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18th International Petroleum and Natural Gas Congress and Exhibition of Turkey
- Conference date: 11 May 2011 - 13 May 2011
- Location: Ankara, Turkey
- Published: 11 May 2011
1 - 50 of 163 results
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Energy Safety in the Mediterranean
More LessThe surroundings of the Mediterranean Sea has long been considered from the viewpoint of its natural characteristics and historical richness the most desirable region to live in. Despite that it is not the most prosperous part of the world and neither is it the safest. The reason for these infirmities lies in its cultural diversity and the unequal degres of develpment of the societies that inhabit its shores. Around the Mediterranean a prosperous and a free north faces a poor south suffering from a number of tyrranies. In the present state of the world, however, the tyrannies of the south posses much richer energy resources than the free north and this asymmetry has long been a concern not only for the inhabitants of the Mediterranean region, but for the entire world. Moreover, the Mediterranean sits across some of the most critical shipping lanes that also transport energy sources. Under these circumstances the geologist is often questioned by administrators and by the population as to what the future holds in store for the Mediterranean energy situation. To answer that question, one must take stock of the present situation.
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Distribution of Methanogens in Petroleum Reservoirs of Garzan, Dodan, Silivanka, Çamurlu Areas
Authors N.D. Güngör, E.İ. Sungur, H. Hoşgörmez and A. ÇotukPetroleum reservoirs are important natural habitats for microorganisms. Biodegradation of petroleum results in a decrease in its hydrocarbon content and an increase in oil density, sulphur content, acidity and viscosity. These changes have negative economic consequences for oil production and refining operations. It has been established that methanogens constitute an important microbiological community inhabiting oilfields. Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) are degraded to methanogenic substrates such as acetate, CO2, and H2 by diverse bacteria, and methanogenesis is a final degradation process of organic matter by methanogenic archaea in anoxic petroleum reservoir environments.There is a limited information about petroleum biodegredation of methanogens. It is important to develop a method for methanogens activity and determine the effects of methanogens in this environment. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of metanogens in petroleum reservoirs. For this purpose oil samples were collected (9 petroleum and 5 petroleum-water phase) from Garzan, Dodan, Silivanka and Çamurlu areas. Samples were inoculated in media under pure gases N2. After then inoculated samples were gassed with H2-CO2 (80:20) atmosphere. All incubations were made in the dark at 30ºC for 21 days. Methane was measured by gas chromatograph. It was found that methanogens were isolated only one out of 9 petroleum (10 cell ml-1) and two out of 5 petroleum-waterphase (15 cell ml-1). These results showed that petroleum reservoirs contain a low number of methanogen but this results should be supported by molecular methods. It is important to understand the ecology of methanogens in petroleum reservoir. In future studies, molecular techniques should be applied to characterize methanogens in petroleum reservoirs in Turkey.
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Oil Pollution Response Activities
By C. AnulOil accidents are incidents that damage economy, society and environment and affect local, regional or national communities. Oil accidents cause serious damage to countries, humans, corporations and most of all, environment. In order to be prepared for and respond to an oil pollution incident, its crucial to have national, regional, local and facility emergency response plans. Extensive and accurate planning is the key to oil pollution preparedness. Organizations must have oil pollution based emergency response plans and equipment, materials and trained personnel that are required to execute and carry out these plans. A full response can be achieved by; preparing detailed plans and determining the response procedures, administrative and technical considerations, equipment and materials that meet the quality standarts, trained personnel and carefully planned drill scenarios. Emergency response service centers that have adequate equipment and trained personnel can provide response to local, regional and national oil pollution incidents. Main Topics of Oil Pollution Response Activities: Emergency Response Planning: - Risk Assessment and Case Specific Modelling Studies - Determining Response Equipment and Personnel - Response Organization - Logistics and Communications - Notifications and Reporting - Public Relations Management - Waste Management - Safety and Worker Protection - Rehabilitation Activities - Training and Drills Emergency Response Service: - Tier 1 Emergency Response Service - Tier 2 Emergency Response Service - Tier 3 Emergency Response Service.
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Introduction: Tectonic Assembly of Anatolia: Implications for Hydrocarbon Prospectivity
Authors A.H.F. Robertson, A.İ. Okay, O. Parlak and T. UstaömerIn this talk we will discuss some of the major recent advances and controversial aspects bearing on the tectonic assembly of Anatolia. The Precambrian rocks of the NW Pontides are widely seen as one or several circum-Gondwanan terranes that originated off NW Africa and, following eastward terrane dispersal, amalgamated to Eurasian by early Paleozoic and mid mid-Carboniferous time. The Palaeozoic units of the Taurides and Anatolides are commonly seen as having been located along the southern margin of a wide Palaeotethys, although some palaeontological data question the existence of any wide ocean during this time. The Variscan Pontide magmatic rocks are commonly interpreted as a subduction-related arc that was located along the southern margin of Eurasia. However, a location on the opposite side of Palaeotethys near Gondwana is also proposed. There is also a discussion about the direction of subduction; i.e. beneath Eurasia, beneath Gondwana, or both. In different interpretations, Palaeotethys was either entirely closed by latest Triassic or remained open and evolved into Neotethys by means of subduction and seafloor spreading. Triassic subduction is generally seen as northwards beneath Eurasia but some envisage southward subduction. Units like the Karakaya Complex are commonly seen as accretionary prisms but continental rift scenarios are still popular. Debate persists as the location, size and timing of closure of the Mesozoic Neotethyan oceans. Multiocean scenarios are gaining acceptance (e.g. Izmir-Ankara; Inner Tauride; S Neotethys) but are still questioned. Some see the Izmir-Ankara ocean as closed by latest Cretaceous but for others is remained partially open until Mid-Eocene. The S Neotethys (assuming its existence) closed in latest Cretaceous, Eocene, or Early Miocene time in different views. Probably all of the large emplaced ophiolites (mostly Late Cretaceous) formed above subduction zones and not at spreading ridges, significantly changing traditional views. The above and other tectonic scenarios directly or indirectly influence hydrocarbon prospectivity (e.g. presence or absence of buried continental platforms/slopes; regional heat flow variations, burial/exhumation and terrane dispersal. In the talk we will indicate the alternatives and some of our preferred solutions to the tectonic problems and we will emphasise where more work is needed to solve outstanding issues.
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Tectono-Sedimentary Evolution of the Upper Cretaceous – Middle Eocene Central Anatolian Basins, Turkey: Summary and New Tectonic Model
Authors S. Nairn, A. Robertson, U. Ünlügenç, K. Taslı and N. İnanIn central Turkey, a strand of the former northern Neo-Tethys Ocean (İzmir-Anzara-Erzincan ocean) subducted northwards under the Pontide active margin during Cretaceous – Early Cenozoic time. Subduction generated accretionary complexes and emplaced ophiolites onto the former passive margins of microcontinents (e.g. Tauride-Anatolide Niğde-Kırşehir). The resulting suture zones encompass Upper Cretaceous to Middle Eocene basins including the Kırıkkale, Haymana, Tuz Gölü and Çankırı basins. The basement comprises the Ankara Mélange, a mainly Cretaceous accretionary complex together with the western margin of the Niğde-Kırşehir Massif, an inferred microcontinent. New geochemical data from beneath the Kırıkkale Basin identifies mid ocean-ridge basalt, here interpreted as Upper Cretaceous Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust. During the latest Cretaceous, the Kırıkkale and Tuz Gölü basins formed in deep water on MORB crust, bordered by the Niğde – Kırşehir microcontinent to the east. Further west, the Haymana Basin is an accretionary forearc basin constructed on the Ankara Mélange. The Çankırı Basin further north developed on accretionary mélange bounded by the Pontide active margin to the north. Palaeocene sedimentation was dominated by shallow-marine coralgal reef facies. Latest Palaeocene – Middle Eocene facies include shelf-type Nummulitic limestone, locally deposited on unconformity surfaces. In one model, the basins formed on obducted ophiolites following Late Cretaceous closure of a single northern Neo-Tethyan ocean. In an alternative model, the basins evolved in a forearc setting associated with northward subduction until the Middle Eocene. We propose a new model in which two north-dipping subduction zones were active during the late Mesozoic in the northern Neo-Tethyan region (distinct from the S Neotethys). In the south, ophiolites formed above a N-dipping subduction zone consuming oceanic crust adjacent to the Tauride-Anatolide continent (Inner Tauride Ocean) until the southward retreating trench collided with the northern margin of the continent emplacing ophiolites (e.g. Alihoca ophiolite). In the north, subduction initiated outboard of the Eurasian margin within the İzmir-Ankara ocean, triggering the genesis of supra-subduction zone oceanic lithosphere. The subduction zone then rolled back southwards until it collided with the Niğde – Kırşehir microcontinent, again emplacing ophiolites (e.g. Çiçekdağ) during latest Cretaceous time. However, vestiges of Neotethyan MORB remained to the west of the Niğde – Kırşehir microcontinent, forming the basement of the Kırıkkale and Tuz Gölü Basins. Continuing latest Palaeocene – Middle Eocene northward subduction culminated in final continental collision and the development of an Anatolia-wide unconformity, although strong uplift was delayed until Plio-Pleistocene.
