- Home
- Conferences
- Conference Proceedings
- Conferences
Second EAGE Workshop on Iraq
- Conference date: 15 Sep 2013 - 18 Sep 2013
- Location: Deep Sea, Jordan
- ISBN: 978-90-73834-63-7
- Published: 15 September 2013
21 - 38 of 38 results
-
-
Petroleum Systems of Iraqi Oil Fields
More LessOil and gas fields in Iraq are distributed in geographic locations with giant oil fields toward the east and giant gas field toward the west of Iraq, except Diala region that have separated gas and oil fields in the north east. Farther more, their reservoirs are scattered in stratigraphic successions. On the basis of Crude oil analysis mainly by GC, GC/MS, source rock assessments mainly by pyrolysis analysis and palynofacie, structural cross and seismic sections, as well as petrophysical properties and PetroMod software basin modeling; Iraqi oil accumulations could be grouped into varieties of total or formational petroleum systems. These petroleum systems could be used for hydrocarbon exploration and for mineral genesis through systematic studies and analysis in the proposed oil field.
-
-
-
Logging While Drilling in Kurdistan's First Horizontal Well Enhances Production Rates
Authors M. El Guindy and S.P. KellyThe Bastora 1-A well is a horizontal side track well drilled in DNO’s original Bastora-1 vertical exploration well. The application of logging while drilling tools enabled the first horizontal well in Kurdistan to hit the target and enhance production in a difficult wellbore environment. The horizontal section was drilled through an oil filled carbonate zone using logging while drilling sensors in order to establish maximum flow rates by penetrating multiple fracture systems. Throughout the drilling phase LWD was used to verify the optimal trajectory was being followed by analyzing the logging data. By acquiring the data in real-time while drilling it was possible to intervene and correct the well trajectory when required. The horizontal well was drilled on the correct trajectory and increased the original well production more than five times to an initial 2000-2300 bopd with a crude oil of 18-19 API. The flow has since normalized at 1700-1800 bopd. It was vital to collect this data while drilling as the high angles, doglegs, and general borehole instability would have proved to be problematic for traditional wireline logging. Without the application of this technology the wellbore placement would have proven to be extremely difficult.
-
-
-
Taming Majnoon Giant Producers with Parallel Dual Mobile Test Separator Setup
Authors S. Ashesh, T. Narwal, G.C. Duncan, S. Alharthy, A. Turkey, M. Mohamed and A.G.A. MahdiWell Production testing is a key surveillance activity for determining well performance and hence a fundamental ingredient for successful well and reservoir management. Key measurements, such as flow rate, fluid properties, composition, pressure, and temperature—all captured at live well conditions—help identify what is happening downhole and at the surface with greater certainty. It was planned to carry out the routine production testing of all the asset wells. However, the mobile test separator unit contracted from the vendor was inadequate for testing nearly two-thirds of all the wells at larger choke sizes to obtain the critical well performance data. To counter this challenge, two independent and identical mobile test separators were used in parallel configuration. The paper describes the various technical, practical and operation problems encountered and solved to successfully and accurately test seven oil producer wells (until the time of writing the abstract). The individual well data is being used to model well performance and a comprehensive picture of the dynamics across the reservoirs is being made through interpreting data from multiple wells. After these successful field trials, the vendor is proposing this solution to other operators in Iraq.
-
-
-
Turning a Drain into a Resource: the MOD Water Treatment Plant Project
Authors M. Iovane, F. Sacco and M.R. MonteloneThe availability of water supply sources for water injection strongly influences achieving Southern Iraq Oilfields development targets and it is representing a key challenge to both SOC and Internation Oil Companies to meet their common objectives. eni Iraq B.V., as Lead Contractor of the Consortium for the development of a giant oilfield, has evaluated different alternatives of water supply to ensure the availability of the right quantities of water at the right time. The evaluation carried out and the required assessment have been performed along with the Field Operating Division and in cooperation with South Oil Company (SOC). The outcomes of such evaluation led to identify the Main Outfall Drain (MOD) as a suitable raw water source that would cover part of the water needs to unlock the potentiality of and support the development of the field.
-
-
-
Halfaya Modern 3D Seismic Data Set for Optimized Development
Authors D.F. Chenot, T. Ping and Z. Zhang TianyingThe Halfaya field, discovered in 1976, is located in the south area of Iraq towards the border with Iran in the Amara region. The field structure is an anticline of about 10 km width by 30 km length with several oil bearing reservoirs of Cretaceous to Miocene age. These reservoirs in either carbonates or clastics formations contain volumes of hydrocarbons over 15 Gbbl OOIP. The production started in 2005 with 5 wells after a campaign of 7 exploration wells in 8 formations (Fig.1). A fast track seismic acquisition, processing and interpretation were carried out in order to enable the interpretation and integration of results in G&G studies for the optimization of the Final Development Plan.
