictions for full field simulation. In the first part of this work, a comprehensive review has been done on estimation of diffusion coefficients. Also, simulation of miscible CO2 displacement in fractured models has been reviewed and simulation difficulties have been widely discussed. Then, to analyze diffusion flux specifically, a 1-D horizontal model with neither viscose nor gravity force is simulated using two of the most famous compositional simulators, and their results are compared with analytical solution of the problem. Next, experimental results of miscible CO2 injection in a fractured system have been used to examine the new approach on simulation of a more complicated case.
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Integrated Depositional Environments Characterization of the Nubian Sandstone Reservoirs, Southeast Sirt Basin, Libya
By O. SlimanObtaining maximum recovery from hydrocarbon bearing rocks requires detailed and comprehensive description of the reservoir rocks. A good understanding of the reservoir environments and their characterization are essential. The objective of this work is to describe the depositional environments of the Lower Cretaceous non-marine Nubian Formation, which is subdivided in to three members Lower Nubian sandstone, Upper Nubian Sandstone and Varicolored Shale separate the two sandstone members. How they are recognized and characterized by applying rock characterization techniques
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Integrated Project Management Team, Organization, and Human Resources for EOR Project in PERTAMINA
Authors I.P. Suarsana and A. Badril• PERTAMINA EP is a subsidiary of Upstream Directorate of corporate PERTAMINA (Persero). PERTAMINA EP has more than 300 fields which are located from west to the east of Indonesia. 85% oil fields are considered as mature fields and contributing mmore than 80% of total Production (135 MBOPD). The fields already passed the primary peak production and pproducing only in Primary Recovery Stage, and the total recovery already above 85%. But the remaining oil is more than 3 Billions of oil. • To recover the additional oil, it needs high technology, high investment, improved stragtegy and management, and good quality of human resorces. The technology will be applied is Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). • Pertamina has establised the EOR managenet team which contain only 25 people, and can develop 9 pilot projects, 5 Plan of Further developments, produced oil 150 MBBO from pilot projects, and booked reserve 75 MMBBO with PRMS method.
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Experimental Study of Heterogeneity Effect on Strong Water Drive Gas Reservoirs
Authors M. Rezaee and B. RostamiGas recovery from strong water drive gas reservoirs (WDGR) may decrease because water influx may trap gas. WDGR performance is complicated and depends on many parameters.We investigated the effects of reservoir heterogeneity on WDGR recovery factor and aquifer performance in laboratory scale systems. In order to understand the uncertainty associated with reservoirs in complex geologic environments, it is critical to create porous media models that incorporate stratigraphic detail. The experimental models were contained distinct gas and water zone (aquifer portion) with thickness proportion of one to two. Aquifer permeability to gas zone was considered in three ranges: (Kaq/Kg=1 Kaq/Kg<1 Kaq/Kg>1).Gas zone was in initial water saturation in all of experiments. These permeable media were systematically characterized by Dykstra-Parsons coefficient. The Dykstra-Parsons coefficients were varied over reasonable ranges to cover the conditions normally encountered in gas reservoirs.We found that heterogeneity was not always detrimental to the recovery performance in WDGR.we explained this evidence by dimentinless number of Kaq /Kg .
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The Use of a Vertical Currents Sounding Method in Ore and Hydrocarbon Explorations
Authors A.V. Zlobinskiy, B.P. Balashov, V.S. Mogilatov and V.V. StogniyВ докладе обсуждается опыт применения площадной импульсной электроразведки с фиксированным источником электромагнитного поля – круговым электрическим диполем для оконтуривания границ нефтяных залежей и изучения рудных объектов.