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Pre-Salt Structures in the Tuz Gölü and Çankırı-Çorum Basins, Central Anatolia: Implications on Oil Explorations
By B. CoşkunFollowing recent oil discoveries of nearly 16 billions barrels of recoverable oils in the allochthonous sub-salt and autochthonous pre-salt structures by Petrobras in Brasil’s offshore areas, these sub and pre-salt structures became very interesting exploration targets in the world. Evaluation of seismic and well data indicate that pre-salt structures exist also in the Tuz Golu and Cankiri-Corum basins in Central Anatolia. In the Tuz Golu basin, previous exploration and drilling activities aimed to test the Caldag reefs, sandstones in the Kirkkavak and Haymana formations, sandstone pinch-outs and fault-related closures at the flanks of the salt structures. In the Cankiri-Corum basin, Malibogazi reefs, sandstones in the Incik formation and structures at the flanks of salt bodies are considered as the main prospects. Of course, all these above structures are obviously very important for oil exploration, but the pre-salt structures, orinated by pull-up movements during the ascension of salt deposits and non-explored in Turkey so far, are excellent oil accumulation sites in these sedimentary basins. Upward movements of salt bodies under the gravity and tectonic forces, for exemple eastward movement of the Menderes Massif and westward displacement of the Kirsehir Massif evidenced by subsurface diabasic intrusion, created fractured anticlinal structures which are very attractive for oil exploration. Evaluation of seismic and well data reveal certain interesting pre-salt structural trends in the Tuz Golu and Cankiri-Corum basins. Evaluations and testing these pre-salt structures in the Tuz Golu and Cankiri-Corum basins and even in the eastern Mediterranean offshore areas, will open a new exploration concept for future oil researches in Turkey.
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The Neogene Dynamics of the Balkan Fold-Thrust Belt. Possible Effect on the Hydrocarbon Accumulations
By R. NakovThe Alpine geodynamics of the eastern Balkan Peninsula is determined by several episodes of extension and compression. After the final closing of the Vardar Ocean during the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene the main episode of compression and deformation in the Balkan FTB occurred in Middle Eocene time, creating a well expressed fold-thrust pattern. At this time the belt was overthrusted to the north on the Foreland (Moesian Platform). After this main episode of compression, excepting local thrusting in its easternmost part during the Oligocene, the frontal part of the belt was thought to be inactive. Since Late Eocene extension is the main form of deformation. The extension is spread between the Aegean subduction system to the south and the Moesian Platform (the southern edge of the Balkan Range) to the north. During the Neogene, extension has created numerous extensional continental basins (grabens) to the south of the Balkan Range. They occurred in several well distinguished consecutive stages of extension. Instead, to the north of the range was created the marine (Miocene) to brakish (Pliocene) basin which western part belonged to the Central Parathetys (Fore-Carpathian basin) and the eastern to the Eastern Parathetys (Euxinian) basin.
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Tender Assist Drilling (TAD)
By A. ŞahinPlatform rig is an immobile offshore structure from which development wells are drilled and produced. The degree of a platform rig has an important effect in the field development cost. In offshore, development wells can be drilled by a giant platform rig that can also has production and processing facilities as well as living accommodations for the people. Alternatively, these functions may be conducted on different platforms that are much smaller than a giant platform. This can be achieved by using Tender Assist Drilling (TAD) which has a split drilling unit. The unit that is immobile is a fixed platform and the other unit is mobile that provides logistic to fixed platform. TAD system requires employing a Tender Support Vessel (TVS) during the drilling phase of a well development to provide drilling utilities to the platform drilling equipment package. In the first years of the TAD’s, barges mainly were used as tender to fixed platforms in shallow water and good weather conditions but, it was seen that they easily became inoperable and unsafe in deep water and rough weather. Alternatively, in 1980’s, the use of the tender assist barges in harsh weather, existing mobile offshore drilling units (MODU), Semi-submersible platforms, were converted to Semi-Submersible tender for fixed platform. This study aims to review tender assist drilling (TAD) and its applications in the world. Besides, my goal particularly is to present an application of tender assist drilling performed by Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO) in Turkey. TPAO constructed a fixed platform in Akçakoca Natural Gas Development Field, Düzce and a tender assist barge was chosen for that fixed platform.
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MWD&LWD and Stethoscope Applications for Subsea Wells
By F. DumanPore pressure modeling and understanding has great importance while drilling a wild cat well in deep offshore. Not only given fracture and leak off margin is so small, but also keeping well in optimum overbalance condition are vital for the safety. After BP’s Moconda incident in the Gulf of Mexico, now understanding of pore pressure regime as well as nature of the high pressure fluid while drilling becoming more and more critical especially in deep water where the riser and well control devices are apart few hundred meters. In addition deep water environment play its critical role being young deposits and buried not deep from the sea bed, and leak off margins are most of the time in “wellbore breathing” range. Phenomenon variously called “Breathing wellbore” or “Ballooning effect” is a result of slow mud returns while drilling ahead followed by mud returns after the pumps have been turned off, such as during a connection or flow check. Usullay any flows during these periods are cause for a concern as they may be due to influx of formation water, liquid hydrocarbon or gas. Any influx from the formation can result in a well control problem, the magnitude of which is dependent on its volume and composition. On the other hand lithologies under deepwater conditions usually show relatively reduced effective stress, due to reduced lithological column. This translates into narrow mud weight windows, driven mainly by shear failure or pore pressure in over pressured conditions, and by minimum horizontal stress gradients. Drilling operations should consider wellbore collapse, kick and losses as the primary hazards. These should be investigated and predicted during well planning, and should also be appropriately monitored during drilling.
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Ultra-Deep Offshore Well Casing Design Process
By B. KayaelDrilling an ultra-deep water well is one of the most challenging tasks that an Exploration and Production Company can undertake. Not only are there technical, logistical and environmental issues, but the high operating costs makes every aspect of the well planning and execution process critical. As in any other well delivery process, the casing design is one of the most important deliverables as this will affect the lead time for procuring equipment, the most likely time estimate for drilling the well and finally the cost. The first step of casing design involves coming up with a robust conductor design as this is the main support structure for the well. Detailed bending studies should be carried out because it will carry hundreds of thousands of pounds. Secondly any possible shallow flow (shallow water and gas flow) should be considered which needs to be isolated by an additional casing string. Once initial studies are done for first two sections, rest of the well design will be mainly limited by pressure gradients (PP and FG). As rule of thumb in a hole section the pore pressure at section TD should not exceed last casing shoe’s fracture gradient. If this happens mud losses will occur which could become a costly event and lead to an influx or kick. To eliminate this risk a detailed PPFG study should be carried out by geological and geophysical experts, because this study will be the guide for planning engineers to make casing design. As nature of offshore environment, the higher the water column the slower the overburden gradient increases as depth increases. This will directly affect the fracture gradient and make it increase slowly also. In case of having any pressure ramp at pore pressure the gap between PP and FG will decrease significantly which will cause more casing or liner strings to be run. In Black Sea region the most complicated casing design up to now had 8 (eight) casing strings starting with 36” conductor and ending with a 7” production liner. The number of strings to be run is affected by geological properties of lithologies, pressure profile of the well and technical limitations. These factors should be examined in detail to make the casing design effective and suitable for well conditions.
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A Study on the Mud Losses in the Ultra Deepwater Operations in Black Sea
By A. MazlumIn ultra deep offshore operations, one of the major problems during both well planning and drilling is that pore pressure and fracture pressure gradients are very close. As these gradients come closer, possibility of having losses while drilling increases. One of the important problems of Black Sea offshore operations was losses in which TPAO has one partnership and two operatorships. The mud weights that was considered as sufficient with respect to the expected pressure values exceeded the fracture pressure gradients, which led to revision on previous hydraulic programs. In order to stop those losses, as common in the industry, loss prevention chemicals were used. Moreover, the casing depths were changed after the real time pressure measurements. At first, losses were tired to be cured by monitoring the drilling parameters such as equivalent circulating density (ECD) and penetration rate (ROP) , which are fairly less easy and reduced in cost. Using synthetic or oil based mud in Black Sea should also be considered after experiencing the water based mud. In this study, mud losses; which is one of the major problems in Black Sea ultra deep water operations, will be presented by analyzing the drilling parameters, mud and formation properties.
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General View of Oil Exploration-Production Sector in Turkey as a Field of Investment and Its Contribution to Economy
More LessFollowing 1963 when development plans first came to the agenda, unfortunately petroleum sector is not even mentioned in 1, II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII. Development Plans. The sector is considered as a sub title of mining sector. This situation is a clear indication of viewing petroleum sector which plays an important role in the development of our country. [8] Recognition of the sector has started to be exercised with market laws enacted in 2001 and 2003; first market laws were enacted and sector is identified, and the remaining exploration and production sector has continued in its former position. It is necessary to view the subject in two main axes when examining the activities of exploration and production sector. First is the investments of the licensee which we call the owner of petroleum right, that is, the capital owner. The second is the activities of those producing the services within the licenses, that is, the activities of companies providing technical services. In this paper, 1. Structural changes, status of legislation, breakdown of the activities and the amounts of investments made in the scope of Foreign Direct Investor (FDI) from the point of domestic and foreign countries as of December 2009 in USD currency is examined within the section of historical processes of 1926-2010. 2. Contribution of the investments in the oil exploration and production sector to the country’s economy, comparison of the public and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) from the point of investments, detailed activities and estimations against these investments, and as a result, reserves which are the assets, and production quantities of the actors of sector are put forth. 3. The factors which influence the investment activities, the reasons of insufficient investment in the sector, the structures and activities of companies operating depending on the competitive power of the sector are assessed concerning the status of the sector and the basins in our country for investment are determined. 4. Identifications and proposals that our country is not sufficiently explored, that there are still unexplored basins, that reserve quantity of 33 identified basins in our country may be around a magnitude of billion barrels, investment amount in 500 licensing for this purpose may sum up to about 20 billion dollars, the way of meeting such an amount as well as the matter of increasing the investments in the sectors are put forth. As a result; it is aimed with this paper to put forth the reality of the necessity to make much more investment because the investments made up to now hasn’t reached the desired level yet.
