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18th International Petroleum and Natural Gas Congress and Exhibition of Turkey
- Conference date: 11 May 2011 - 13 May 2011
- Location: Ankara, Turkey
- Published: 11 May 2011
21 - 40 of 163 results
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Quantification of Uncertainty in Petroleum, Natural Gas and Geothermal Engineering Applications
Authors Ö.İ. Türeyen and M. OnurThe ultimate goal in any petroleum, natural gas or geothermal reservoir engineering study is to make performance predictions. Some of the variables to be predicted are pressures, recoverable oil, recoverable gas, recoverable heat from geothermal reservoirs, water cut, gas oil ratio and etc. Making predictions is vital for the economical exploitation of the resources. What is more important is the quantification of the uncertainty related to the predictions. Uncertainty in all future predictions is inherent due to (i) measurement errors or noise in the data, (ii) lack of data, (iii) modeling errors, (iv) span of the available observed data and (v) the non-linear relationship between the data and the model response. In this study we present an overview of the methodologies used to quantify the uncertainty in future predictions from oil, gas and geothermal reservoirs. We will present synthetic applications of various techniques for quantifying the uncertainty of gas in place for gas reservoirs, of heat in place for geothermal reservoirs, of water cut from oil wells and of pressure and temperature predictions using tank models for geothermal reservoirs. The techniques discussed will cover the Monte Carlo method, the analytical uncertainty propagation equation, the gradual deformation method, the randomized maximum likelihood method and the more recent Ensemble Kalman Filter method.
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Assessment of Uncertainties in Oil and Gas Reserves Estimations By Various Evaluation Methods
Authors M.F. Tuğan and M. OnurThe ultimate target of all oil companies is to increase their income by producing oil and/or gas. The key parameter to produce oil/or gas is the investments, such as purchasing licenses, drilling wells and constructing production facilities. Companies program their investments to a particular field by analyzing the ultimate recovery from that field. In this study, two most-widely used reserves estimation methods, volumetric method and material balance method are applied to estimate the Gas Initially in Place (GIIP) in a TPAO gas field, Çayırdere Field. Meanwhile, the importance of probabilistic approach to reserves estimation is emphasized by showing the change in estimated values by producing time. In addition to estimate reserves in probabilistic fashion, analytic uncertainty propagation method (AUPM), a simple, yet quite accurate alternative uncertainty quantification method to the well known Monte Carlo method is used to assess the uncertainty in GIIP of Çayırdere Field and is discussed in detail.
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Probabilistic Petroleum and Natural Gas Reserve Calculations by Volumetric Methods and Probabilistic Aggregation of Field Resource
Authors C. Karacaer and M. Onurod. It is proved that AUP method can be used in volumetric reserve estimations. To determine the total potential of more than one field or reservoir, two different methods are examined and “Sorting Diagrams Method” is developed to determine correlation coefficients between two fields which is indispensable component of realistic estimations. Also, applicability of AUP method to simulation applications is investigated and for this purpose two different methods are developed. The usability of these methods is discussed.
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Estimation of Shear Force for Blind Shear Ram Blowout Preventers
By A. TekinThe explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico showed once again that during the oil/gas drilling operation any failures of blowout preventers (BOPs) may result in death, injury and massive oil spills that have huge impact on the environment. During drilling operations, all formations’ high pressure fluids and gases in the earth are controlled by borehole pressure, which consists of hydrostatic pressure of drilling mud, pump pressure, and friction pressure loss in the annulus. If for any reason the borehole pressure falls below the formation fluid/gas pressure, the formation fluids/gases would enter the hole and a pressure “kick” occurs. If a kick cannot be controlled properly, uncontrolled formation fluids/gases would reach to the surface where the drilling rig is located. Such a catastrophic event is known as blowout.