-
-
-
Advanced InSAR Technology for Reservoir Monitoring and Reservoir Geomechanical Model Calibration
Authors S. del Conte, A. Belson, A. Tamburini, A. Rucci and S. Cespad measuring the performance of producing hydrocarbon reservoirs, for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), Underground Gas Storage (UGS). Mapping surface displacement due to either fluid extraction/injection or fault reactivation, usually requires hundreds of measurement points to be detected per square km with millimetre-level precision, which is both time consuming and expensive to obtain from traditional monitoring techniques but can be readily obtained with InSAR. Moreover, advanced InSAR techniques, such as PSInSAR™ (Ferretti et al. 2001) and SqueeSAR™ (Ferretti et al. 2011), developed over the last decade, are capable of providing millimetre precision (comparable to optical levelling) and a high spatial density of displacement measurements over long periods of time without requiring the installation of equipment or otherwise accessing the study area. SAR measurements can be used to calibrate geo-mechanical models, thus constraining the subsurface deformation related to fluid extraction/injection from underground reservoirs. An example relevant to the Tengiz oil field (Kazakhstan) is briefly presented below.
-
-
-
Vertical Accuracy of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) & Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emmision & Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Data
Authors M. Bonnici, G. Sacchi, S. Scagliotti, P. Torchi, D. Naeem and A.T. AjeelDigital Elevation data produced by NASA’s Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) are currently the most detailed publicly available, free-of-cost, near-global Digital Elevation Models (DEM). While generally very successful in collecting complete and accurate elevation data, the missions C-band radars had limitations over specific landscapes, including sand deserts, marsh lands and urban areas such as typically found in the Republic of Iraq. This paper presents the results of a validation study using data from ground surveys during the 3D seismic campaign in Iraq over differing terrain morphology. It tests a) the accuracy of finished Level 2 SRTM DEM data and ASTER data; and b) the performance of an interpolation procedure that is routinely applied to fill SRTM data voids on a global scale. The results show that SRTM data consistently meets its own accuracy specifications, with a Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) of 1.3 to 5.2 m. Interpolated void-filled data achieved lower accuracy, with RMSE of approximately 7 m for an area of smaller dunes, and RMSE of 14 m within an extensive field of strongly undulating terrain with heights of more than 20 m, meaning that the accuracy specification of SRTM data in this area is not met. It is concluded that void-filling by interpolation in areas of extensive marsh or urban areas do not reproduce the representative topography of such a landscape and that spatially higher resolved elevation data is needed to achieve this via interpolation.
-
-
-
Enhanced Stratigraphic Resolution of the Mishrif Formation by Integrating Biostratigraphy and Chemostratigraphy, Rumaila Field, Southern Iraq
Authors K. Ryder, C. Lehmann, B. Vincent and P. MorrisA detailed chemostratigraphic and biostratigraphic study was performed on the upper Cretaceous Mishrif formation of the Rumaila field, Southern Iraq. Eleven historical cores were selected and sampled for δ13C, 87Sr/86Sr and biostratigraphic analysis to complement the detailed sedimentological descriptions of the cores. This data taken across the field area has allowed an increased understanding into the depositional setting and relative ages within the Mishrif formation as well as providing a detailed stratigraphic framework which can be used alongside the sedimentological sequence stratigraphy and carried into uncored wells.
-
-
-
3D Facies and Petrophysical Modeling in Carbonate Mishrif Reservoir
Authors B. Al-Baldawi and S.N. Al-JawadThe Mishrif Formation in the studied wells is a result of continuous deposition on shallow carbonate platform that developed throughout the middle Cretaceous in South eastern Iraq. Petrographic study and microfacies analyses distinctly revealed six main subenvironment. These are lagoon, back shoal, shoal, Rudist biostrome, slope and basin environments.According to logs interpretation, Mishrif Formation is divided into seven reservoir units separated by dense limestone of seal beds.The reservoir units MA, MB11, and MB13 are the most important in Amara field because it is characterized by good reservoir properties and represent the principle oil bearing units in Mishrif Formation.