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The Study on Petrophysical Properties of Zonguldak Formation Located in Black Sea Region by Using Well Logs
Authors N. Küçükkuş, T. Ayyıldız and Ö. ŞahintürkThe clastic levels of Zonguldak Formation penetrated by 3 wells drilled between Zonguldak- Amasra, which are located in the Western Black Sea Region, are the main topic of this research. The age of the Zonguldak Formation is Carboniferous. The Çakraz, Zonguldak and Alacaağzı Formations are penetrated in the studied wells. The unit largely consists of economic coalfields. In addition to the coalfields, the unit consists of sandstones, conglomerates and shales. The petropyhsical specifications are studied through using the log datas of Gamma Ray, Caliper, Sonic Interval Transit, Neutron, Bulk Density, Resistivity, and SP, which are taken from the 3 wells that penetrated the Zonguldak Formation. From the well logs, it is detected that there are sandstonesconglomerates, shale and coal as dominant lithology. In the X well which is evaluated through RHOB and PHIN together, 0.21-0.44% porosity rates are obtained in the sandstones between 1490-1530 metres. In the Y well, the datas are notably low excluding some levels which reach up to 0.3%. The values of 0,20-0,67% in the first 20 metres, 0,18-0,44% between 50-74 metres, 0.18-0.44% between 2400-2450 metres are obtained through the Sonic log datas in the Z well. According to the datas obtained, the potential of reservoir rocks in the Zonguldak Formation is poor in the studied wells.
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Two Way Competition, Resource vs Market
By M. KorucuAs we all know, Turkey is in the proximity of two oil and gas rich regions, namely CIS and Middle East. Considerable volumes of those resources produced in these areas have already been contracted by the relevant resource rich countries. These countries are working on the alternative evacuation options for their remaining resources by considering an optimum balance between maksimizing the monetary values of their resources and keeping a political equilibrium among the major players. Having such vast resources, both areas are under close attention of major consumers, global players and other resource rich rivals. While the consumers are struggling for their energy security, sustainability and diversification, the rivals (other producers) are trying to increase their powerfull strategic position as a supplier and at least keep the current status quo of the energy dependency of the consumers. In this context, there are ongoing substantial bilateral and multilateral discussions among the regional / global players leading to important political developments in the region, which would also ultimately define the routes of the resources in line with the strategies of the relevant players.
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Evaluation of Turkish Natural Gas Law and Applications
More LessIn the presentation, sector activities which are now dominated by private companies through licences issued by Energy Market Regulatory Authority are reviewed. Licences issued by Energy Market Regulatory Authority for import, export, wholesale, storage, transmission, CNG, distribution activities are considered in quantitative terms and from the point of ownership. The problems encountered due to implementation of Law No 4646 and limitation of activities of public companies are examined and changes planned to be made in Law No 4646 are evaluated. Proposals for forming a vertical integrated public structure in petroleum and natural gas sector are made. Proposals are made for changes in existing applications.
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Design of an Ideal Petroleum Law: Economic Approach
By F. DemirmenPetroleum laws, otherwise known as “upstream fiscal systems” in the industry, are known to \frequently cause conflicts of interest between the host government and the contracting oil company. These conflicts arise after major changes in oil price, fiscal regime, or production rate. As a result, host governments frequently resort to revision of the fiscal system (in the “middle of the game”) to the displeasure of the contracting company; or the contracting company pleads for changes in the terms to accommodate “changing circumstances.” The petroleum law suffers instability, and neither the interests of the host government nor those of the contracting company are served. Such situations arise either from poor understanding of the objectives of a petroleum law or, more frequently, form insufficient flexibility of the petroleum law. Apart from generalities such as “meeting national interests,” an ideal petroleum law is one that: (1) encourages exploration, (2) promotes development of small as well as large petroleum reserves, (3) allows special incentives for difficult-to-explore or difficult-to-develop situations, and (4) enables equitable sharing of economic benefits between the host government and the contractor under different circumstances including oil-price and field or production outcomes. Equitable sharing of economic benefits is the most contentious issue. It is best judged from the relationship between the Government Take and the investor’s Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Equitable sharing will materialize if the Government Take and the contractor IRR show positive correlation under different scenarios of profitability. The best way to achieve an ideal petroleum law is through economic modeling. Economic models constructed to represent various scenarios, e.g., reserves, capex, oil price, can be evaluated under the proposed contractual terms. The inefficiencies can then be removed by adjusting the fiscal terms, e.g., income tax rate. The approach can be viewed as a form of fiscal simulation. The models should depict host-country situations (mainly “geology” and cost structure) as realistically as possible. The Production Sharing System, but not Royalty/Tax or Service System, is best suited for economic modeling to achieve flexibility. As an example, it will be shown that Turkey’s Draft Petroleum Law No. 5574 is economically inefficient, hence far from ideal.
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The Petroleum Law/Regulation Systems of Turkey and the World and Its Importance
By N.Ö. ÇiftçiIn today’s world, the fierce competition witnessed in petroleum sector can only be coped with a petroleum policy and financial policy systems having well designed legal basis. The governments and the petroleum investors may achieve the development goals through long lasting and durable relations in a comprehensible, stable and reliable legal ground. Energy is the leading factor among the most important factors that determine a country’s economy, and the basic purpose of all these efforts is to carry the public welfare to the highest level by increasing the economic strength of the country. The day by day increase of energy requirement in our country, the global changes and the liberal market regulations as well as the requirement for determination of the players, rules, audit processes and the authorities during the process from exploration and production of Petroleum until it reaches to the consumer have revealed the need for introduction of a new legal regulation. In this context, understanding the legal development of the Petroleum Sector in our country and in the world is extremely important for comprehending the innovations experienced and for finding legal solutions to the problems encountered in the sector.
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Some Suggestions with Regard to a New Turkish Petroleum Law
More LessNew Turkish Petroleum Draft Law numbered 5574 was prepared to change the existing Petroleum Law of 6326 with effective date of 1954 and with the reasoning of alignment with European Union acquis; exploration, development and production of Turkey’s petroleum resources in a fast, effective manner and in alignment with today’s market conditions. However, with the new proposed law, it seems unrealistic to reach the expected results while guarding the national interests; therefore, a hybrid model as used in some countries in the world is suggested. With this model, several suggestions are made with regard to: transparent, objective and competetive environment for licensing procedures in which only technically and financially pre-qualified companies participate; realization of significant exploration investments, auditing, and sanctions to be applied, in case of commercial discovery, sharing of the profit between the investor and the state fairly.
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The Interpretation and Recommendations on the Draft Oil Law of # 5574
By O. KonyaThe maximum use of domestic resources and export goal of minimizing the import oil of the dependency have been discussed on different platforms and have long been trafficked. The underground resources as oil & gas occupy an important place in our natural resources. Exploration, production and marketing are in the scope of the regulations of the “oil law” which was about the spoken one of the topics and conversations during the past years but; the topics were squeezed between with the law currently in force dated 1954, No. 6326 and the draft oil law dated 2007, No.5574. Turkey’s oil activities; M.T.A. was played as a national company’s role until of the year 1954 and 1954 after this task is undertaken by T.P.A.O., with domestic and foreign private companies in the oil Law No. 6326 any oil-related activity was opened in front of. Naturally, from the international oil/gas agreements the expectation of the parties is to obtain profit. To maximize the resources of the Government with the national values, private oil companies (domestic-foreign) will want to obtain the maximum profit. If the private companies have low vision on profit, or who are seeing their detachment from making investment, they should be far away from investment. In this context; with the changes in the oil law to be made public in the industry thought and needs to be analyzed in conjunction with the reorganization of the national company. This study of the Oil with the law dated 1954, No. 6326 and 2007, No. 6326 Draft Oil Law that in the case of contradictions and restructuring of the TPAO’s are discussed.
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Turkey and the European Union’s Fuel Prices and Taxes
By Ü. AydınTurkey and the European Union’s Fuel Prices and Taxes Turkey’s economic development within the basic entries is among the energy sources of oil which is expected to continue the importance of maintaining the position today and in the future. Oil and products meet 30% of the need for energy of the country which are used from production to consumption. We import almost 100% of the consumption and the domestic oil prices has been affected in the same way leading to movements in world oil prices, according to the fall of world oil prices in 2010, comparison to 2009, the pump prices was not fallen by the same amount in Turkey as a controversy. The pump prices of oil products are mostly consisted of taxes, oil and oil product prices are affected as well as the exchange rates in the world prices and refinery output prices of fuel products, Special consumption tax (PCT) and obtained through value added tax (VAT). In this study; fuel pump sales prices in our country, analysis of PCT and VAT and our country’s tax revenues from fuel taxes is compared and searched with the EU countries. The fuel prices in Turkey are quite high compared to in EU countries.