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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Social Risk Management
More LessThis paper focuses on the increasing importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and social risk management in business. Firstly, CSR and social risk management are defined and the development of CSR as a discipline is highlighted. The paper also gives a brief introduction of how community, human rights and labour can be examples of social risks during oil and gas operations. Social risks are typically identified during the assessment of the local context of the operations. Furthermore, the paper shows how a business can manage social risks and an operational example is provided. The main items to be considered during any operations are; early assessments and pre-warning to the project, timely understanding and alignment internally and collaboration with partners, like operators and contractors. Finally, mapping the stakeholders and creating stakeholder communication plan is of great importance
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The Analysis of Seismic Processes Dynamics and the Tien Shan Strong Earthquakes Prediction
Authors E. Mamyrov and V.A. Mahan’kovaДетальные исследования сейсмологического режима перед сильнейшими землетрясениями мира, выполненные в последние годы, показали, что сейсмическая обстановка, перед главными толчками, с большим основанием поддерживает гипотезу о предвестниковой активизации, чем о сейсмологическом затишье [1-3]. На фоне общей региональной среднесрочной активизации слабых землетрясений энергетических классов КR = 9-12 (магнитуды MW = 3-5) в большинстве случаев наблюдается краткосрочное увеличение сейсмологической активности (рои, линейное или кольцевые концентрации эпицентров), происходящие на расстояниях, которые сравнимы с размерами очага готовящегося сильного землетрясения. При этом динамика роста количества слабых толчков во времени подобна акустической эмиссии перед разрушением твердых тел. Достижение критического уровня деформации геофизической среды переводит регион в нестабильное состояние, которое разрешается катастрофой – сильнейшим землетрясением [4]. Учитывая вышеуказанное, в настоящей работе сделана попытка анализа годового количества слабых землетрясений 8, 9 и 10 энергетических классов (N8, N9, N10), а также годового значения максимального энергетического класса Кm для всей территории Кыргызстана в пределах координат φ=39°-43.5° λ=69°-81° и для отдельных сейсмоактивных зон Тянь-Шаня до и после сильных сейсмокатастроф.
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Carbonate Environment Survey Methods with Real Data Based Examples
By T.V. OlnevaВ последнее время накоплен значительный опыт результативных сейсмических исследований в карбонатных средах. Применение специальных методик обработки сейсмических данных, включение в технологическую цепочку инверсионных преобразований и сейсмофациального анализа, новые технологии интерпретации и геологического моделирования позволяют более точно картировать кровлю и подошву коллектора, выделять локальные перспективные объекты, прогнозировать фильтрационно-емкостные свойства и воспроизводить полученные знания в геологических моделях. Доверие к результатам сейсмических исследований настолько возрасло, что появились рекомендации использовать их при подсчете запасов, например, в работе Левянта В.Б. и др.
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2d Basin Modeling and 2d Paleoreconstruction of Shaimskoe Petroliferous Region of West-Tokushinskaya Area
Authors S. Astakhov, A. Perepelina, D. Spahic, K. Sokolov, O. Gutnik and V. SavenkoВ связи с нарастающей необходимостью укрепления ресурсной базы нефтегазодобывающих предприятий всё больший интерес в целях поиска новых перспективных объектов вызывают «нетрадиционные» для того или иного района Западной Сибири структурные этажи. В частности, для Шаимского НГР, это - неокомский. Его перспективность доказывает пока единственная скважина № 29 Восточно-Шебурского месторождения, в которой из интервала 2102-2117м (абс. отм.-2008м – -2023м), из нижней части фроловской свиты (ачимовский интервал), получен фонтан нефти дебитом 14,8 м3/сут на 4 мм штуцере /1/. В Среднем Приобье неокомский нефтегазоносный мегакомплекс является основным продуктивным интервалом, обеспечивающим как нефтедобычу, так и прирост запасов углеводородного сырья.
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Geophysical Methods of Detection of Oil Contamination on the Example of Waste Disposal Site of Priobskoye Field
Authors A.A. Ivanov and M.P. ShirobokovThis report covers application of electrical tomography in combination with petrophysical modeling for identification of zones of oil contamination in oil waste disposal area.
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Groundwater Investigation in Hard Rock Using Remote Sensing and Geophysical Methods in an Area of Economic Trees Plantat
Authors K. Wattanasen, S. Arrykul and W. LohawijarnGroundwater in hard rock areas has become increasingly important due to increasing of population, expanding of the city and the industrial sector etc. It is relatively safe from pollution, unlike surface water and shallow groundwater. Remote sensing and geophysical methods have been used for groundwater investigation in hard rock area, Khao Phra sub district, Rattaphum district, western Songkhla Lake. The groundwater will then be used for plantation and consumption. The interpretation of digital elevation model data (DEM) provides the possible lineaments indicating faults or fractures in the subsurface which possibly related to groundwater trapped in hard rock. Three dominant lineaments around the foothill of Khao Keaw Mountain were suggested and 8 profiles with perpendicular to the lineaments were defined to perform ground geophysics surveys. Schlumberger VES suggested that there is a fault locating between the VES measuring positions which locate at the opposite side of lineament. Reflection seismic and resistivity pseudosection data give a topography variation of hard rock that indicates faults or fractures in hard rock. The exactly positions of faults or fractures have been confirmed by the VLF data and their positions will be recommended for drilling test well.
