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Paleozoic of Northern Gondwana and Its Petroleum Potential A Field Workshop
- Conference date: 09 Sep 2012 - 14 Sep 2012
- Location: Kayseri, Turkey
- Published: 09 September 2012
41 - 44 of 44 results
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Devonian
Authors M.N. Yalçin, A. Wehrmann, E. Schindler, I. Yilmaz, V. Wilde, A. Nazik, N. Bozdoğan, R. Özkan, H. Kozlu, R. Brocke and Istanbul UniversityNon-metamorphic Devonian units of different litho-types and of different paleogeographic origin in Turkey are parts of thick Paleozoic sedimentary successions of the Pontides, Taurides and the Arabian Plate. A broad overview about the Devonian of Turkey resulting from numerous previous studies is given by Yalç›n& Y›lmaz (2010). Devonian rocks of Gondwanan origin are represented as deposits of the Arabian Plate in Southeastern Anatolia and along the entire mountain belt of the Taurus in southern Turkey. At present, both terranes are separated from each other by an Alpine suture zone, the Bitlis-Zagros Orogenic Belt (fiengör and Y›lmaz, 1981). However, during the almost entire Paleozoic they were parts of a continuous terrane at the northeastern margin of Gondwana. The continuity of the Paleozoic units in Southern Turkey, which were deposited on the northern margin of northeastern Gondwana, ended at the beginning of Mesozoic due to the opening of the Neotethys Ocean. The southeastern part of the former Paleozoic terrane remained on the northern margin of the Arabian Plate to the south of the new ocean, while the Taurus and Menderes Blocks attained a position north of it. Closure of the Neotethys Ocean by subduction and subsequent collision led to imbrication of the Menderes-Taurus Block and many slices were thrust onto each other. Thus, collision-related tectonics resulted in the complex structure of the Taurides and a very complicated geology.
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Carboniferous
Authors D. Altiner, N. Şahin, H. Sancay and Middle East Technical UniversityFollowing the pioneering studies of Blumenthal (1944) who reported the presence of Permocarboniferous successions in the eastern Taurides the Carboniferous in the autochthonous belt was named for the first time in an unpublished MTA report as the Ziyarettepe Limestone by Demirtafll› (1967). The type-locality is near the Gümüflali Village located between the towns of Tufanbeyli and Sar›z. This formation was later studied by Özgül et al. (1973) in the outcrops close to the Naltafl Village located to the SW of the Town of Tufanbeyli. These authors modified the name of the unit as the Ziyarettepe Formation due to the heterogenous nature of its lithology and defined the stratigraphic position of the formation as conformable over the Gümüflali Formation of Late Devonian age and unconformable with the overlying Y›¤›l›tepe Formation of Permian age. According to Özgül et al. (1973) the formation consists of three distinct lithologies from bottom to top. Overlying the sandstones of the Gümüflali Formation, the unit, measuring 340 m, starts with limestoneshale alternations at the base, continues with a distinct quartz sandstone in the middle and is capped by a limestone unit at the top. They assigned an Early Carboniferous age to the formation based on brachiopods and corals. Later, Özgül (1976) in his classification of the tectonic units of Taurides depicted the stratigraphy of the Tufanbeyli region including the Ziyarettepe Formation as one of the reference sections of his Geyik Da¤› Unit. Demirtafll› et al. (1978) studied the Carboniferous Ziyarettepe Formation from the Tufanbeyli-Sar›z region in the eastern Taurides. Along the road section from P›narbafl› to Sar›z, they divided the formation into three informal members. Overlying the carbonates and clastics of the uppermost Devonian (Etroeungtian ?) the lower member consisting of bituminous, platy and argillaceous limestones containing brachiopods were assigned to the Lower to Middle Tournaisian. The overlying member composed of shale, sandstone and sandy limestone intercalations was considered as Middle to Upper Tournaisian based again on brachiopods. The third member comprising mainly limestones was studied with corals, brachiopods and foraminifers and a Middle Tournaisian to Early Visean age was given to the unit. Following these studies the Ziyarettepe Formation of Carbonifeorus age was recognized and studied in several localities of the eastern Taurides, comprising Gürün-Sar›z-Tufanbeyli-Saimbeyli-Feke and Kozan areas both for stratigraphic and petroleum exploration purposes (Kurtman, 1978; Metin et al., 1983, 1986, 1990; Tutkun, 1984, Demirel & Kozlu, 1997; Demirel, 2004 and Özgül & Kozlu, 2002). Among these studies, Metin et al. (1986) made a considerable modification in the nomenclature of the formation. These authors named the lower part of the unit comprising gray coloured, thin- to medium-bedded carbonates and detritics as the Tuzludere Formation and the overlying sandstones as the Kuflkayas› Sandstone. They restricted the definition of the Ziyarettepe Formation to a limestone level occurring in the upper part of the unit and renamed it as the Ziyarettepe Limestone. In more recent years, Ero¤lu-Nalc›o¤lu (2003) carried out a study based on brachiopods in the lower part of the Ziyarettepe Formation named as the Naltafl Member by Plodowski & Salanc› (1990). According to Ero¤lu-Nalc›o¤lu (2003) this member is Late Famennian to Tournasian in age and the Devonian-Carbonifeorus boundary lies at the base of bituminous shales overlying the sandy or silty limestone-marl alternations of latest Famennian age. Göncüo¤lu et al. (2004), following Plodowski & Salanc› (1990), described the Ziyarettepe Formation in a fourfold subdivision. The lowermost sandy limestone with dark marly limestone intercalations was defined as the Naltafl Member of Plodowski & Salanc› (1990) who assigned a Strunian age (latest Devonian) to this unit based on brachiopods, trilobites and palynological data. Göncüo¤lu et al. (2004) also reported some conodont data of latest Devonian age from this unit. The rest of the succession comprising black shale; dark coloured, thin-bedded clayey limestone and sandstone; marly and sandy limestone, shale and cross-bedded sandstone and the uppermost limestone level was placed in the Carbonifeorus.