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Quantification of Uncertainty in Petroleum, Natural Gas and Geothermal Engineering Applications
Authors Ö.İ. Türeyen and M. OnurThe ultimate goal in any petroleum, natural gas or geothermal reservoir engineering study is to make performance predictions. Some of the variables to be predicted are pressures, recoverable oil, recoverable gas, recoverable heat from geothermal reservoirs, water cut, gas oil ratio and etc. Making predictions is vital for the economical exploitation of the resources. What is more important is the quantification of the uncertainty related to the predictions. Uncertainty in all future predictions is inherent due to (i) measurement errors or noise in the data, (ii) lack of data, (iii) modeling errors, (iv) span of the available observed data and (v) the non-linear relationship between the data and the model response. In this study we present an overview of the methodologies used to quantify the uncertainty in future predictions from oil, gas and geothermal reservoirs. We will present synthetic applications of various techniques for quantifying the uncertainty of gas in place for gas reservoirs, of heat in place for geothermal reservoirs, of water cut from oil wells and of pressure and temperature predictions using tank models for geothermal reservoirs. The techniques discussed will cover the Monte Carlo method, the analytical uncertainty propagation equation, the gradual deformation method, the randomized maximum likelihood method and the more recent Ensemble Kalman Filter method.
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Assessment of Uncertainties in Oil and Gas Reserves Estimations By Various Evaluation Methods
Authors M.F. Tuğan and M. OnurThe ultimate target of all oil companies is to increase their income by producing oil and/or gas. The key parameter to produce oil/or gas is the investments, such as purchasing licenses, drilling wells and constructing production facilities. Companies program their investments to a particular field by analyzing the ultimate recovery from that field. In this study, two most-widely used reserves estimation methods, volumetric method and material balance method are applied to estimate the Gas Initially in Place (GIIP) in a TPAO gas field, Çayırdere Field. Meanwhile, the importance of probabilistic approach to reserves estimation is emphasized by showing the change in estimated values by producing time. In addition to estimate reserves in probabilistic fashion, analytic uncertainty propagation method (AUPM), a simple, yet quite accurate alternative uncertainty quantification method to the well known Monte Carlo method is used to assess the uncertainty in GIIP of Çayırdere Field and is discussed in detail.
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Probabilistic Petroleum and Natural Gas Reserve Calculations by Volumetric Methods and Probabilistic Aggregation of Field Resource
Authors C. Karacaer and M. Onurod. It is proved that AUP method can be used in volumetric reserve estimations. To determine the total potential of more than one field or reservoir, two different methods are examined and “Sorting Diagrams Method” is developed to determine correlation coefficients between two fields which is indispensable component of realistic estimations. Also, applicability of AUP method to simulation applications is investigated and for this purpose two different methods are developed. The usability of these methods is discussed.
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Estimation of Shear Force for Blind Shear Ram Blowout Preventers
By A. TekinThe explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico showed once again that during the oil/gas drilling operation any failures of blowout preventers (BOPs) may result in death, injury and massive oil spills that have huge impact on the environment. During drilling operations, all formations’ high pressure fluids and gases in the earth are controlled by borehole pressure, which consists of hydrostatic pressure of drilling mud, pump pressure, and friction pressure loss in the annulus. If for any reason the borehole pressure falls below the formation fluid/gas pressure, the formation fluids/gases would enter the hole and a pressure “kick” occurs. If a kick cannot be controlled properly, uncontrolled formation fluids/gases would reach to the surface where the drilling rig is located. Such a catastrophic event is known as blowout.
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Vertical and Horizontal Wells Productivity Index Comparison and Performance Prediction with Tank Type Reservoir Model in the Single and Double Porosity; Isotropic and Anisotropic Reservoirs
Authors H. Kırmacı and M. OnurIn today’s world, increasing demand of energy has forced Petroleum Companies to search different ways to increase their production. Therefore, Petroleum companies test wells which take longer time and they try to find out the most economic production scenarios to increase the oil/gas production of the wells. As a result, modelling the reservoir as realistic as possible, determining the performance of reservoirs and the productivity of wells are more important. In this work, we present productivity index equations for vertical and horizontal wells, productivity in homogeneous, isotropic or anisotropic closed reservoirs and couple them with a tank model for performance prediction. By using the model developed during the course of this work, we compare the results for different well and reservoir types. The results show that the models presented in this work provide a simple, yet quite accurate performance predictions for vertical and horizontal wells producing in isotropic/anisotropic single or double porosity reservoirs.
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Controlled Burn Operations, Gulf of Mexico, Deepwater Horizon
More LessDeepwater Horizon accident lived in USA at Gulf of Mexico is one of the biggest oil spill and cause huge amount of environmental pollution but this accident also create a big opportunity to test “In-Situ” burning application in real life. In-Situ burning which means burning of oil in place depends on many factors requires some special equipments and controls. Basics of Controlled Burning; In order to succeed a successful burning there are several factors that has to be taken in to consideration. These are Physical and chemical properties of oil, either the oil are already ignited or un-ignited, Nature & Magnitude of spill, Location, Wind and Sea conditions, Visibility, Vegetation and Debris. Tools and Tactics: Burning oil requires the right combination of conditions – oil type and sea conditions. When conditions are right burning can remove vast amounts of oil from the marine environment Fire boom booms contain the oil and keep it under control during burning. Ignition systems are of the essential tools used for igniting oil efficiently and safely. Besides these there must be good vessel and aircraft support in order to maximize the amount of oil destruction. Tank Tests, Field Trials & Actual Spill Burns Fire booms have been developed and tested over twenty years. During these tests many information’s obtained about performances of fire booms and environmental effects of in-situ burning but none of these small scale tests were not as experienced in Gulf of Mexico. Deepwater Horizon Blowout During DWH blowout mainly three types of fire booms used; these are Elastec American Marine production water cooled Hydro Fire boom, and Ceramic boom and Applied Fabrics production Pyro Boom. In these operations more than 400 burns were conducted, of which 376 were counted as successful burn, eliminating between 220.000 bbl and 310,000 bbl oil. Conclusion; Over the last twenty years many of the manufacturers have tried to produce fire resistant booms. As a result of these efforts it is understood that burning oil is definitively a proven response option. Many lessons learned about boom performances; rigid construction booms (first generation) exhibited a poorer wave response; this is due to their construction and lower buoyancy to weight ratios while second generation booms held oil better in wave conditions. Second generations booms are also easier to handle, less time spend deploying, recovering and repairing equals more oil burnt.
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Rehabilitation of Crude Oil Contaminated Areas and Waste Disposal
Authors B. Ekizer, E. Gökçek, Ş.D. Atay, N. Köse and E. BuzpınarVarious types of waste ocur as a resuls of Hydrocarbon exploration, drilling and production activities. One of the waste type resulting from these activities is crude oil contaminated waste. It is often considered as hazardous waste crude oil contaminated waste and is able to cause environmental pollution by effecting water soil, air. Crude oil contaminated wastes are petroleum contaminated soil, packaging materials, absorbents, wiping cloths and protective clothes. It is necessary for these types of wastes disposal in order to prevent damaging to the environment. Soil pollution occurs as a result of petrolleum spilling due to the problems that occur during crude oil, of which hazardous waste type, production and transportation with pipelines. One method for removal of oil contaminated soil is the elimination with the application of “Bioremediation Process” used widely by means of TPAO and also other international companies. Bioremediation which is a method of biological treatment of natural microorganisms using the hazardous waste, is defined as a reduction of less toxic or nontoxic compounds. One of the most important factors of soil rehabilitation is to provide in-situ bioremediation application. Cellulose fibers obtained from recycled processes and bioremediation products comprising nitrogen and phosphorous components that are necessary for he survival of those bacteries exist in the sport even thoguh there are groups of bacteria in the product. Those bacteries being in contact with water and hydrocarbon divide and increase rapidly. Adsorbed hydrocarbon waste (activities of bacteria) converts to the completely harmless bioenergy by means of bioremidetation process in 90-240 days. One of the another method used for soil rehabilitation and used by means of TPAO is notralization-stabilization. In this method, contaminated soil is rehabiltated with the certain portion of ash, clay, lime, soil or cement, which is determined according to petroleum content. In addition to two methods, mentioned above, packaging materials, wiping cloths and protective clothes, and so on disposed in mobile incineration systems (waste incinerator) located at the activity areas.
