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IOR 1991 - 6th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery
- Conference date: 21 May 1991 - 23 May 1991
- Location: Stavanger, Norway
- ISBN: 978-94-6282-133-0
- Published: 21 May 1991
1 - 50 of 100 results
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An analysis of composition and rate effects in gravity stabilised gas injection
Authors R. W. S. Foulser, S. G. Goodyear and P. H. TownsleyGravity stabilised gas flooding is believed to have considerable potential as an lOR process in North Sea fields, This paper considers the mechanisms affecting the displacement efficiency. A theoretical analysis of gas flooding using the method of characteristics is summarised. A major result of this analysis is that the process should not be thought of as oil draining into an oil bank, but rather in terms of oil being left bebind, An analytical expression for the process efficiency in secondary flooding is derived, which for a given oil relative permeability Corey exponent is a function of a single dimensionless variable.
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The effects of wettability and heterogeneities on the recovery of waterflood residual oil with low pressure inert gas injection, assisted by gravity drainage
Authors F. A. L. Dullien, I. Catalan, I. Chatzis and A. CollinsIt is shown that in the laboratory a very high percentage of the waterflood residual oil can be recovered with low pressure inert gas injection, assisted by gravity drainage, from both water-wet and oil-wet samples. A mixed wet semipermeable paste assures the production of both oil and water but it prevents gas production. Stacks of short core plugs can be produced equally as a single long core if a coarse version of the mixed wet paste is used between adjacent plugs. In water-wet cores displacement of waterflood residual oil requires a positive spreading coefficient of oil on water in air. Parallel-type macroscopic heterogeneities in the formation may have relatively little effect on the course of oil recovery, but they prevent a uniform saturation to be established in the core cross-section. Microscopic pore scale heterogeneities decrease the recovery efficiency.
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The effect of film-flow on the mobilization of waterflood residual oil by gas flooding
Authors P. E. Øren and W. V. PinczewskiThe importance of film flow in the displacement of waterflood residual oil by gas flooding in glass micromodels under strongly water wet conditions was studied both experimentally and theoretically. Measured oil and water film thicknesses are presented and compared with film thicknesses computed from a solution of the augmented Young-Laplace equation. Both the computed water and oil film thicknesses are shown to be in good agreement with those observed in micromodel displacement experiments. The conductivity of oil and water films was determined from computed film velocity profiles and these are shown to provide good first order estimates of the time scales associated with pore scale displacement events observed in the micromodel experiments. It is concluded that film flow plays an important role in determining the nature of the displacement processes on the pore scale.
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A Numerical and analytical study of off-shore oil rim depletion during tertiary gas injection
Authors L. J. Roberts and G. HulbertThis paper considers the optimisation of tertiary gas injection projects in the off-shore environment. It is shown that the best depletion strategy is to produce fluids from within the watered out zone with wells being recompleted downwards as the flood front advances. The production behaviour is dominated by the coning of oil and gas.
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Evaluation of the potential application on the WAG process in a North Sea reservoir
Authors G. Olsen, A. Skauge and J. A. StensenThe paper discusses the potential increase in oil recovery due to injection of water alternating gas (WAG). The WAG process is compared to waterflooding and gas injection. The mechanisms of the WAG process which makes the process interesting for a North Sea reservoir are discussed. The application of a WAG scheme is discussed with regard to the field restrictions and possibilities of Norwegian reservoirs. The WAG process is found to improve the oil recovery primarily due to improved vertical sweep efficiency. Cross-sectional models have been used to study the sensitivity to variations in vertical permeability.
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Surfactant flooding uncertainty analysis
Authors T. Bu and S. I. AanonsenSurfactant flooding is a process that is sensitive to a number of process and field related parameters. Even if core flooding at reservoir conditions has demonstrated an efficient recovery process with a certain chemical system a high degree of uncertainty remains regarding the field performance.
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Dilute surfactant flooding for North Sea applications - Technical and economic considerations
By P. L. BondorThe North Sea contains a considerable target for surfactant flooding. A dilute surfactant flooding concept which utilises a low (1%) concentration of active surfactant, applied during waterflooding, was developed in the laboratory and evaluated for fullscale application. The technical evaluation revealed an unacceptably high risk related to lack of detailed understanding of the process mechanisms operating in the reservoir. Economic studies showed that the method developed, if successful, would result in a technical cost per incremental barrel of, some $90 (at 15% discount ratel, and thus is not viable for North Sea applications in the foreseeable future.
