- Home
- Conferences
- Conference Proceedings
- Conferences
EAGE/SPE Joint Workshop on Beyond Closed Loop Integrated Monitoring
- Conference date: 17 Nov 2013 - 20 Nov 2013
- Location: Lisbon, Portugal
- ISBN: 978-90-73834-60-6
- Published: 17 November 2013
1 - 20 of 22 results
-
-
Reservoir Condition Pore-scale Imaging of CO2 in Carbonates and Sandstones
Authors M.G. Andrew, B. Bijeljic and M.J. BluntWe have used high-pressure high-temperature equipment to image trapped (residual) super-critical CO2 in carbonate and sandstone systems with a voxel size of around 6.5µm. A residual saturation and trapping capacity (Sor) was obtained for each rock type, showing that, in all cases, a significant proportion of the scCO2 was trapped. A size analysis is performed on the residual phase clusters, finding results broadly consistent with percolation theory. This analysis is compared to the volumetric connectivity of networks extracted from dry scans rock types examined. We show techniques which allow for the extraction of larger scale parameters, such as contact angle, capillary pressure and specific interfacial area from higher resolution (2µm voxel size) pore-scale images of fluid distribution. We also demonstrate the usage of extremely bright synchrotron sources to obtain results from dynamic displacements with a time resolution of around 30 seconds. This allows for the first time to analyse fundamental dynamic processes of drainage and imbibition at the pore scale at conditions representative of subsurface flow.
-
-
-
The Impact of Scale of Measurement on Integrated Petrophysical Interpretations
Authors J.R. Irwin and S. BhattacharyyaIn geocellular reservoir modelling, the final vertical increment scale of the grid size is a compromise between the preservation of observed reservoir heterogeneities and what is practical for simulation purposes in terms of the total number of active cells in the dynamic model. The challenge is to preserve the heterogeneity of the initial petrophysical rock property modelling throughout the upscaling process without introducing an artificial bias to the observed property trends.
-
-
-
4D Probabilistic Seismic Inversion for Assisted History Matching
Authors G.K. Kumar and M.K. KleemeyerWe developed a new approach for 4D Close-the-Loop using 4D probabilistic seismic inversion as input for a subsequent 4D Assisted history matching. The probabilistic inversion, using Shell’s proprietary software XStream/Promise, based on the dynamic model combined with the rock model properties, can reveal complex saturation changes and shows their lateral and vertical distribution. The 4D assisted history matching will be using the inverted saturations and fluid contacts to feed into the history match process as additional data. The workflow is successfully tested and applied to several offshore oil-fields and even one gas-field.
-
-
-
When Closing the Loop with Reservoir Simulations, Size Matters
Authors K. Stephen and I. SagitovSeismic history matching is used to find models that match both production and time-lapse seismic data. These models should then be more accurate for forecasting and field management purposes. Accurate prediction of seismic behaviour is necessary and this can be affected by the fine scale heterogeneities. In some cases the impact of fine scale properties cannot be seen in seismic due to resolution limits. On the other hand, coarse scale models may miss such effects and therefore the seismic prediction is less reliable. We must also compare seismic data properly such that equivalent data are considered. Usually acoustic impedance is predicted but the seismic signal contains information missing here. We discuss these effects and how they can affect history matching, reducing the confidence in final models.
-
-
-
Integrating Reservoir Modeling for Asset Management
By A. ShadchnevThe concept of the collaborative environment brings a lot of benefits to a company. Integrated reservoir modelling produces better quality results for the decision making process to support key investment decisions of the companies. Effective communication is the cornerstone of the problem. It reflects the actual communication of engineers from different domains as well as the suitable software that is capable of establishing such kind of process. The case study focuses on the 3D reservoir modelling approach involving a single modelling platform which combines seismic-to-simulation tools capable of easy data flow and quick model update upon new data received or reinterpreted. Application of computer assisted history matching tool and high performance cluster is considered.
-
-
-
Integrating Seismic and Geologic Information for Reservoir Modelling in a Gas Bearing Clastic Field
Authors E. Jacquemin-Guillaume, E. Capoferri, G.R. Cavanna, E. Corti and C. ToscanoA methodology example is presented, where sedimentology and seismic characterization are involved in the construction of the reservoir model. The example is provided by an offshore clastic gas field consisting of several unconnected pools of different size, some of them below seismic resolution. The construction of a reservoir model was planned in order to: 1. assess the field reserves, 2. evaluate the impact of development actions on reserves. Reservoir extension and reservoir quality, i.e. facies and porosity distribution, were identified as the two main variables whose precise assessment was required for the sake of the geological model. A detailed work was planned that foresaw close integration between sedimentology and seismic characterization activities. At the end, seismic inversion products like sand occurrence were interpreted by the sedimentologist and integrated into his sedimentological model. LambdaRho elastic parameter was used to check the fluid contact previously defined with log data. Porosity maps resulting from seismic inversion were used as trends to distribute the petrophysical properties in the reservoir model.