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Health, Safety and Environment Study in Cudi-1 Exploration Well
More LessTo date, Turkey Petroleum Corporation (TPAO) which is the leader in the integration of Turkey oil fields and all petroleum industry; has adopted , concept of Occupational Health, Safety and Environmental Protection determining to the concepts of configuring and operating principles in all work areas in these matters and is continuing its activities in accordance with legal regulations in all petroleum areas. TPAO, which carries out the national and international hydrocarbon exploration and production activities, creates partnerships with foreign oil companies onshore as well as offshore. In these projects in parallel with technical operations, TPAO plans and executes the aspects of health, safety and environmental awareness. Cudi-1 exploratory well operations, which is one of these activities; in the Southeastern Anatolia IX. Oil Field, with the registration number of AR/TPO-CET-NTP/2763, was carried out under the partnership of TPAO, Chevron and NVT Perenco, in which TPC was the operator. The operations in the Cudi-1 wells, which is 25 km north-east of Silopi, Sirnak, were completed between May 2009-May 2010. In Cudi-1 exploration well studies, The Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) Department of TPC, collaborated with other relevant technical departments from the beginning of the Project both planning stage and during drilling operation. In line with TPC HSE Department procedures, the preparation and implementation of well-specific emergency plans, waste management plans, the organization of meetings auditing activities and maintenance of clerical (paper) work of HSE, HSE Observation Card Application, Staff ID Card Application, daily HSE reports have been conducted. The barrel type incinerator has been used on a regular basis as a waste disposal system For the first time in land wells; the professional services of “Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Detection and Protection System (Cascade) Service” and “24-hour Emergency Medical Response Service”, which includes an assigned doctor, a medical technician and an ambulance service, were provided by local firms. In this paper, Cudi-1 well experiences which is the best practises of HSE Standards in very high risky area is aimed to sharing
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Cretaceous Tectonic Evolution of the Western and Central Black Sea Region
By O. TüysüzThere are different views on the tectonic evolution of the Pontides, one of the main tectonic units of Turkey. Şengör and Yılmaz (1981) divided the Pontides (sensu Ketin, 1966) into Rhodope-Pontide and Sakarya continental fragments separated by an Intra-Pontide Suture. The Pontides were subdivided into Istanbul, Istranca and Sakarya zones by Okay et al. (1994). The most controversial issue on these different tectonic models is the relationships between Istanbul and the Sakarya zones (Western and Central Pontides) and oceanic realms (Palaeotethys, Neotethys and Black Sea) separating these continental fragments. Data from the Daday-Azdavay-İnebolu region and from the Kargı Massif shed light onto this discussion. Our data indicate that the Western and Central Pontides juxtaposed along the Intra-Pontide Suture at the beginning of Late Cretaceous. The ophiolites in the Kargı Massif and around the Çankırı Basin represent the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Ocean, which was consumed by northward subduction during the Triassic-Late Cretaceous interval. In this presentation I will describe tectonic units of the Cide-Sinop-Tosya area and discuss their Cretaceous evolution.
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The Black Sea Formed Wıthın Old Eurasıan Contınental Lithosphere: Implications For Pre Black Sea Reconstructions and Controls on Black Sea Tectonic Evolution
More LessHeat flow data and lithosphere rheology and tomography models suggest that the lithosphere beneath the Black Sea is cold and strong. Comparison of the regional distribution of Black Sea rift structures with other back-arc basins and models of back-arc basins suggest that the lithosphere beneath the Black Sea is cold and strong. Inverse numerical models of tectonic subsidence of the margins of the Black Sea compared to those of other modern and paleo back-arc basins suggest that the lithosphere beneath the Black Sea is cold and strong. From this, it is concluded that the Black Sea formed (mainly) within old Eurasian continental lithosphere. Indeed, reconstructions based on regional tectonic arguments suggest that continental crust on both sides of the modern Black Sea were contiguous parts of the Eurasian plate since at least Early Palaeozoic, if not even Neoproterozoic times. Further, this Eurasian continental lithosphere around the Black Sea has been in a (trans)extensional tectonic environment since at least the Late Palaeozoic, the geological record of which can be found on the margins of the Black Sea and in subsurface data from the shelves of the Black Sea. The back-arc rifting that led to the present configuration of the Black Sea, which occurred in the Cretaceous, was therefore superimposed on the structural consequences of a series of earlier rifting and basin forming events (Late Devonian-Carboniferous, Permo-Carboniferous, Permo-Triassic, Jurassic). The crust that was thinned during Cretaceous rifting was already strongly thinned by these earlier events, which otherwise had been mostly thermally equilibrated on the lithosphere scale. The thin crust underlying the deep basins of the western and eastern Black Sea is not (sub)oceanic crust but is highly thinned continental crust, akin to a lower (continental) crustal metamorphic core complex. The implications of these observations and inferences for pre Black Sea tectonic reconstructions and controls on its origin and evolution will be enumerated and explored.
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Source of the Carboniferouıs flysch of the İstanbul Zone: Sandstone Petrography and Detrital Zircon-Rutile Geochronology
More LessThe Lower Carboniferous flysch of the Istanbul Zone is an over 1500-m-thick turbiditic sandstone-shale sequence marking the onset of the Variscan deformation in the Pontides. It overlies Lower Carboniferous black cherts and is unconformably overlain by the Lower Triassic continental sandstones and conglomerates. The petrography of the Carboniferous sandstones and the geochronology and geochemistry of the detrital zircons and rutiles were studied to establish its provenance. The sandstones are feldspathic to lithic greywackes and subgreywackes with approximately equal amounts of quartz, feldspar and lithic clasts. The amount of feldspar decreases upwards in the sequence at the expense of quartz and lithic fragments. The lithic fragments are dominated by intermediate volcanic rocks followed by metamorphic and sedimentary rock fragments. Coarse lithic fragments are generally granitoidic. In the discrimination diagrams sandstone samples lie mainly in the field of dissected arc. 218 detrital zircons and 35 detrital rutiles from four sandstone samples were analysed with laser ablation ICP-MS. The detrital zircons show a predominantly bimodal age distribution with Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous (390 to 335 Ma) and Cambrian-Neoproterozoic (640 to 520 Ma) ages. About 9% of the analyzed zircons are in the 1700-2750 Ma range; zircons of the 700-1700 Ma age range are absent. The REE patterns and Th/U ratios of the zircons indicate a magmatic origin. With one exception (Neoproterozoic), the rutile ages are Late Devonian - Early Carboniferous and their geochemistry indicates that they were derived from amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks. Sandstone petrography and detrital zircon-rutile ages suggest one dominant source for the Lower Carboniferous sandstones: a Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous magmatic and metamorphic province with overprinted Neoproterozoic basement. Late Devonian - Early Carboniferous magmatic and metamorphic rocks are unknown from the Eastern Mediterranean region. They are, however, widespread in central Europe. The Istanbul Zone is commonly correlated with the Avalonian terrranes in central Europe, which collided with the Armorican terranes during the Carboniferous resulting in the Variscan orogeny. The Carboniferous flysch of the Istanbul Zone must have been derived from a colliding Armorican terrane, as indicated by the absence of 700- 1700 Ma zircons and by Late Devonian - Early Carboniferous magmatism, typical features of the Armorican terranes. This suggest that during the Carboniferous the Istanbul terrane was located close to the Bohemian Massif and has been translated by strike-slip along the Trans European Suture Zone to its Cretaceous position north of the Black Sea.
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The Darius Programme: Investigation of Foldbelts and Related Sedimentary Basins from the Black Sea and Anatolia to Central Asia
More LessThe DARIUS Programme is a consortium-type programme funded by major oil companies, participating universities and the French research funding agency CNRS. It aims at investigating the 6000 km-long continuous deformed belt from Crimea-Anatolia in the west to the Tien-Shan in the east, through the Caucasus, northern Iran and Zagros. Its major objective is to acquire newly documented observations on the tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of the constituent orogenic domains and associated basins of this belt. The former resulted from the collision of Gondwanan blocks with southern Eurasia from the Mesozoic (Cimmerian blocks) until the Cenozoic (India, then Arabia). Accordingly, the DARIUS Programme funds scientific projects on the basis of proposals submitted by invited geoscientists. For 2010-2011, 38 projects were selected covering most of the DARIUS’s area of interest. These scientific projects involve some 40 research institutions and universities from about 15 countries, and scientists from about 150 organisations in Europe, the Middle East and western Central Asian countries. The expertise of the participants of DARIUS includes structural geology and tectonics, stratigraphy and sedimentology, mechanical and thermal modelling, kinematics and geophysics. A number of thematic working groups, tasked with integrating the results of individual projects within regions or disciplines of the DARIUS Programme, have been established to start working in 2011. Two of these – “Tectonic Evolution of Anatolia” and “Evolution of Caucasus: from Basins to Orogenic Belt” – are of direct relevance to Turkey. The thematic working groups will make an essential contribution to the final objectives of DARIUS, which include, most importantly, a new regional geological synthesis of the Middle East-Central Asia study area, realised mainly through a set of palinspastic maps depicting the tectonic evolution since the Late Palaeozoic. It’s hoped that these will form a major contribution to new interpretations and new debates regarding the geological and tectonic evolution of the northern Middle East-Central Asia region. This presentation is made on behalf of the Board of the DARIUS Programme: Eric Barrier (leader), Marie-Françoise Brunet and Bruno Vrielynck (ISTEP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-CNRS, Paris, France); Andrea Zanchi (Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy); Franz Fürsich (GeoZentrum Nordbayern der Universität Erlangen, Germany); Marc Sosson (GeoAzur-CNRS, Valbonne, France); Jaume Vergés (Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain) and the presenter.