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Vertical and Horizontal Wells Productivity Index Comparison and Performance Prediction with Tank Type Reservoir Model in the Single and Double Porosity; Isotropic and Anisotropic Reservoirs
Authors H. Kırmacı and M. OnurIn today’s world, increasing demand of energy has forced Petroleum Companies to search different ways to increase their production. Therefore, Petroleum companies test wells which take longer time and they try to find out the most economic production scenarios to increase the oil/gas production of the wells. As a result, modelling the reservoir as realistic as possible, determining the performance of reservoirs and the productivity of wells are more important. In this work, we present productivity index equations for vertical and horizontal wells, productivity in homogeneous, isotropic or anisotropic closed reservoirs and couple them with a tank model for performance prediction. By using the model developed during the course of this work, we compare the results for different well and reservoir types. The results show that the models presented in this work provide a simple, yet quite accurate performance predictions for vertical and horizontal wells producing in isotropic/anisotropic single or double porosity reservoirs.
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Controlled Burn Operations, Gulf of Mexico, Deepwater Horizon
More LessDeepwater Horizon accident lived in USA at Gulf of Mexico is one of the biggest oil spill and cause huge amount of environmental pollution but this accident also create a big opportunity to test “In-Situ” burning application in real life. In-Situ burning which means burning of oil in place depends on many factors requires some special equipments and controls. Basics of Controlled Burning; In order to succeed a successful burning there are several factors that has to be taken in to consideration. These are Physical and chemical properties of oil, either the oil are already ignited or un-ignited, Nature & Magnitude of spill, Location, Wind and Sea conditions, Visibility, Vegetation and Debris. Tools and Tactics: Burning oil requires the right combination of conditions – oil type and sea conditions. When conditions are right burning can remove vast amounts of oil from the marine environment Fire boom booms contain the oil and keep it under control during burning. Ignition systems are of the essential tools used for igniting oil efficiently and safely. Besides these there must be good vessel and aircraft support in order to maximize the amount of oil destruction. Tank Tests, Field Trials & Actual Spill Burns Fire booms have been developed and tested over twenty years. During these tests many information’s obtained about performances of fire booms and environmental effects of in-situ burning but none of these small scale tests were not as experienced in Gulf of Mexico. Deepwater Horizon Blowout During DWH blowout mainly three types of fire booms used; these are Elastec American Marine production water cooled Hydro Fire boom, and Ceramic boom and Applied Fabrics production Pyro Boom. In these operations more than 400 burns were conducted, of which 376 were counted as successful burn, eliminating between 220.000 bbl and 310,000 bbl oil. Conclusion; Over the last twenty years many of the manufacturers have tried to produce fire resistant booms. As a result of these efforts it is understood that burning oil is definitively a proven response option. Many lessons learned about boom performances; rigid construction booms (first generation) exhibited a poorer wave response; this is due to their construction and lower buoyancy to weight ratios while second generation booms held oil better in wave conditions. Second generations booms are also easier to handle, less time spend deploying, recovering and repairing equals more oil burnt.
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Rehabilitation of Crude Oil Contaminated Areas and Waste Disposal
Authors B. Ekizer, E. Gökçek, Ş.D. Atay, N. Köse and E. BuzpınarVarious types of waste ocur as a resuls of Hydrocarbon exploration, drilling and production activities. One of the waste type resulting from these activities is crude oil contaminated waste. It is often considered as hazardous waste crude oil contaminated waste and is able to cause environmental pollution by effecting water soil, air. Crude oil contaminated wastes are petroleum contaminated soil, packaging materials, absorbents, wiping cloths and protective clothes. It is necessary for these types of wastes disposal in order to prevent damaging to the environment. Soil pollution occurs as a result of petrolleum spilling due to the problems that occur during crude oil, of which hazardous waste type, production and transportation with pipelines. One method for removal of oil contaminated soil is the elimination with the application of “Bioremediation Process” used widely by means of TPAO and also other international companies. Bioremediation which is a method of biological treatment of natural microorganisms using the hazardous waste, is defined as a reduction of less toxic or nontoxic compounds. One of the most important factors of soil rehabilitation is to provide in-situ bioremediation application. Cellulose fibers obtained from recycled processes and bioremediation products comprising nitrogen and phosphorous components that are necessary for he survival of those bacteries exist in the sport even thoguh there are groups of bacteria in the product. Those bacteries being in contact with water and hydrocarbon divide and increase rapidly. Adsorbed hydrocarbon waste (activities of bacteria) converts to the completely harmless bioenergy by means of bioremidetation process in 90-240 days. One of the another method used for soil rehabilitation and used by means of TPAO is notralization-stabilization. In this method, contaminated soil is rehabiltated with the certain portion of ash, clay, lime, soil or cement, which is determined according to petroleum content. In addition to two methods, mentioned above, packaging materials, wiping cloths and protective clothes, and so on disposed in mobile incineration systems (waste incinerator) located at the activity areas.