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Advanced InSAR Techniques for Landslide Assessment at Regional and Local Scale
Authors A. Tamburini, S. Del Conte, L. Lopardo, C. Malaguti, M. Broccolato, D.C.G. Martelli and P. VescoviSqueeSAR™ interferometry, the latest evolution of PSInSAR™ technology, is one of today’s most advanced technologies for ground deformation analysis and monitoring. It exploits long temporal series of satellite radar data, acquired over the same area of interest at different times, to identify “natural radar targets”, that return stable radar reflections over time back to the satellite, where very precise displacement information can be retrieved. Thanks to its capability in detecting millimetre level displacements over long periods and large areas, SqueeSAR™ analysis can be considered complementary to conventional geological and geomorphological studies in landslide detection and monitoring, supporting also the effectiveness of landslide inventories at regional scale. The availability of surface displacement time series for all the radar targets identified also makes it possible to change the scale of analysis from regional to local, allowing in depth studies into the evolution of single instability phenomena, supporting the design of traditional monitoring networks and even verifying the efficiency of remedial works. In this paper, examples of integration of SqueeSAR™ data with other conventional geological and geomorphological studies at local and regional scale will be presented, pointing up the benefits offered by an integrated approach.
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Mechanical Earth Modeling of the Tengiz Field
Authors Z. Katrenov, N. Tlepbergenov, E. Flodin, T. Buchmann and P. ConnollyA 3-D mechanical earth model (MEM) was developed for Tengiz to predict the long-term response of a reservoir to field development. The study aims at understanding the impact of reservoir pressure depletion on reservoir compaction and surface subsidence. Tengiz Field, a deep, super-giant oil field located in western Kazakhstan near the north-eastern coast of the Caspian Sea, consists of Devonian through Carboniferous isolated platform carbonates with an aerial extent of approximately 440 sq. km (Figure 1). The top of the reservoir occurs at -3850 m TVDSS and the oil column is at least 1600 meters. Although the producing formation is deep and the reservoir rocks are competent, minor amounts of reservoir compaction and surface subsidence are nonetheless observed at Tengiz.
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A Survey Design Case History Using Complimentary Ray-Tracing and Wavefield Extrapolation Techniques
Authors P. J. Christian, T. Pringle, L. Zuehlsdorff, A. Drottning, G. Brown and B. WebbWe present a survey design and modelling case history showing how complimentary modelling techniques were used to optimize and de-risk a new seismic acquisition programme. A recent discovery sits close to a salt diapir and although not affected by the salt, the towed streamer seismic exhibits a shadow zone. The aim of the study was to choose new acquisition geometry and demonstrate that acquired data could be successfully processed. In the first part of the study we used ray-tracing to assess sub-surface illumination for a number of acquisition geometries including OBC. In the second part of the study we used wavefield extrapolation modleling to create and process synthetic seismic datasets for the existing conventional (narrow-azimuth) data as well as the new OBC geometry. We show how the use of complimentary modeling techniques (RT and WE) enabled us to de-risk a new survey design. While the ray-tracing allowed us to model the optimum sub-surface illumination and provide a multiple-free synthetic dataset, the wavefield extrapolation modeling provided the opportunity to predict the final image quality before and after multiple attenuation. We suggest that the approach adopted will be applicable to many potential surveys where improved imaging and multiple attenuation is a requirement.