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Well test verification of the technical potential for improved oil recovery by surfactant flooding in the Gullfaks Field
Authors E. Gilje, R. Kristensen, T. Maldal and O. VikaneThe residual oil saturation of 0.35-0.40 after waterflooding in high quality Brent sands in the Gullfaks Field constitutes an excellent opportunity for improving the oil recovery by surfactant flooding. In order to assess the technical potential for improved oil recovery, Statoil decided in 1989 to initiate a surfactant flooding development program for Gullfaks application comprising: surfactant production, characterization, screening and optimization.
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Improved oil recovery surfactants based on lignin
Authors F. E. DeBons and L. E. WhittingtonThe limited supply and increasing cost of petroleum-based surfactants for chemical enhanced oil recovery have led Texaco to study renewable resources as sources of improved oil recovery (lOR) surfactants. The starting material of choice is lignin, the second most abundant organic chemical on earth. Lignins are produced in large quantities as waste in pulp and paper mills and are very inexpensive.
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Coreflood experiments with surfactant systems for lOR: Computer tomography studies and numerical modelling
Authors J. Alvestad, E. Gilje, A. O. Hove, O. Langeland, T. Maldal and B. E. R. SchillingThis paper addresses the dynamic behaviour of surfactant systems for IOR-applications in terms of phase behavior and coreflood recovery processes. Extensive measurcments of phase behaviour have provided a good characterization of the phase diagram of abrine, surfactant and heptane system. The surfactarit system does not require any cosurfactant to obtain middle phase microemulsions. Tertiary recovery surfactant coreflood experiments have been perforrned and the dynamic process in the core have been studied using computer tomography (CT). Effluent analysis have also been performed. A new phase-behavior-model based on direct interpolation of experiment al data combined with correlations has been developed and used for the modelling of the phase bchaviour of this overall three-cornponent system (brine, heptane and surfactant). A tertiary coreflood recovery test have been simulated using a compositional chemical flooding simulator with the new phase-behaviour model.
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Miscible displacement in fractured-porous media (theory and experiments)
Authors K. Basniev and P. BedrikovetskiiThe hydrodynamical theory of the miscible displacement in fractured-porous media (FPM) that describes convective, gravitational, diffusive mechanisms of the recovery from blocks and hydraulic interaction between blocks and cracks is developed. The solution of the inverse problem is obtained to determine FPM properties from data from laboratory displacement.
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Dispersion and distribution of singel comounds in real oil/CO2-transition zones
Authors V. Meyn, S. Kerschbaum and R. KramerThe mass transport of definite oil components within transition zones between live oil and CO2 was studied. The major topic was to investigate the dispersion under steady state conditions using phases produced by single and dual contact procedure, representing phases occurring in transition zones.
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An experimental study of waterflooding and depressurisation relevant to gas condensate reservoirs
Authors P. Naylor and N. C. SargentDevelopment options for gas condensate reservoirs are to depressurise the reservoir, maintain the pressure by water injection or to maintain the pressure by gas injection. The depressurisation option may itself allow water to flood the reservoir from any attached aquifer. Thus, evaluation of the options depends critically on the interaction between the condensate and water. This paper describes a series of low pressure core flooding experiments carried out to investigate these interactions.
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Discrete element modelling of borehole mechanics
Authors S. Thallak, M. Dussenault and L. RothenburgWe present two-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) analyses to simulate a borehole in granular material. This simulation is two-dimensional plane strain, and we have succeeded in developing an approach for flow coupling to steady-state flow conditions. Results of these simulations suggest a number of behavioral features and deformation mechanisms. The stress distribution around the borehole clearly reflects a type of non-linear elastic behaviour with elasto-plastic dilatant mechanisms. In anisotropic stress fields, the simulated borehole demonstrates the development of breakouts at 90° to the direction of application of the principal stress. An outwardly directed fluid-flow has a dramatic stabilizing effect on the material in the borehole wall; conversely, if fluidflow is inwardly directed, the pore fluid gradient has a destabilizing effect on the borehole. We also discuss some implications of pore-fluid injection on in-situ hydraulic fracturing in unconsolidated reservoirs. It is evident that DEM methods have great power in emulating realistic behaviour of granular or fractured geomaterials in complex conditions. Whereas they are not a design tool at the present time, they provide more insight into mechanisms, and this insight helps guide other numerical analysis approaches.