-
-
-
Palynomorph Stratigraphy, Palynofacies and Organic Geochemistry Assessments for Hydrocarbon Generation of Ratawi Formation
Authors T.K. Al-Ameri and A.H. Al-EgabiDinoflagellates, spores and pollen are extracted by palynological techniques from these rocks. Accordingly, Hauterivian and late Valanginian ages are suggested for their span of depositional time. These palynomorphs with other organic matter constituents, are used to delineate three palynofacies types that explain organic matter accumulation sites and their ability to generate hydrocarbons. Palaeoenvironments of these sites was mainly suboxic to anoxic with deposition of inshore and neritic marine environments especially for palynofacies type 2. Total organic matters of up to 1.75 TOC wt% and early mature stage of up to 3.7 TAI are used for hydrocarbon generation assessment. Rock-Eval pyrolysis Outcomes and data calculations of these analyses are plotted on diagrams of kerogen types and hydrocarbon potential. Theses organic matter have reached the mature stage of up to Tmax=438 ºC, hydrogen index of up to 600 milligram hydrocarbons for each gram of TOC wt% and mainly low TOC (0.50- 1.55). Accordingly, this formation could generate fair quantities of hydrocarbons in Baghdad oil field and Basrah oil fields. Organic matters of this formation in the fields of Euphrates subzone extends from Hilla to Nasiriyah cities have not reached mature stage and hence not generated hydrocarbons from the Ratawi Formation.
-
-
-
Hydrocarbon Potential of the Sargelu Formation, North Iraq
By A.A. NajafMicroscopic and chemical analysis of 85 rock samples from exploratory wells and outcrops in northern Iraq indicate that limestone, black shale, and marl within the Middle Jurassic Sargelu Formation contain abundant oil-prone organic matter. For example, one 7-m (23-ft) thick section averages 442 mg HC/g S2 and 439°C Tmax (Rock-Eval pyrolysis analyses) and 16 wt% TOC. The organic matter, comprised principally of brazinophyte algae, dinoflagellate cysts, spores, pollen, foraminiferal test linings, and phytoclasts, was deposited in a distal, suboxic to anoxic basin and can be correlated with kerogens classified as Type A and Type B or, alternatively as Type II. The level of thermal maturity is within the oil window with TAI = 3‾ to 3+, based on microspore color of light yellowish brown to brown. Accordingly, good hydrocarbon generation potential is predicted for this formation. Terpane and sterane biomarker distributions, as well as stable isotope values, were determined for oils and potential source rock extracts to determine valid oil-to-source rock correlations. Two subfamily carbonate oil types-one of Middle Jurassic age (Sargelu) carbonate rock and the other of Upper Jurassic/Cretaceous age-as well as a different oil family related to Triassic marls, were identified based on multivariate statistical analysis (HCA & PCA). Middle Jurassic subfamily A oils from Demir Dagh oil field correlate well with rich, marginally mature, Sargelu source rocks in well MK-2 near the city of Baiji. In contrast, subfamily B oils have a greater proportion of R28 steranes, indicating they were generated from Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous carbonates such as those at Gillabat oil field north of Mansuriyah Lake. Oils from Gillabat field thus indicate a lower degree of correlation with the Sargelu source rocks than do oils from Demir Dagh field. One-dimension, petroleum-system models of key wells were developed using IES PetroMod Software to evaluate burial-thermal history, source-rock maturity, and the timing and extent of petroleum generation; interpreted well logs served as input to the models. The oil-generation potential of sulfur-rich Sargelu source rocks was simulated using closed-system, Type II-S kerogen kinetics. Model results indicate that throughout northern Iraq generation and expulsion of oil from the Sargelu began and ended in the late Miocene. At present, Jurassic source rocks might have generated and expelled between 70 and 100% of their total oil.
-
-
-
Basement Relief Maps for Central & Southern Iraq from Gravity and Magnetic Data
Authors F.R. Al-Rawi and A.M. Al-RahimBasement surface relief map for central and southern Iraq is constructed from magnetic data. The estimated depth values are calculated by two dimensional spectral analysis techniques. The smooth depth map has general characteristics features that the depth values increased towards NE direction. The difference between the non smoothed and smoothed basement maps produce the surface relief features of the basement. Areas of high and low relief zones are defined and delineating uplifted blocks and troughs, making continuous features with lateral deviations as faults where they due to the various forces acted in the area. These zones probably influenced the sedimentary cover and created an accompanied various structural features and fault trends. The possibility of studying the main structures of the main oil fields, the river courses and marshes areas are also can be linked with low areas.