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Hole Enlargenment Operations at Deep Water Wells
By Y. KumThe difficulties in deep water drilling have been stimulating new technologies and nem advances. One of the most challenging issue about deep water drilling is certainly that narrow window between fracture gradient and pore pressure. Narrow window between the fracture and pore pressure force to run different size of holes and casings. To use different sizes of casing push engineers for devoloping new drilling tools and advances. The biggest one of these is underream tools that engineers have presented as a solutions . There are two main different systems to operate this kind of tools. The main disparity between these mechanism is activating system of blades. One of is needs a ball to activate or deactivate blades and another of no drop ball mechanism that utilize pressure loss around the blades to activate and disactivate. Rhino Reamer that we used in deep offshore wells needs a ball to activate blades but not necessarily drop a ball to deactivate. Inspite of the fact that there are some advantages and disadvantages when comparing with each other. I want to mention about working principles of Rhino Reamer and its applications at Yassıhöyük-1, Sürmene-1 wells at ultra deep water. As a summary, at Yassıhöyük-1 well, Original hole Enlarged to From To S/N Reamer 18 1/8’’ 22’’ 2815 m. 2950 m. Rhino 1600 16 ½’’ 20’’ 2950 m. 3335 m. Rhino 1600 14 ¾’’ 17 ½’’ 3335 m. 3600 m. Rhino 14250 Sürmene-1 well, Original hole Enlarged to From To S/N Reamer 18 1/8’’ 22’’ 2610 m. 3014 m. Rhino 1600 16 ½’’ 20’’ 3014 m. 4308 m. Rhino 1600.
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Top Drive Casing Running System Success in Turkey for TPAO on the Black Sea Deep Water Project
By B. WarmerdamResults, Observations, and Conclusions: The Top Drive Casing Running & Drilling system was used on two subsea wells, respectively Yassihouk and Surmene, over a 7 month period for running various casing string sizes: - 18” 128# P110, ran one liner string, length 206 meters - 16” 96# 125HC, ran two liner strings, length 650 meters - 13-5/8” 88.2# 125HC, ran one casing string, length 1560 meters - 9-5/8” 53.5# 125HC, ran one liner string, length 910 meters The Top Drive Casing Make-up Tool combines a power tong including independent torque-turn monitoring, main hoisting elevator, fill-up and circulation tool, single joint handling and a thread weight compensator, The thread weight compensator eliminated any cross threading and damage of threaded connections. None of the casing joints were damaged or laid out, which reduces nonproductive time (NPT) during casing running operations. This system eliminates much of the manual handling of traditional casing running equipment on the rig floor and the need for working on rig floor scaffolds. The system also incorporates link tilt bail arms including remotely operated single joint elevator to align the casing for makeup, eliminating the requirement of having a stabber working in the derrick. The client and drilling contractor classified the system as a “hands-off” system, eliminating activities when using conventional equipment: - Manual pipe stabbing - Power tong positioning and door closing - Pinch points in respect of manual handling As the system is connected to the top drive, the total casing running operation is mainly in control of the driller, enabling an increase in casing running efficiency and consistency compared to conventional running equipment. This reduces the “open” hole time and the potential for differential sticking or cave-in of the well bore. As some of the casing running operations were executed in bad weather conditions (heavy winds / rig motion) the casing running operations could continue as they may have been stopped if conventional equipment would have been be used. The remotely operated system is completely portable and requires no permanent interface into the rig structure.
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Investigation of Reservor Rock Characteristics of Çaldağ Formation, Tuzgölü Basin (Central Anatolia), Turkey
Authors Ş.O. Ergene and T. AyyıldızPaleocene aged Çaldağ Formation with reefal character which exposures in the Tuzgölü Basin is an important unit for petroleum exploration. In the Karapınar Measured Section (MS), conglomerates belonging to Karapınar formation is overline unconformably Asmaboğazı formation which is composed of limestones blocks in the upper part, derived from the Çaldağ Formation as an olistostromal characterics. In addition to this, it can be also observed as different sizes of blocks in the basin. The other MS’s are characterized by reefs and reef complex facies. Paleontological data indicate that limestone deposition of the Çaldağ formation is initiated at Danian and Tanesian at the eastern and western part of the basin, respectively. According to petrographic determination, vugs, fractures and rare intergranular pores are observed. Fractures are mostly filled with calcide, and iron oxide cement. According to the analytic measurements on porosity and permeability for limestones cores from the Mezgit Limestone Mining and Dulayşe Garden MS’s are determined as % 0.5 - % 1.7, 0.01 – 0.04 md and % 0.7 - % 2.9, 0.01 – 0.02 md, respectively. Petrographic and laboratory analysis shows that reservoir rock characters of the formation have weak to moderate; however; it can be considered as good where fracture porosity developed well.
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Solid Expandable Tubular Technology in Monodiameter Drilling
By H.M. SalmanThe introduction of expandable tubular technology has revolutionized the oil and gas industry which has converted the dream of monodiameter well into reality.It has now spread all over the world. It has played its role in drilling, completion and production. The main products of this technology are: 1: Expandable open hole liner system. 2: Expandable closed hole liner system. 3: Expandable liner hangers. 4: Expandable completion screens. This technology assures its complete allegiance to the following three basic requirements: 1: Conservation of hole size. 2: Isolation of selected zones. 3: Maximization of well life. Monodiameter wells eliminate the telescoping effect, allowing operators to slim down the top of well while increasing the well diameter at TD. A constant inside diameter from top of well to its target depth is achieved by solid expandable tubular products .This technology permits the installation of drilling liners of same size without decrease in internal diameter. The concept behind this fact involves the expansion of tubular by a mechanical expansion device, known as expansion cone or mandrel. This device permanently deforms the tubular up to the desired inter or external diameter by a plastic deformation process known as cold drawing. This paper is primarily based upon review, case study and environmental effects of monodiameter drilling. The cost comparison of conventional drilling with monodiameter drilling has also been discussed in this paper.
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Geomechanical Wellbore Stability Assesment for Sayındere, Karaboğaz, Karababa Formations in Batı Gökçe Field
More LessWellbore stability problems make up huge over-costs worldwide. Since in recent years declining resource volumes and favorable oil prices are encouraging operators to drill deeper, more complex well trajectories drilling for hydrocarbons have turn into a much more challenging task. Furthermore, the complexity and variations of those wells have added the weight to planning and problem anticipation at both drilling and production stages. The article will describe the geomechanical wellbore stability analysis of Sayındere, Karaboğaz and Karababa formations drilled in Batı Gökçe field, Adıyaman. The analysis assumes validity of linear elastic theory for porous media and requires drilling reports, well logs, laboratory tests and core analysis. At the end of the work with the assessment of geomechanical wellbore stability analysis mud weight window, which includes minimum mud weight and maximum mud weight will be determined for the studied formations.
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Latest Advances in Sucker Rod Beam Pump Automatıon
By N. SadekWorldwide, as conventional oil resources are depleted, beam pumping system is becoming the most common type of artificial lift methods for onshore wells. With the growing number of beam pumped wells, the value of automation and real-time data is continuously increasing. Oil companies might have different views of the meaning of “automation”. Some companies will apply cycling timers and others will have a basic rod pump controller but the technology driver nowadays is to gather all possible data about and around the well in one smart well manager system. This smart system will use the gathered information to optimize the well by decreasing lifting costs and increasing production. It will not only rely on surface information but also uses intelligent downhole pump analysis and calculations to identify downhole conditions. Finally, all the information is transmitted to the field and main office over a SCADA system for 24/7 remote monitoring and control. Sucker Rod Well Automation is essential for the well operation as it plays a major role in the well optimization leading to less failure, less operation costs, less downtime and higher production accordingly. This presentation will discuss the latest technology in beam pump optimization, remote monitoring, and control. It will highlight the benefits achieved by applying downhole analysis control in beam pump controllers and variable speed drives, as well as the use of expert supervisory control software which analyzes the wells using artificial intelligence. Actual well data will be shown from successful field results.
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Development of Akçakoca Gas Field in Western Black Sea, Offshore Turkey
By M. SarıçiçekExploration and development activities in the Turkish sector of Black Sea have been ongoing with a growing trend since Ayazli Gas Field was discovered in late 2004. Three tripods, a trunk offshore pipeline were installed off the western Turkish coast up to 78 meters water depth, 18.5 km of onshore pipeline and Cayagzi Natural Gas Processing Facility in the shoreline was constructed to receive, process, compress and send the produced gas to the national gas grid in Phase-I development. Akcakoca Gas Field was discovered in late 2006 after Akcakoca-3 exploration well was successfully drilled and tested by a semi-submersible rig. Field is located about 14 km off the coast of Akcakoca/Duzce in the Western Black Sea where the water depth is about 94 meters. Akcakoca Field Development, also called Phase-II, encompasses design, fabrication and installation of a 4-Legged Drilling/ Wellhead Platform with a two level Topside over the two pre-drilled wells, installation of a 12 inch 7 km long offshore pipeline, tie-in to the existing subsea pipeline system, tie-back of the existing wells and drilling & completion of two or three additional wells via a platform rig installed on main deck of the platform. An advanced FEED study for Akcakoca Platform and offshore pipeline was performed which was followed by an international tendering process for an EPCI type service agreement. Platform was constructed by the Contractor GSP in Agigea Yard/Constanta in Romania, transported to Turkey and installed by a shear-leg heavy lift barge owned them. Offshore pipeline was installed using S-Lay method by a pipelay vessel again owned by GSP. In this paper, Akcakoca field development phases are introduced, particulars and different aspects of design and construction activities are presented. Akcakoca Platform is currently the deepest shallow water installation in the Turkish territorial waters and is expected to reach its total peak production rate from the platform wells after all the wells are drilled and completed in the third quarter of 2011.