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Estimating the Probable Range of Recovery from Miscible CO2 Injection in Fractured Media by Experimental Design
Authors S. Mirazimi, B. Rostami and M. KhosraviExperimental design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM), together with Monte Carlo simulation provide an efficient statistical framework to investigate the influence of multiple parameters and their interactions on a response of interest with limited number of simulations, and estimate the range of the response accurately. In the present study, the simulation model for a laboratory experiment of miscible CO2 injection into a matrix-fracture system is used to investigate the effect of different parameters on oil recovery. First, parameters with the most influence on oil recovery are determined by sensitivity analysis. Then in order to quantify the significance of each parameter, the model is employed to produce a response surface via Box-Behnken design, and the recovery factor is approximated as a second-order function of five reservoir and fluid parameters. Finally, the probable range of recovery factor is estimated by Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that the most effective parameters are matrix permeability, core diameter and diffusion coefficients with positive, and fracture permeability with negative contribution to oil recovery. In addition, the most-likely value (P50) calculated for oil recovery from matrix block is 71.6%. Recovery factor drops from 86.3% for the optimistic value (P10) to 55% for the pessimistic one (P90).
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Shale Gas
Authors S. Alghasi, A. Khoshkhou and H. FatahiShale Gas is an unconventional type of natural gas; having the same composition as has a conventional one but produced from low permeability sediments, rich in organic matter. In gas shales they usually do not provide adequate pathways for sufficient flow of hydrocarbons into a well. Many still contain large volumes of gas but, because of their low permeability, they are rarely economic. It is certain that new ideas and new techniques will emerge in this field in the next future. Natural gas from shale is developed using horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Horizontal drilling; turning a vertical well onto a horizontal plane at a measured depth. This process of intersecting the reservoir horizontally allows the well to have much greater contact with the reservoir. Hydraulic fracturing pumps fluid and sand down a well at high pressure. The pressure causes the surrounding brittle rock to fracture. When the pumping pressure is relieved, the water disperses or flows back to the well and leaves a thin layer of sand to prop open the cracks. This layer acts as a conduit to allow the natural gas to escape from tight formations and flow to the well so that it can be recovered.
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Seismic Imaging and Characterization of an Isolated Carbonate Buildup: Tengiz Field
Authors S.D. Jenkins, I. Tussupbayev, E. Iskakov and H. PosamentierHigh amplitude seismic events (referred to as “Mega-Amplitude” events) are observed in a recent Tengiz 3D seismic. Forward models show that Mega-Amplitude events can result from cavernous systems in carbonate rock at Tengiz. These Mega-Amplitude events may result from solution enhancement of fractures via deep-burial corrosive diagenesis, resulting in high permeability fairways. These seismic events correlate with evidence for cavernous porosity in wells including lost circulation, bit drops, open calipers, and cavernous zones on image logs. Identification of cavernous porosity is important for understanding field performance and targeting high-rate wells.
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CSP-Method Prospecting of Fracture-Caernous Reservoirs in the Bazhen Formation of the Salym Oilfield
Authors A. Kirichek, G.N. Erokhin, A.N. Kremlev, L.E. Starikov, V.V. Maltcev, S.E. Zdolnik and S.V. RodinThe problem of oil reservoirs prospecting in the Bazhen formation in the West Siberia is exciting and difficult. Exciting - because the Bazhen formation’s oil reserves are estimated up to 7 billion tons and difficult - due to its fracture-cavernous nature. The results of oil reservoirs forecasting in the Bazhen formation of the Salym oilfield are presented. The forecast is based on using scattered seismic waves extracted from the 3D multichannel seismic data by the original CSP prestack migration method. Shown that this approach enables to obtain much more reliable reservoirs forecasting map and reservoirs model than conventional processing and interpretation methods.
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Method of Parametric Processing of Reflection (PRO). Current State of Method and Prospectivity for Further Development
More LessMain principles and thery of method as well as results achieved are discussed here. Method PRO developed and published much earlier than DMO, CRS, MF in 1977 aimed to overtake problems of CDP (CMP) method. Most advantage of PRO compared to other above mentioned methods is it's ability to define Vrms for extended range of models.
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3D Land Seismic Multisurveys Merge
Authors A. Svetlichny, G. Wittmann and A. KovácsIn recent years the number of 3D multi-survey seismic processing projects has been noticeably increased. This paper discusses some practical aspects of merging 3D land multi-vintages seismics undertaken during the seismic re-processing program in the Northern part of Pre-Caspian depression. The re-processing program comprises of seismic data pre-processing (including pre-stack data merge) followed by Time and Depth pre-stack migrations of four seismic vintages acquired over this area during the period from 1998 to 2006. Since all four surveys have different acquisition parameters the most challengeable issues of merging were related to the different survey’s orientation, different offset/azimuth distribution, significant variations in CDP coverage and CDP bin size.
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