-
-
-
Integrating Intelligent Field Data into Reservoir Models toward Real-Time Reservoir Simulation
By U. Al-NahdiThis paper presents a novel method for converting the scarcely populated downhole pressure measured at well locations to a 3-dimensional reservoir pressure distribution. The method uses real time data, a wellbore hydraulics model, a history match model, a well model and a geostatistical modeling process to accomplish this task. The methodology has been tested on 2 synthetic reservoir models derived from field-scale simulation models. Analysis showed that the calculated reservoir pressure which utilizes real time pressure measurements is more accurate than the reservoir pressure based on history match model alone. This advances i-field applications from well-centric paradigm to reservoir-centric paradigm and identifies reservoir patterns and anomalies for the purpose of predicting future events and modeling various courses of actions.
-
-
-
Wellbore Data in Field Development
More LessThe majority of wellbore data is collected whilst developing the reservoir. In many cases this data will need to be acquired in horizontal wells where traditional wireline conveyance is technically challenging. Wireline technologies and methods have been developed to overcome these difficulties yet total cost of data acquisition which includes rig time, mean alternatives are often sought. Migration of data acquisition to a ‘whilst drilling’ approach is one such alternative allowing an increasingly comprehensive dataset to update static and dynamic models during field development. In addition to the update of geological descriptions with shallow to deep images and borehole geophysical data, recording reservoir saturation changes and pressure depletion as the reservoir is being produced allows for improved reservoir and/or sector simulation and subsequent optimisation of future wells. In this case the value of continually gathering porosity, saturation and formation pressure in new well penetrations cannot be understated. Finally opportunities to acquire dynamic data through deployment of cased hole / production logging technologies give high resolution information on the evolution of contact positions, precise values for changes in saturation over time across producing intervals and ultimately measurement of residual saturations as those intervals water out.
-
-
-
LWD Sonic Data Applications
By J. MarketLWD sonic data can be used in a broad variety of applications, ranging from classic pore pressure prediction to geosteering in unconventional reservoirs. This paper will review the applications of LWD sonic data and consider the types of tools available in the industry and what sort of data can be transmitted real-time. Advice on planning the data acquisition programme to suit the application is also provided, followed by a discussion of the importance of quality control.
-
-
-
Closing the Loop - Dynamic Upscaling of Geomodels
By K. FletcherIn this paper we discuss how the use of various dynamic data and dynamic measures of success can be used to improve the upscaling and history matching of reservoir simulation models, and in this way close the loop between production operations that generate this data and the geo-modelling & reservoir simulation that consume it.
-
-
-
Closing the Loop for Unconventionals
By F. AkramIntegrating geological, geophysical, geomechanical, petrophysical, microseismic, and production log data is the key in validating the stimulation and reservoir models, along with the characterization of reservoir heterogeneity in terms of Reservoir and Completion Quality. Automated completion advisor makes them not only efficient and repeatable but also enables scenario comparison to choose the best possible completion. Everything that comes out of the wellbore must pass through a production network. Most of the production related issues can directly be attributed to the production facility and hence understand the entire system becomes extremely important to understand the full impact and diagnose any potential production problem that may come in the future to properly plan the wells, their location and completion design.
-
-
-
How Much Detail Should we Model, How Many Models Should we Have?
By P. NaccacheComputers are getting faster, but the computing time for simulating a reservoir is not in general decreasing. Instead, models are getting larger, or more complex, or more models are being simulated to investigate uncertainty or as part of an optimisation workflow. We are not yet in a position to do all of these things at once.
-
-
-
The History Matching Problem with Geostatistical Priors in a Smooth Formulation
Authors Y. Melnikova, A. Zunino, K. Lange, K.S. Cordua and K. MosegaardWe focus on minimizing the number of reservoir simulation runs and conserving geological realism of the solutions when solving the history matching problem. Geological a priori information is taken into account by means of multiple point statistics borrowed from training images (conceptual geological models). Then production data and prior information are integrated into a single differentiable objective function, minimizer of which has a high posterior value. Solving the proposed optimization problem for an ensemble of different starting models, we obtain a set of solutions honoring both data and prior information.
-
-
-
Inverse Problem Using Geology and Geophysics
By A. GuillenSubsurface modeling is a key tool to describe, understand and quantify geological processes. As the subsurface is inaccessible and its observation is limited by acquisition methods, 3D models of the subsurface are usually built from the interpretation of sparse data with limited resolution. Therefore, uncertainties occur during the model building process, due to possible cognitive human biais, natural variability of geological objects and intrinsic uncertainties of data. In such context, the predictibility of models is limited by uncertainties, which must be assessed in order to reduce economical and human risks linked to the use of models. This work focuses more specifically on uncertainties about geological structures. In this context, a stochastic method is developed for generating structural models with various fault and horizon geometries as well as fault connections. Realistic geological objects are obtained using implicit modeling that represents a surface by an equipotential of a volumetric scalar field. Faults have also been described by a reduced set of uncertain parameters, which opens the way to the inversion of structural objects using geophysical or fluid flow data by baysian methods.