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A Field Application with Liquid Surfactant for Production Optimization
By Ö. SunalLiquid loading in gas wells is a major concern that causes reduced production and shortening of the well life. Liquid loading arises when a gas well is unable to remove the produced liquids from the wellbore. Gas rates below the critical rate are inefficient to remove the liquid and lead to liquid accumulation in the bottomhole which eventually might kill the well. There are various methods to deliquify gas wells, each of which can be implemented as the optimum method in different cases based on the well specifications. Most of these methods can be unfeasible for highly depleted wells with low reservoir pressures and low flow rates. This study introduces a new field application of deliquification of a gas well in Thrace region in Turkey by continuous liquid surfactant injection down the well. The study focuses on increasing production and recovery from a low pressure gas well with water buildup issue. Laboratory tests have been conducted with brine samples taken from the well to identify the best performing foamer product. The concentration and dosage of the foamer have been determined based on the results of well modeling study. This project is of great importance due to the fact that it is the first application in Turkey in which continuous liquid surfactant injection is performed to unload the accumulated liquid in a gas well. It is an ongoing study; the results of the application will be presented in the paper.
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Electrical & Control Systems of an Unmanned Platform: Akçakoca
By S. SaydereAt this presentation we will introduce basis of electrical power, safety, control, telecommunication and instrumentation systems of an unmanned gas platform. The electrical and control systems are designed according to redundancy, fail safe philosophy and as simple as possible. Except equipments in the control room, all the electrical or electronic equipments are ex-proof or in the ex-proof Junction boxes. The main systems are as follows: Generators: Gas Turbine and Diesel generators, which both of them are exproof. The main advantages are low maintenance, working between %0-100 loads, no problem at following transient currents, etc. Diesel Generator is the redundant one. MCC:) With two ATS, Motor Control Center (MCC) can make selections of the power supplies and all the main power is observed with a power analyzer. MCC is withdrawer type. DC UPS: It is designed for 50 amp nominal. Whenever there is a blackout, it has 3 days DC backup at worst case. It has 12x80 amp charger for fast charging. Control Room is a positive pressured room that is taking it air from unclassified are. It has fully redundant heating, airconditioning and ventilation system. It has special extinguishing, air flow, gas and smoke detections. Nav-Aids is a system to warn with voice and lights surrounding area of the platform according to Solas (Safety of Life at Sea). It consist of 4 lanterns, 1 horn, control systems, batteries, chargers, etc. If there is a blackout, it uses 2 solar rays of panels for supply and charging Auxiliary Equipments: Lighting is consisting of 5 power lines, which consist of both emergency and normal lightning. False loads are for the diesel generator for low power consumption. Heaters are for helping protection from freezing of some equipments and piping. Also, there are various kinds of equipments like intrusion detector, vibration detector, receptacles, etc. Fire detection systems: Fusible pug panel that has 28 fusible plugs around the platform with two lines. As an additive, fire detectors, gas detectors, esd and fire stations, safety transmitters and switches, horns and beacons, etc. Skid base instrumentation systems mainly consist of transmitters, switches, control valves, etc. Wellhead control is with a dedicated wellhead control panel systems which is at side. PLC, telecommunication, onshore control, IO connections. System is with hot redundant PLC, all the Safety Integrity Systems are fail safe IOs.
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The Geothermal Energy Exploration Activities of MTA in Turkey
More LessAs is known, our country has a great potential in terms of geothermal energy. Our Directorate-General plays an important role in the discovery and evaluation of this potential and produces significant projects in this respect. The theoretical geothermal energy potential of Turkey is accepted as 31,500 MWt. In our country, the first geothermal energy exploration studies were initiated by MTA in 1962 in İzmir Balçova. Up to now, 504 wells, having a total depth of 252.515m, have been drilled, and a total of 190 geothermal fields have been discovered, and including the natural discharges, a total of 4550 MWt heat energy has been produced. The number of discovered geothermal fields has increased from 173 to 190 with the drilling activities. In Turkey, geothermal energy is mainly used in thermal tourism, space heating, greenhouse applications, electricity production and industrial mineral (CO2) production. In Turkey, there are 18 geothermal fields, discovered by MTA, which are suitable for geothermal power production. Within these fields, there are 7 fields which are currently used for electricity production and/or in project stage with license. In our country power production from geothermal energy is expected to reach 600 MWe by the end of 2013. The direct use applications of geothermal energy in our country include district heating, greenhouse heating and thermal tourism. Currently, there are 18 settlements which use geothermal for central house heating (81060 Residance Equivalence, 729 MWt), there are 15 fields where greenhouse heating is applied (1989500 m2, 379 MWt) and there are a total of 306 thermal resorts which offer medical treatment and thermal tourism applications. In our department, drilling studies have been initiated in a total of 26 wells that were programmed in 2010, and 19 of these wells have been completed, reaching a total geothermal drilling depth of 21533.15 m. With the completed wells, about 119,38 MWt of energy has been added to the country potential, and only with the wells drilled by our directorate the geothermal energy potential has reached 3906 MWt.
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Geothermal Energy Potential of Turkey
Authors E.D.K. Başel, Ü. Serpen and A. SatmanIn this study the stored heat in the first 3 km depth of Turkey, identified geothermal capacity of known 279 occurrences and geothermal potential of fields in terms of power generation and direct use applications are estimated. Our results revealed that the geothermal resource potential of rocks shallower than 3 km is 3±1x1023 J. The current identified geothermal capacity of the known 279 geothermal localities has reached about 5550 MWt and 5944 MWt on a reference temperature of 20 oC and 15 oC respectively. A total of 122 potential geothermal fields (25 fields suitable for electric power generation, 100 are suitable for nonelectric usages and three of them could be classified for both usages) are evaluated using volumetric reserve estimation method. Monte Carlo type of simulation technique is employed for calculations of estimations. According to Monte Carlo simulation results, 122 fields have a lower limit of 28 500 MWt (cumulative probability; P10) thermal potential assuming that all fields are exploited for direct use only. Taking the results of the Monte Carlo Simulation studies for high temperature geothermal fields the results of P10, P50 and P90 values are calculated as 1055, 1469 and 2105 respectively. The lower limit of Turkey geothermal potential for electricity generation for those 25 high temperature fields is estimated to be 1055 MWe and the corresponding value for direct use to be 22 450 MWt for a reference temperature of 100 oC and 15 oC, respectively. In case of integrated exploitation of those 25 high temperature fields, the corresponding potential for direct use is 12 860 MWt. In case of integrated exploitation of the 25 high temperature fields for both electricity generation and direct use, and the direct use exploitation of all other fields, the direct use potential corresponding to P10 value is 18 910 MWt. Capacity and the potential values given here apply only to known and identified fields already discovered in Turkey. Geothermal heat pumps, the EGS applications, and undiscovered fields are not taken into consideration. With the consideration of these possible applications in future, the potential and capacity values would be much higher than the current values.As a final part of this study the subsurface temperature distribution maps at 500 m and 1000 m depths generated for Turkey and as well as for the Southeastern Anatolia and Thrace Regions are presented.
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Determination of Protection Areas in Geothermal Fields
Authors B. Akan and H. DağıstanAs a general belief, the geothermal systems are regarded as endless natural reservoirs and therefore, they are put into use without the knowledge of the hydrodynamic behavior of the aquifer, an essential knowledge required for an efficient management that will sustain the reservoir. The concept of sustainability has great importance in all energy resources including geothermal energy. From this point of view, the sustainability of geothermal resources related with potection of geothermal springs. In this case the protection areas are of vital importance so as prevent contamination of geothermal reservoir and take measures to prevent possible negative change of pressure and temperature conditions at reservoir. According to data from geology, hydrogeology study and well tests results, the boundary of protection zone of geothermal area should have determined to protect the geothermal reservoir. These boundaries should have shown at geology map and public improvements map. In these boundaries the measures should be taken and put into practice.