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Oil field development using in-situ combustion in combination with foam systems and alkaline solutions
Authors M. T. Abasov and T. V. KhismetovIn this paper the results of experimental and field investigations of EOR methods combining in-situ combustion with foam systems injection and alkaline flooding are generalized.
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In situ combustion (lSC) in fractured heavy oil reservoirs
Authors M. Greaves, G. Javanmardi and R. W. FieldIn situ combustion of heavy and also light crude oil was successfully propagated in a cylindrical sandstone core, with an adjacent 1mm surrounding simulated fracture, during a series of dry combustion testing using air and 35% oxygen. Combustion peak temperatures up to 830'C were achieved with air, but oxygen utilisation was less efficient than with enriched air. The combustion front was cone shaped as first observed by Schulte and de Vries. The extent of the front tended to increase with increasing combustion peak temperature.
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Water of condensation and the steam condensation front during steamdrive
Authors C. T. S. Palmgren, J. Bruining, H. J. de Haan and E. N. J. BiezenThis study concentrates on process parameters affecting the behaviour of the steam condensation front (SCF) in slightly dipping reservoirs during displacement of low and medium viscosity oils.
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Validation and application of probabilistic simulation for fluid flow through porous media
Authors D. W. van Batenburg, H. Bakken, J. Bruining and C. T. S. PalmgrenThe non-linear partial differential equations describing oil- water displacement in porous media can be solved using a probabilistic simulation technique. Results have been presented by various authors. However, an elaborate proof of the technique has as yet not been presented. The results of a probabilistic simulator, are validated using a one dimensional solution in closed of the Buckley-Leverett problem including capillary forces. Subsequently the simulator is applied to study the effect of permeability heterogeneity on displacement characteristics. Both one and two dimensional examples are presented.
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A Heuristic approach to reservoir homogenization
Authors T. Johansen, K. Fundingsrud and J. AlvestadIn conventional reservoir simulation, the reservoir parameters needed must be entered as point values representing rock and rock/fluid interaction properties over finite volumes. Because of CPU and storage limitations, these volumes normally must be defined larger than a scale at which they for practical purposes can be considered as homogeneous.
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On the inverse problem application to reservoir characterisation
Authors G. B. Savioly, C. A. Grattoni and M. S. BidnerReservoir parameters are estimated by adjusting simulation models to match field or laboratory data. Multivariate optimization techniques with physically realistic constraints on the parameters are used in order to obtain these estimates. Two examples are presented.
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The representation of thermally fractured water injection wells in black-oil simulators
Authors P. Fjerstad and P. CliffordIt is widely recognized that the cooling of the reservoir rock by cold water injection changes the rock stresses around the welIbore and in the immediate surroundings of the injection well. The cooling of tbe rock causes the rock fracture pressure to decrease and the possibility of fracturing the formation might occur.
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Pendant drop interfacial tension measurements using image processing techniques
Authors R. J. M. Huygens, H. Ronde and J. HagoortInterfacial tensions are important parameters in recovery processes, particularly in Enhanced Oil Recovery processes. Hence for the evaluation of these processes reliable and accurate measurement techniques for interfacial tensions are indispensable.
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The influence of the oil composition on the phase behavior and properties of surfactant/brine/crude oil-systems
Authors G. Hoffmann and D. KesselFor the better understanding of crude oil mobilization process with surfactant flooding, the effects of ethoxylated sulfonates and salinity on some crude oil/- surfactantlbrine systems were investigated. The results clearly show that for fixed temperature salinity and surfactant are mainly responsible for the formation of three-phase-systems and for the distribution of the different components of the crude oil in the different phases of these systems. When aqueous solutions of ethoxylated sulfonates with a distinct degree of ethoxylation are equilibrated with an equal volume of crude oil, a middle-phase microemulsion (ME phase) will be formed in aspecific salinity range. It could be shown that the solubilized crude oil in the middle phase consists of a wide range of components, such as alkanes, alkylated cyclohexanes, alkylated benzenes, isoprenoids, alkylated phenanthrenes, and aromatic steroids.