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Health, Safety and Environment Study in Cudi-1 Exploration Well
More LessTo date, Turkey Petroleum Corporation (TPAO) which is the leader in the integration of Turkey oil fields and all petroleum industry; has adopted , concept of Occupational Health, Safety and Environmental Protection determining to the concepts of configuring and operating principles in all work areas in these matters and is continuing its activities in accordance with legal regulations in all petroleum areas. TPAO, which carries out the national and international hydrocarbon exploration and production activities, creates partnerships with foreign oil companies onshore as well as offshore. In these projects in parallel with technical operations, TPAO plans and executes the aspects of health, safety and environmental awareness. Cudi-1 exploratory well operations, which is one of these activities; in the Southeastern Anatolia IX. Oil Field, with the registration number of AR/TPO-CET-NTP/2763, was carried out under the partnership of TPAO, Chevron and NVT Perenco, in which TPC was the operator. The operations in the Cudi-1 wells, which is 25 km north-east of Silopi, Sirnak, were completed between May 2009-May 2010. In Cudi-1 exploration well studies, The Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) Department of TPC, collaborated with other relevant technical departments from the beginning of the Project both planning stage and during drilling operation. In line with TPC HSE Department procedures, the preparation and implementation of well-specific emergency plans, waste management plans, the organization of meetings auditing activities and maintenance of clerical (paper) work of HSE, HSE Observation Card Application, Staff ID Card Application, daily HSE reports have been conducted. The barrel type incinerator has been used on a regular basis as a waste disposal system For the first time in land wells; the professional services of “Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Detection and Protection System (Cascade) Service” and “24-hour Emergency Medical Response Service”, which includes an assigned doctor, a medical technician and an ambulance service, were provided by local firms. In this paper, Cudi-1 well experiences which is the best practises of HSE Standards in very high risky area is aimed to sharing
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Cretaceous Tectonic Evolution of the Western and Central Black Sea Region
By O. TüysüzThere are different views on the tectonic evolution of the Pontides, one of the main tectonic units of Turkey. Şengör and Yılmaz (1981) divided the Pontides (sensu Ketin, 1966) into Rhodope-Pontide and Sakarya continental fragments separated by an Intra-Pontide Suture. The Pontides were subdivided into Istanbul, Istranca and Sakarya zones by Okay et al. (1994). The most controversial issue on these different tectonic models is the relationships between Istanbul and the Sakarya zones (Western and Central Pontides) and oceanic realms (Palaeotethys, Neotethys and Black Sea) separating these continental fragments. Data from the Daday-Azdavay-İnebolu region and from the Kargı Massif shed light onto this discussion. Our data indicate that the Western and Central Pontides juxtaposed along the Intra-Pontide Suture at the beginning of Late Cretaceous. The ophiolites in the Kargı Massif and around the Çankırı Basin represent the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Ocean, which was consumed by northward subduction during the Triassic-Late Cretaceous interval. In this presentation I will describe tectonic units of the Cide-Sinop-Tosya area and discuss their Cretaceous evolution.
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The Black Sea Formed Wıthın Old Eurasıan Contınental Lithosphere: Implications For Pre Black Sea Reconstructions and Controls on Black Sea Tectonic Evolution
More LessHeat flow data and lithosphere rheology and tomography models suggest that the lithosphere beneath the Black Sea is cold and strong. Comparison of the regional distribution of Black Sea rift structures with other back-arc basins and models of back-arc basins suggest that the lithosphere beneath the Black Sea is cold and strong. Inverse numerical models of tectonic subsidence of the margins of the Black Sea compared to those of other modern and paleo back-arc basins suggest that the lithosphere beneath the Black Sea is cold and strong. From this, it is concluded that the Black Sea formed (mainly) within old Eurasian continental lithosphere. Indeed, reconstructions based on regional tectonic arguments suggest that continental crust on both sides of the modern Black Sea were contiguous parts of the Eurasian plate since at least Early Palaeozoic, if not even Neoproterozoic times. Further, this Eurasian continental lithosphere around the Black Sea has been in a (trans)extensional tectonic environment since at least the Late Palaeozoic, the geological record of which can be found on the margins of the Black Sea and in subsurface data from the shelves of the Black Sea. The back-arc rifting that led to the present configuration of the Black Sea, which occurred in the Cretaceous, was therefore superimposed on the structural consequences of a series of earlier rifting and basin forming events (Late Devonian-Carboniferous, Permo-Carboniferous, Permo-Triassic, Jurassic). The crust that was thinned during Cretaceous rifting was already strongly thinned by these earlier events, which otherwise had been mostly thermally equilibrated on the lithosphere scale. The thin crust underlying the deep basins of the western and eastern Black Sea is not (sub)oceanic crust but is highly thinned continental crust, akin to a lower (continental) crustal metamorphic core complex. The implications of these observations and inferences for pre Black Sea tectonic reconstructions and controls on its origin and evolution will be enumerated and explored.