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Research of Geothermal Fields by Utilising Potential Field Data
Authors S. Tufan, A. Özdemir and M. DoğanayGravity and magnetic methods, are oriented to potential theory, main geophysical survey methods. Generally, on the exhaustive fields, available to research of the whole mineral property (mineral, oil, geothermal etc.), detailed geological survey, other geophysical survey and drilling studies oriented for determining target fields and additionally, in the world and Turkey, fields of application are on the increase on the grounds that these methods are low-priced. Gravity method is affected from the gravitational field and magnetic method is affected from the magnetic field. Underground, heterogenous structure, consists of mineral condensations form to magmatic, sedimentary, metamorphic and economical richness. These rocks and mineral condensations are different density and magnetic susceptibility at the different depths and sizes. All of the differences cause to variations on the vertical component of the acceleration of gravity and magnetic field. These variations are measured by special improved tools and the basis of gravity and magnetic methods is evaluation and interpretation of these measurements. The bouguer correction of the magnetic data, transformation of magnetic data to gravity data, approximation from the power spectrum to geological structure depth, determination of approximately boundaries of the geological structure causing to this anomaly, geologically 2B modelling of the aerial magnetic data and 3B modelling by means of prisms methods use for the interpretation of the aerial magnetic data and modeling of the geological structure causing to this anomaly. Determination of the compatibility to the geothermal survey of a field, at first, local geology, geophysical (aerial magnetic and regional gravity), elevation and satellite image data should be analysed in common. And later, detailed surveys (geological mapping, geochemical sampling, geophysical and drilling works) should be done. It is clear that if it is standardised to be done of locally preliminary investigations with potential field data (aerial magnetic and regional gravity) before than licence purchase, field purchase-recirculate and detailed surveys, it will make a great contribution to the sector. In this study, research of geothermal fields by utilising the aerial magnetic and regional gravity data investigated by examples. Advantages of locally preliminary prospecting by using potential field data before than detailed researches at the geothermal surveys and best available results have been presented by this study.
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Sedimentary Facies and Depositional Environments of the Upper Triassic Carbonate-Evaporite Succession of Denizli-Kızılyer (SW Anatolia, Turkey)
Authors H. Alçiçek, B. Varol and A. GandinThe Upper Triassic carbonate-evaporite Kızılyer unit, which outcrops mainly in southeastern Denizli area (SW Turkey), occurs as a tectonic slice within the carbonate and ophiolithic units of allochthonous Lycian nappes (Alçiçek et al, 2003; Gündoğan et al., 2008). It consists of interbedded layers of sulphates (anhydrite/gypsum), dolostone and dolomitic limestones represented by: Lithofacies-I: dark gray homogeneous dolostone, including three microfacies: mudstone: dolomicrite, with rare ostracods and ghosts of foraminifers; wackestone-packestone: dolobiomicrosparite, including peloids, foraminifers, rare ostracods and echinoderm plates with syntaxial overgrowths; and bioclastic packstone: composed of ostracods, ossicles of echinoderms/crinoids and peloids; and Lithofacies-II: light-dark grey dolomitic limestone with fenestral fabrics, including two microfacies: cryptalgal boundstone composed of discontinuous cryptalgal laminae which fragments are separated by dolosparitic or sulphate cements and ostracod/peloidal packstone-grainstone: made up of alternating layers containing ostracods, algal aggregates and traces of hyaline foraminifers. Sedimentological and micropalaeontological evidences indicate that Kızılyer succession was deposited in protected environments of the peritidal zone of a shallow inner ramp under a tropical/arid climate.
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Mineralogical and Petrographic Features of the Hydrothermal Alteration Around Sandıklı (Afyon) Geothermal Field
Authors D. Okur, İ. Gündoğan, İ.H. Kahramanderesi, Y. Yücel-Öztürk, C. Helvacı and E. KanlıThe study area is located in the Sandıklı district, 40 km southwest of Afyon city. The area was intensely affected by hydrothermal alteration and geothermal systems related to tectonic and volcanic activities during the western Anatolian Neo-tectonic period. Miocene volcanic activity in the Sandıklı district produced alkaline lavas and calc-alkaline pyroclastic rocks. There are many examples of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization occurrences within the investigated area. The basement rocks consist of low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Afyon zone. The hydrothermal alteration can be traced from Hüdai thermal water to the north and east in the Sandıklı volcanic rocks. The borehole data indicate that the effects of hydrothermal alterations continue further depths. Mineral paragenesis of the alteration is studied and revealed by mineralogical and petrographic studies from the borehole samples. Silicification and chalcedony plus hematite occurrences are extensive at the depth of 50-60 meters of AFS 12 and 13. Marcasite and sericite with pyrite and hematite abundances increases further depths. Euhedral Fe-Ti oxides are seen at the interval of 110-180 m interval. In addition to these, sanidine and euhedral pyroxene (augite) with primary apatite and titanomagnetite minerals are also observed. The Seydişehir formation is cut at the depth of 316 m of AFS 15. Furthermore, fractured and sulfured zones are cut at the depth of 136, 179, 217, 452, 484 and 598 meters, respectively. The Seydişehir formation is cut at the depth of 312 m of AFS 16, and fractured and sulfured zones are cut at the depth of 244, 246, 396, 478, 634, 638, 654, 678, 916 and 920 meters, respectively. In the AFS 17, the Seydişehir formation is cut at 332 m and sulfured zones are observed at the depth of 156, 260, 304, 380, 762 and 960 meters. The borehole data indicate that Hüdai quartzite is second reservoir rock. Hüdai quartzite is observed at 500 meter. The project aims are targeted to obtain higher temperatures at 7 holes studied, in addition to the previous bore holes. The basement rocks show different sequences in these 7 holes. Main production zone is revealed from Hüdai quartzite. In the Hüdai quartzite, hydrothermal mineralization riches and thermal water temperature increases with depth. Production temperatures are given depend on productions. The study is still on progress in order to obtain further data from the geothermal field. Key words: Hydrothermal alteration, Alteration mineralogy, Geothermal resources, Western Anatolia, Sandıklı geothermal field.
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3D Subsurface Modeling of Gümüşköy Geothermal Area, Aydın, Turkey
Authors S. Akar, O. Atalay, Ö.Ç. Kuyumcu, U.D. Solaroğlu, S. Arzuman and B. ÇolpanIn this study, 3D subsurface model of the Gümüşköy Geothermal Area was generated to identify geology and geothermal system using existing information of various sources. In this perspective, Petrel® modeling software was used to prepare 3D lithology, structural geology, resistivity, and temperature models within the study area. Western Anatolia, where the study area is placed, exhibits a unique importance as it governs most of the geothermal producing systems in Turkey. BM Engineering and Construction Inc. started early exploration studies for Gümüşköy region in 2005 and during five years of period different sources of data including geology, geochemistry, geophysics and well logs have been collected. Geothermal System of Gümüşköy can be defined as hot-water dominated convective hydrothermal resource with deep circulation of water along fractures settled in the Büyük Menderes Graben (BMG). The methodology that we followed was composed of four stages; Data input, Structural Modeling, Property Modeling and Uncertainty. Data input stage includes both conventional and GIS format data. Structural modeling defines the skeleton of the 3D model including Fault Model, Grid mesh, Model Horizons and Zones. Property Modeling is the output stage where, 3D subsurface models like lithology, resistivity, temperature, and pressure were generated. Lithology model has been built using both deterministic and stochastic approaches. Deterministic approach gave more realistic results but there is always uncertainty which can be corrected with the new wells drilled. Resistivity/ Temperature model built with different algorithms such as; Minimum Curvature, Gaussian Random Function Simulation (GRFS), trend operation and co-krigging. On the whole, GRFS with collocated co-krigging found to be the optimum solution. Uncertainty expresses the quality of the work done and defines the level of ambiguity. An uncertainty analysis has been conducted to the selected model with probabilistic calculations. All of the relevant data have been investigated to build a suitability model and consistency of the model has also been proved by the new well drilled in the area. Constructing a 3D subsurface model helped for visualizing and understanding of structural framework, geology and interactions of geothermal system. This model will be used as the basis of a 3D numerical modeling (dynamic) of the reservoir.
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Supplemantary Cementitious Materials in Geothermal Wells
By B. AlpIn Geothermal and hot wells, conventional cement slurries, which is cement and silica mixture composition, prepared in Turkey and also in TPAO. To catch up with the required properties for the slurry (thickening time, fluid loss, strength..etc), too much additives need to be used. This increases the costs of the cementing operation. Therefore, pplicability cementitious materials like slag and fly ash were added to cement with silica. Their performance was investigated according to the results of the analysis; thickening time, strength, fluid loss and flow properties. The aim of this study is to increase the pplicability of these additives in geothermal wells.
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Acoustic Structure of Eastern Black Sea Continental Slope, Shallow Gas and BSRs: Preliminary Results
Authors S. Okay, G. Çifçi, D. Dondurur, S. Özel, H.M. Küçük, S. Gürçay, D.C. Kim and S.-H. Baents, geology of the seafloor and existence of the mud volcanoes to understand the economical potential of the area. This is a collaborative bilateral project which is funded by both TÜBİTAK and KRF in Korea. The second leg of this Project was the acquisition of high resolution multichannel seismic reflection and chirp data with the participation of Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology (IMST) and Pukyong National University (PKNU) in the Easternmost Black Sea. The aim of the project; the formation and destabilization of gas hydrates, the various forms of hydrocarbon seepage (seabed pockmarks, mud volcanoes, leaking faults)and the mapping of shallow gas and gas hydrates in both Eastern Black Sea and Gwangway Bay in south Korea. Thereby geophysical and geological investigations will determine the hydrocarbon reserves of Easternmost Black Sea. Data acquisition was held in October 2010 onboard R/V K.Piri Reis which belongs to Dokuz Eylül University. Data acqusition and processing are carried out by acoustic and seismic equipments of SeisLab at IMST. Big amount of slumps and slides at the eastern Black Sea continental slope area are evident. And also wide zones of shallow gas accumulations and BSR’s are observed. There are few extant investigations on gas accumulations and gas hydrate formations at the Eastern Black Sea coasts of Turkey.
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