-
-
-
Late Campanian – Maastrichtian Sequence Stratigraphy from Kurdistan Foreland Basin, N. Iraq
By F.A. AmeenThe late cretaceous reservoir manifested by thick sequence of more than 1000 m of siliciclastics and Rudist carbonates within Zagros Fold–Thrust Belt, Kurdistan region, Northeast Iraq. The Late Cretaceous Kurdistan Foreland Basin was formed as a result of the ophiolites –radiolarites obduction of the Iranian plate on the Arabian plate. The studied successions from oil wells and outcrops are comprised are identified as third order cycle. The transgressive system tract manifests as marine hemi pelagic facies of the Shiranish Formation (late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian). Almost indicates the last Maximum flooding surface during the cretaceous with planktonic lime mudstone facies. The distal turbidites facies manifest highstand system tract (Early to middle Maastrchtain -Tanjero Formation).The overlying late highstand system tract represents either by the proximal turbidites, when there is tectonic influence, or during the quiescence times by the Hippurites reefal (late Maastrchtian-Aqra Formation). The overlying molasses facies associations of the Red Bed Series are separated by sequence boundary of type one, (more than 200mconglomerate). Accordingly, Kurdistan Foreland basin geometry and facies associations was mostly controlled by the reactivation of the deep cited transversal faults in additions to Eustatic sea level changes
-
-
-
Reservoir Characterization of Shuaiba Formation (Aptian), Khabaz Oil Field, Kirkuk Area, NE Iraq
Authors B. Al-Qayim and F. QadirThe Shuaiba Formation (Aptian) of Kirkuk area is an extensive shelf carbonate extends over most of central and southern Iraq, and far beyond onto the Arabian Gulf region forming one of the most important Cretaceous reservoir of the Middle East region. The first oil well (Kz-1) was drilled in August of 1976 which was penetrated the Shuaiba Formation section and reveals oil accumulation of 32 API type with considerable reserves.
-
-
-
Alternative Water Source Case History
More LessThe oil field under investigation is characterized by two main geological formations, the upper one which is a carbonate and the lower one that is sandstone. In this field the injection is required to support the reservoir pressure, which is decreasing due to oil production as the development plans are implemented. While the current water supplies from the nearby river will not totally be able to supply the immediate injection needs, the field will be short of injection water required until the main water project becomes available. In order to cope with this shortage, alternative water sources were investigated and among them it was identified the regional saline aquifer as the most promising, this aquifer is located between the two main geological formations.
-
-
-
SNL and HPT Logging Tools
Authors Y. Kvon, G. Morra, A. Khadim, S. Scagliotti, P. Torchi, D. Naeem and G.A. GalliThe reservoir monitoring in producing fields is a critical input for developing an effective reservoir management strategy. The integration of Spectral Noise Logging tool (SNL) with the High Precision Temperature gauges (HPT) provides a good technique for a volumetric assessment of behind tubing and behind casing flow profiles. Both the SNL and HPT logging tools have large radius of investigation and provide significant information to enhance reservoir characterization, monitor sweep efficiency, and identify residual hydrocarbons in flushed and invaded zones. The actual flow pattern around the wellbore can be used to improve history matching, plan more effective remedial jobs, optimize production, and enhance recovery through better reservoir management. This paper describes the main principles of the SNL-HPT technology, the acquisition methods and interpretation principles and some blind casesapplications performed in an oil field, both in producers and water injectors characterized by natural dump flooding technique. The main objectives of these applications consisted of well investigations: behind tubing and behind casing flow, identification and localization of fractures, evaluation of well production optimization activities, identification and localization of injection volumes outside the logging interval, monitoring of water injection/production profiles and others.
-
-
-
3D Seismic Project in Southern Iraq
Authors R. Delle Vedove, F. Piccoli, K. Hughes, G. Doughty, S. Scagliotti, P. Torchi, D. Naeem, A.T. Ajeel and C. ChinigoOver many years 3D seismic has become a standard exploration and production tool providing meaningful and helpful images of the desired objectives. Seismic operations are conducted in many different environments, ranging from desert areas through arctic wildness, jungles, mountains, transition zones and out into the deep oceans. The seismic project encountered urban areas, international airport, densely populated farmlands ( mostly in the South-West area), military restricted areas (Airbase, Army barracks, etc.), gas and oil infrastructures (Oil refinery, Gas plant, DGS, well sites, etc), open desert, sabkha, environmentally sensitive marshland, open water areas and archaeologically sensitive areas. All of these areas were subjected to recent military conflicts and contain hazardous military waste (UXO, ERW, ammunitions, landmines, projectiles, etc.).
-
-
-
Application of ERT Method for Fault Detection; Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Authors H. Hashemi, M.A. Shahrabi and A. AzadiThis study is done about an area where is to build a dam near Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. Sulaymaniyah is one of the most important cities in Iraq especially in Kurdistan. This city is developing gradually and it involves preparing suitable rural and urban facilities and infra structures. This rivers in the area are surrounded by relatively high attitude mountains which can supply sufficient water reservoirs for the city and its suburbs. In the north of the Sulaymaniyah there is a mountainous area on which a river passes through the valleys and has the potential to be an important water reservoir. Hence a project with aim of making a dam on the river is started. In this study a known geophysical method is used to study the water potential of the dam.
-