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Source of the Carboniferouıs flysch of the İstanbul Zone: Sandstone Petrography and Detrital Zircon-Rutile Geochronology
More LessThe Lower Carboniferous flysch of the Istanbul Zone is an over 1500-m-thick turbiditic sandstone-shale sequence marking the onset of the Variscan deformation in the Pontides. It overlies Lower Carboniferous black cherts and is unconformably overlain by the Lower Triassic continental sandstones and conglomerates. The petrography of the Carboniferous sandstones and the geochronology and geochemistry of the detrital zircons and rutiles were studied to establish its provenance. The sandstones are feldspathic to lithic greywackes and subgreywackes with approximately equal amounts of quartz, feldspar and lithic clasts. The amount of feldspar decreases upwards in the sequence at the expense of quartz and lithic fragments. The lithic fragments are dominated by intermediate volcanic rocks followed by metamorphic and sedimentary rock fragments. Coarse lithic fragments are generally granitoidic. In the discrimination diagrams sandstone samples lie mainly in the field of dissected arc. 218 detrital zircons and 35 detrital rutiles from four sandstone samples were analysed with laser ablation ICP-MS. The detrital zircons show a predominantly bimodal age distribution with Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous (390 to 335 Ma) and Cambrian-Neoproterozoic (640 to 520 Ma) ages. About 9% of the analyzed zircons are in the 1700-2750 Ma range; zircons of the 700-1700 Ma age range are absent. The REE patterns and Th/U ratios of the zircons indicate a magmatic origin. With one exception (Neoproterozoic), the rutile ages are Late Devonian - Early Carboniferous and their geochemistry indicates that they were derived from amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks. Sandstone petrography and detrital zircon-rutile ages suggest one dominant source for the Lower Carboniferous sandstones: a Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous magmatic and metamorphic province with overprinted Neoproterozoic basement. Late Devonian - Early Carboniferous magmatic and metamorphic rocks are unknown from the Eastern Mediterranean region. They are, however, widespread in central Europe. The Istanbul Zone is commonly correlated with the Avalonian terrranes in central Europe, which collided with the Armorican terranes during the Carboniferous resulting in the Variscan orogeny. The Carboniferous flysch of the Istanbul Zone must have been derived from a colliding Armorican terrane, as indicated by the absence of 700- 1700 Ma zircons and by Late Devonian - Early Carboniferous magmatism, typical features of the Armorican terranes. This suggest that during the Carboniferous the Istanbul terrane was located close to the Bohemian Massif and has been translated by strike-slip along the Trans European Suture Zone to its Cretaceous position north of the Black Sea.