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Permian
Authors D. Altiner, N. Şahin and Middle East Technical UniversityDefined for the first time in an unpublished report by Demirtafll› (1967) the type section of the Y›¤›l›tepe Formation is located 1 km south of the Kataras› Village in the Tufanbeyli area. Özgül et al. (1973) studied this formation both in the Tufanbeyli and Naltafl areas and described the formation as consisting of two contrasting lithologies. Measuring 200 m in thickness, the unit starts at the base with quartz sandstones including pockets of bauxite and continues upward with a thick carbonate deposit rich in algae and foraminifera. According to Özgül et al. (1973) the formation rests on the older Paleozoic units with an unconformity and is overlain conformably by the Kataras› Formation consisting of argillaceous and silty limestones, claystones and shales. Özgül (1976) reillustrated the Y›¤›l›tepe Formation in the generalized columnar section of the Tufanbeyli region depicting the rocks of Cambrian to Eocene age as one of the reference sections of his Geyik Da¤› Unit largely exposed in the eastern Taurides. Özgül (1976) defined in the Y›¤›l›tepe Formation two distinct quartz sandstone levels, one at the bottom of the formation overlying the unconformity surface and the second as a layer intercalated within the carbonate rocks. Demirtafll› et al. (1978), mentioning about the type section of the formation measuring 800 m at Y›¤›l›tepe, described the base of the Y›¤›l›tepe Formation along the P›narbafl›-Sar›z road with a distinct bauxite level. According to these authors this lithology defines the unconformity between the Ziyarettepe Formation of Early Carboniferous age and the Y›¤›l›tepe Formation with well-bedded limestone levels intercalated with carbonaceous black shale partings. Demirtafll› et al. (1978) stated also that the Y›¤›l›tepe Limestone is unconformably overlain along this section by the Köro¤lu Tepe Limestone of Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age. The Y›¤›l›tepe Formation has been mapped and studied later in several different localities of the eastern Tauride autochthon including Gürün, Sar›z, De¤irmentafl, Tufanbeyli (Keklikoluk-Kataras›), Do¤anbeyli-Obruktafl, Naltafl, Saimbeyli, Himmetli-Ümmetufla¤›, Feke and Kozan areas (Kurtman, 1978; Zaninetti et al., 1981; Metin et al., 1983, 1986, 1990; Tutkun, 1984; Alt›ner, 1984; Yetifl, 1988; Atabey, 1993; Atabey et al., 1997; Demirel & Kozlu, 1997; Demirel, 2004; Özgül & Kozlu, 2002; Göncüo¤lu et al., 2004). Among these studies reporting only the known stratigraphic description of the Y›¤›l›tepe Formation Metin et al. (1983) gave more information about the type locality of the Y›¤›l›tepe Formation located 30 km southwest of the Town of Sar›z, close to the Kataras› Village. According to these authors, the formation, overlying the Gümüflali Formation of Late Devonian age, starts with a bauxitic level at the base and continues upward with well-bedded limestones intercalated with dark coloured shale beds. Apart from the routine paleontological identifications given in the fossil lists of most authors who mapped and studied the Y›¤›l›tepe Formation there are basically three important paleontological studies. Sakagami (1976) reported the bryozoa assemblages from the Saimbeyli area but without too much emphasis on the chronostratigraphic value of these fossils. The most important plaeontological study was carried out by Zaninetti et al. (1981) who studied four sections from the Naltafl area and described the foraminifers of the Y›¤›l›tepe Formation resting on the Ziyarettepe Formation of Mississippian age. These authors, after giving detailed taxonomical descriptions of foraminifera including biseriamminids, hemigordiopsids, pseudovidalinids, divided the Y›¤›l›tepe Formation into three chronostratigraphic intervals as Upper Murgabian (=Wordian), Capitanian/Djulfian (=Capitanian to Wuchiapingian) and Lower Dorashamian (=Lower Changhsingian). They considered a stratigraphic gap corresponding to the Late Changhsingian between the Y›¤›l›tepe Formation and the base of the Kataras› Formation of Early Triassic age.
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The Presence Of The Aladağ And Yahyali Nappes In The Eastern Taurides (Afşın-Malatya) And Their Tectonostratigraphic Characteristics
Authors Y. Bedi, H. Yusufoğlu, D. Usta and C. OkuyucuIn the study area located at Eastern Taurides, there are different structural units with different lithology, age and degree of metamorphism, displaying thrust fault tectonic relationship with each other (Figs.1a,b). These from bottom to top, are volcanics and pelagic sediments of Middle Triassic - Cretaceous Koçali Complex (Perinçek, 1978), amphibolite facies schist and marble of Precambrian - lower Paleozoic Pütürge Metamorphics (Perinçek, 1978) and Guleman Ophiolites (Erdoğan, 1977). The Pütürge Metamorphics are cut by Upper Cretaceous Şifrin granitoides of mafic affinity. Both two structural units are initially overlain with an angular unconformity by the Lower - Middle Eocene volcano-sedimentary sequence of Maden Complex (Perinçek, 1978) including blocks of different rock types ranging in age from Devonian to Late Cretaceous. This south-originated structural sequence along thrust fault is tectonically overlain by north-originated sequence which comprises from bottom to top, Bodrum Nappe (Şenel et al, 1989), Yahyalı Nappe and Aladağ Nappe (Aladağ Unit; Özgül, 1976).
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