-
-
-
High Resolution 4D Inversion Driven by Dynamic Constraint
By P. ThoreIn this paper I present different cases where the use of prior geological and dynamic information has enhanced the resolution of 4D seismic inversion and conducted to high quality results which can be used during Assisted History Matching. The prior information introduced in the 4D inversion (the predefined number of layers and the possible range of expected saturations) leaves freedom to 4D inversion to extract more information from the seismic data. It just compensates its ontological weaknesses.
-
-
-
Model Maturation - Perhaps we Should Talk?
More LessHistory matching in reservoir modeling is done increasingly with the help of (semi-) automated computer techniques. Although such techniques will lead to accelerated estimation of the values of reservoir model parameters, they will not, by themselves, solve the often occurring problem of conceptual reservoir model inadequacies (missing faults, unidentified aquifers, etc.). Closing the loop between the various disciplines cannot - should not! - be automated. Over the past years, we have developed a workflow called “Model Maturation”, where we use a forced history match to flag inadequacies in the dynamic model, and subsequently address those in an interdisciplinary dialogue (between reservoir engineer, geologist, petrophysicist, geophysicist). Such a forced history match is not limited to production data, but can also include data from 4D seismic, saturation logs and RFT measurements. The “matured” reservoir model is subsequently subjected to a standard Assisted History Match, using, for example, DoE to optimize the values of the revised set of reservoir parameters. In this presentation, we show the concepts and a few (of many) field cases worldwide where we have successfully applied abovementioned workflow, thereby significantly improving the reservoir models in question, which in turn has a direct impact on the business decisions depending on those models.
-
-
-
Closing the Loop Using Engineering-consistent 4D Seismic Inversion
Authors S. Tian, C. MacBeth and A. ShamsAn updating strategy is designed to iteratively close the loop (CtL) between the fluid flow simulation predictions and measured production history, predicted and observed 4D seismic data, and finally predicted and inverted impedance/impedance changes. The central ingredient in this scheme is the computation of elastic property changes that are inverted from the seismic in an engineering-consistent (EC) manner. The geometry, volumetrics and transmissibility multipliers for the reservoir model are updated in three successive stages by sequential comparison between the seismic and fluid flow domains. The EC-CtL workflow is implemented on a West African field, where reservoir model improvements are obtained in combination with a consistency between model, impedance and seismic domains.
-
-
-
Integrated Reservoir Modeling, Assisted History Matching and Uncertainty Management in Petroleum Reservoirs
Authors P. Van den Hoek, G. Joosten, G. van Essen and G. KaletaIn the past years, we developed, improved and applied to petroleum reservoirs a variety of different computer methodologies and workflows for assisted history matching (AHM) and improved uncertainty management, such as Experimental Design, Adjoint, and “Model Maturation”. In most recent years, increasing emphasis has been on bringing these methodologies to our field operations, and also include 4D seismic into the process of model maturation and history matching. The current presentation will focus on the workflows in which the different AHM methodologies were successfully applied in real field cases, including cases where production data were matched simultaneously with 4D seismic results. Particular attention will be given to a technique called “Model Maturation” which helps geoscientists and engineers to find “unknown unknowns” in their reservoirs. This has been succesfully applied to a wide range of field cases worldwide. Finally, a future outlook will be given, mainly focusing on the (largely R&D) topic of “close the-big-loop” (fully geologically consistent) history matching where we are, amongst others, looking into developing methodologies for “business decision-relevant” modeling of reservoir uncertainties and multi-scales.
-
-
-
Incorporating Data at Various Scales in an Integrated Modelling Workflow
Authors C. Otterlei, O. Lia, J. van Hagen, A. Pontén and J. QuinReservoir modelling and production forecasting are challenging as we are trying to describe the whole reservoir and predict the dynamic behaviour of all the wells based on a limited amount of measurements. Taking advantage of all the data available at various scales, and understanding the uncertainties in the reservoir model and the flow simulations, become then important to allow for robust development and operation for a field. In a dynamic uncertainty analysis, an accurate representation of the uncertainties in the reservoir model is preferred, and several realisations that are all probable within the uncertainty span should be considered. An integrated and automated modelling workflow that contains the whole modelling chain from depth conversion to flow simulation is then very useful. This has been demonstrated on a field development case from deep-water Gulf of Mexico. The uncertainties related to compartmentalisation are believed to be among the most important factors contributing to the total uncertainty in the in-place volumes and the recovery factor for this field. Thus fault uncertainties are incorporated into the reservoir model and their impact on the fluid flow are evaluated. An improved uncertainty estimate for the reserves is then achieved, which contributes to reduce the investment risk.
-
-
-
Parameterisation - Selected Approaches Derived from Reservoir Engineering Laws
By P. BergeyA presentation of various parameterization approaches derived from engineering laws and applicable as constraints to 4D seismic inversion or within history match procedures.
-