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The Darius Programme: Investigation of Foldbelts and Related Sedimentary Basins from the Black Sea and Anatolia to Central Asia
More LessThe DARIUS Programme is a consortium-type programme funded by major oil companies, participating universities and the French research funding agency CNRS. It aims at investigating the 6000 km-long continuous deformed belt from Crimea-Anatolia in the west to the Tien-Shan in the east, through the Caucasus, northern Iran and Zagros. Its major objective is to acquire newly documented observations on the tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of the constituent orogenic domains and associated basins of this belt. The former resulted from the collision of Gondwanan blocks with southern Eurasia from the Mesozoic (Cimmerian blocks) until the Cenozoic (India, then Arabia). Accordingly, the DARIUS Programme funds scientific projects on the basis of proposals submitted by invited geoscientists. For 2010-2011, 38 projects were selected covering most of the DARIUS’s area of interest. These scientific projects involve some 40 research institutions and universities from about 15 countries, and scientists from about 150 organisations in Europe, the Middle East and western Central Asian countries. The expertise of the participants of DARIUS includes structural geology and tectonics, stratigraphy and sedimentology, mechanical and thermal modelling, kinematics and geophysics. A number of thematic working groups, tasked with integrating the results of individual projects within regions or disciplines of the DARIUS Programme, have been established to start working in 2011. Two of these – “Tectonic Evolution of Anatolia” and “Evolution of Caucasus: from Basins to Orogenic Belt” – are of direct relevance to Turkey. The thematic working groups will make an essential contribution to the final objectives of DARIUS, which include, most importantly, a new regional geological synthesis of the Middle East-Central Asia study area, realised mainly through a set of palinspastic maps depicting the tectonic evolution since the Late Palaeozoic. It’s hoped that these will form a major contribution to new interpretations and new debates regarding the geological and tectonic evolution of the northern Middle East-Central Asia region. This presentation is made on behalf of the Board of the DARIUS Programme: Eric Barrier (leader), Marie-Françoise Brunet and Bruno Vrielynck (ISTEP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-CNRS, Paris, France); Andrea Zanchi (Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy); Franz Fürsich (GeoZentrum Nordbayern der Universität Erlangen, Germany); Marc Sosson (GeoAzur-CNRS, Valbonne, France); Jaume Vergés (Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain) and the presenter.
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Hole Enlargenment Operations at Deep Water Wells
By Y. KumThe difficulties in deep water drilling have been stimulating new technologies and nem advances. One of the most challenging issue about deep water drilling is certainly that narrow window between fracture gradient and pore pressure. Narrow window between the fracture and pore pressure force to run different size of holes and casings. To use different sizes of casing push engineers for devoloping new drilling tools and advances. The biggest one of these is underream tools that engineers have presented as a solutions . There are two main different systems to operate this kind of tools. The main disparity between these mechanism is activating system of blades. One of is needs a ball to activate or deactivate blades and another of no drop ball mechanism that utilize pressure loss around the blades to activate and disactivate. Rhino Reamer that we used in deep offshore wells needs a ball to activate blades but not necessarily drop a ball to deactivate. Inspite of the fact that there are some advantages and disadvantages when comparing with each other. I want to mention about working principles of Rhino Reamer and its applications at Yassıhöyük-1, Sürmene-1 wells at ultra deep water. As a summary, at Yassıhöyük-1 well, Original hole Enlarged to From To S/N Reamer 18 1/8’’ 22’’ 2815 m. 2950 m. Rhino 1600 16 ½’’ 20’’ 2950 m. 3335 m. Rhino 1600 14 ¾’’ 17 ½’’ 3335 m. 3600 m. Rhino 14250 Sürmene-1 well, Original hole Enlarged to From To S/N Reamer 18 1/8’’ 22’’ 2610 m. 3014 m. Rhino 1600 16 ½’’ 20’’ 3014 m. 4308 m. Rhino 1600.
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Top Drive Casing Running System Success in Turkey for TPAO on the Black Sea Deep Water Project
By B. WarmerdamResults, Observations, and Conclusions: The Top Drive Casing Running & Drilling system was used on two subsea wells, respectively Yassihouk and Surmene, over a 7 month period for running various casing string sizes: - 18” 128# P110, ran one liner string, length 206 meters - 16” 96# 125HC, ran two liner strings, length 650 meters - 13-5/8” 88.2# 125HC, ran one casing string, length 1560 meters - 9-5/8” 53.5# 125HC, ran one liner string, length 910 meters The Top Drive Casing Make-up Tool combines a power tong including independent torque-turn monitoring, main hoisting elevator, fill-up and circulation tool, single joint handling and a thread weight compensator, The thread weight compensator eliminated any cross threading and damage of threaded connections. None of the casing joints were damaged or laid out, which reduces nonproductive time (NPT) during casing running operations. This system eliminates much of the manual handling of traditional casing running equipment on the rig floor and the need for working on rig floor scaffolds. The system also incorporates link tilt bail arms including remotely operated single joint elevator to align the casing for makeup, eliminating the requirement of having a stabber working in the derrick. The client and drilling contractor classified the system as a “hands-off” system, eliminating activities when using conventional equipment: - Manual pipe stabbing - Power tong positioning and door closing - Pinch points in respect of manual handling As the system is connected to the top drive, the total casing running operation is mainly in control of the driller, enabling an increase in casing running efficiency and consistency compared to conventional running equipment. This reduces the “open” hole time and the potential for differential sticking or cave-in of the well bore. As some of the casing running operations were executed in bad weather conditions (heavy winds / rig motion) the casing running operations could continue as they may have been stopped if conventional equipment would have been be used. The remotely operated system is completely portable and requires no permanent interface into the rig structure.
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Investigation of Reservor Rock Characteristics of Çaldağ Formation, Tuzgölü Basin (Central Anatolia), Turkey
Authors Ş.O. Ergene and T. AyyıldızPaleocene aged Çaldağ Formation with reefal character which exposures in the Tuzgölü Basin is an important unit for petroleum exploration. In the Karapınar Measured Section (MS), conglomerates belonging to Karapınar formation is overline unconformably Asmaboğazı formation which is composed of limestones blocks in the upper part, derived from the Çaldağ Formation as an olistostromal characterics. In addition to this, it can be also observed as different sizes of blocks in the basin. The other MS’s are characterized by reefs and reef complex facies. Paleontological data indicate that limestone deposition of the Çaldağ formation is initiated at Danian and Tanesian at the eastern and western part of the basin, respectively. According to petrographic determination, vugs, fractures and rare intergranular pores are observed. Fractures are mostly filled with calcide, and iron oxide cement. According to the analytic measurements on porosity and permeability for limestones cores from the Mezgit Limestone Mining and Dulayşe Garden MS’s are determined as % 0.5 - % 1.7, 0.01 – 0.04 md and % 0.7 - % 2.9, 0.01 – 0.02 md, respectively. Petrographic and laboratory analysis shows that reservoir rock characters of the formation have weak to moderate; however; it can be considered as good where fracture porosity developed well.
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Solid Expandable Tubular Technology in Monodiameter Drilling
By H.M. SalmanThe introduction of expandable tubular technology has revolutionized the oil and gas industry which has converted the dream of monodiameter well into reality.It has now spread all over the world. It has played its role in drilling, completion and production. The main products of this technology are: 1: Expandable open hole liner system. 2: Expandable closed hole liner system. 3: Expandable liner hangers. 4: Expandable completion screens. This technology assures its complete allegiance to the following three basic requirements: 1: Conservation of hole size. 2: Isolation of selected zones. 3: Maximization of well life. Monodiameter wells eliminate the telescoping effect, allowing operators to slim down the top of well while increasing the well diameter at TD. A constant inside diameter from top of well to its target depth is achieved by solid expandable tubular products .This technology permits the installation of drilling liners of same size without decrease in internal diameter. The concept behind this fact involves the expansion of tubular by a mechanical expansion device, known as expansion cone or mandrel. This device permanently deforms the tubular up to the desired inter or external diameter by a plastic deformation process known as cold drawing. This paper is primarily based upon review, case study and environmental effects of monodiameter drilling. The cost comparison of conventional drilling with monodiameter drilling has also been discussed in this paper.
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Geomechanical Wellbore Stability Assesment for Sayındere, Karaboğaz, Karababa Formations in Batı Gökçe Field
More LessWellbore stability problems make up huge over-costs worldwide. Since in recent years declining resource volumes and favorable oil prices are encouraging operators to drill deeper, more complex well trajectories drilling for hydrocarbons have turn into a much more challenging task. Furthermore, the complexity and variations of those wells have added the weight to planning and problem anticipation at both drilling and production stages. The article will describe the geomechanical wellbore stability analysis of Sayındere, Karaboğaz and Karababa formations drilled in Batı Gökçe field, Adıyaman. The analysis assumes validity of linear elastic theory for porous media and requires drilling reports, well logs, laboratory tests and core analysis. At the end of the work with the assessment of geomechanical wellbore stability analysis mud weight window, which includes minimum mud weight and maximum mud weight will be determined for the studied formations.
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Latest Advances in Sucker Rod Beam Pump Automatıon
By N. SadekWorldwide, as conventional oil resources are depleted, beam pumping system is becoming the most common type of artificial lift methods for onshore wells. With the growing number of beam pumped wells, the value of automation and real-time data is continuously increasing. Oil companies might have different views of the meaning of “automation”. Some companies will apply cycling timers and others will have a basic rod pump controller but the technology driver nowadays is to gather all possible data about and around the well in one smart well manager system. This smart system will use the gathered information to optimize the well by decreasing lifting costs and increasing production. It will not only rely on surface information but also uses intelligent downhole pump analysis and calculations to identify downhole conditions. Finally, all the information is transmitted to the field and main office over a SCADA system for 24/7 remote monitoring and control. Sucker Rod Well Automation is essential for the well operation as it plays a major role in the well optimization leading to less failure, less operation costs, less downtime and higher production accordingly. This presentation will discuss the latest technology in beam pump optimization, remote monitoring, and control. It will highlight the benefits achieved by applying downhole analysis control in beam pump controllers and variable speed drives, as well as the use of expert supervisory control software which analyzes the wells using artificial intelligence. Actual well data will be shown from successful field results.
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Development of Akçakoca Gas Field in Western Black Sea, Offshore Turkey
By M. SarıçiçekExploration and development activities in the Turkish sector of Black Sea have been ongoing with a growing trend since Ayazli Gas Field was discovered in late 2004. Three tripods, a trunk offshore pipeline were installed off the western Turkish coast up to 78 meters water depth, 18.5 km of onshore pipeline and Cayagzi Natural Gas Processing Facility in the shoreline was constructed to receive, process, compress and send the produced gas to the national gas grid in Phase-I development. Akcakoca Gas Field was discovered in late 2006 after Akcakoca-3 exploration well was successfully drilled and tested by a semi-submersible rig. Field is located about 14 km off the coast of Akcakoca/Duzce in the Western Black Sea where the water depth is about 94 meters. Akcakoca Field Development, also called Phase-II, encompasses design, fabrication and installation of a 4-Legged Drilling/ Wellhead Platform with a two level Topside over the two pre-drilled wells, installation of a 12 inch 7 km long offshore pipeline, tie-in to the existing subsea pipeline system, tie-back of the existing wells and drilling & completion of two or three additional wells via a platform rig installed on main deck of the platform. An advanced FEED study for Akcakoca Platform and offshore pipeline was performed which was followed by an international tendering process for an EPCI type service agreement. Platform was constructed by the Contractor GSP in Agigea Yard/Constanta in Romania, transported to Turkey and installed by a shear-leg heavy lift barge owned them. Offshore pipeline was installed using S-Lay method by a pipelay vessel again owned by GSP. In this paper, Akcakoca field development phases are introduced, particulars and different aspects of design and construction activities are presented. Akcakoca Platform is currently the deepest shallow water installation in the Turkish territorial waters and is expected to reach its total peak production rate from the platform wells after all the wells are drilled and completed in the third quarter of 2011.
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A Field Application with Liquid Surfactant for Production Optimization
By Ö. SunalLiquid loading in gas wells is a major concern that causes reduced production and shortening of the well life. Liquid loading arises when a gas well is unable to remove the produced liquids from the wellbore. Gas rates below the critical rate are inefficient to remove the liquid and lead to liquid accumulation in the bottomhole which eventually might kill the well. There are various methods to deliquify gas wells, each of which can be implemented as the optimum method in different cases based on the well specifications. Most of these methods can be unfeasible for highly depleted wells with low reservoir pressures and low flow rates. This study introduces a new field application of deliquification of a gas well in Thrace region in Turkey by continuous liquid surfactant injection down the well. The study focuses on increasing production and recovery from a low pressure gas well with water buildup issue. Laboratory tests have been conducted with brine samples taken from the well to identify the best performing foamer product. The concentration and dosage of the foamer have been determined based on the results of well modeling study. This project is of great importance due to the fact that it is the first application in Turkey in which continuous liquid surfactant injection is performed to unload the accumulated liquid in a gas well. It is an ongoing study; the results of the application will be presented in the paper.
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