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Supercritical fluids for enhancing recovery in a gas condensate reservoir lab experiments and field test
More LessMiscibility between LPG mixtures at supercritical conditions with both liquid hydrocarbons resulted from retrograde condensation in a gas condensate reservoir and the reservoir gas was proved by lab experiments. A field test partially confirmed the possibility of increasing the productivity of some wells blocked by liquid hydrocarbons deposits around the wells
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Increase of formations oil recovery by application of polymerdispersive systems
More LessSeams with low collecting properties remain unexhausted during oil-fields exploitation by means of water flooding as a result of a complex structure of productive formations. To solve this problem a technology of influencing on oil-and- water-saturated formations based on the increase of the filtration resistance of oil collector flooded zones by means of dispersive systems (PDS), consisting of polymers and dispersive particles of rocks, is worked out.
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Operation experience obtained by production facilities of the Nagylengyel CO2 gas cap recovery
Authors D. Magyary and G. UdvardiNagylengyel Field is the second and largest oil field in Hungary. bearing formations can be found in Cretaceous limestones and Triassic do lomites. According to the developed karsttype reservoir model, oil reserves are located in caverns. Unrestricted influx is mainly provided by the water in the karst facies formations. During primary recovery operation, the produced oil oil contained only little dissolved gas if any.
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Optimization of a surfactant flooding process by core flood experiments
Authors A. Skauge, J. M. Garnes, O. J. Morner and L. TorskeAs a part of the preparation for a surfactant flooding pilot in a North Sea oil reservoir, several hundred core flood experiments have been performed. This paper summarizes the experience obtained from these core floods.
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lOR Resource potential of Norwegian North Sea sandstone reservoirs
Authors L. Hinderaker, J. Bygdevoll, T. Bu, G. Nybraten and O. S. KrakstadThe potential for improved oil recovery by surfactant flooding and by water alternating gas injection (WAG) in Norwegian North Sea sandstone reservoirs has been evaluated. 15 fields containing various formations and reservoirs have been studied, some very roughly and some in more detail. Reservoir types that seem to be suitable for surfactant flooding or for WAG have been identified. The volume of remaining oil after waterftood has been taken as a starting point in these fields to obtain a range for the potential increase in oil reserves. Other IOR-methods with a possible recovery potential are discussed briefly. Finally some attention is given to the timing of EOR projects from a national perspective.
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How reservoir characterization can help to improve production forecasts
Authors D. R. Guérillot, P. M. Lemouzy and C. RavenneGeological models using statistical concepts bring a new horizon for reservoir engineering studies. This article discusses some of the questions raised by the introduction of these geological models, and a methodology is proposed to account for the heterogeneities in the reservoir production, based on a specific software. A link between the detailed reservoir images generated by the probabilistic geological models, and the well-known flow simulators is established through the selection of these images, and the averaging of the petrophysical data. The use of stochastic partial derivative equations is investigated as another way of dealing with uncertainty. After a description of the main steps of the integrated software, applications of the methodology to major events of a reservoir development, i.e. appraisal phase, and change of development scheme, are presented. Advantages of the stochastic approach are underlined.
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Relevant reservoir characterisation: Recovery process, geometry and scale
Authors P. S. Ringrose, K. S. Sorbie, F. Feghi, G. E. Pickup and J. L. JensenIn this paper, we consider the role of reservoir description in the context of the specific improved oil recovery process which is of interest. Three types of representation of reservoir structure are considered - stochastic correlated fields, stratified layer-cake, and deterministic structured bedforms. The relevance of different features of these representations are then considered for a variety of secondary and tertiary recovery fluid displacement processes. In some processes, detailed structure is insignificant. In others, it is more important than hitherto supposed. There is no panacea for reservoir characterisation and the critical reservoir properties must be determinedby considering both the fluid recovery mechanism and the interaction of this mechanism with the specific type of model representation of the reservoir system.
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Moheres, a program system for simulation of reservoir architecture and properties
Authors L. M. Fält, A. Henriquez, L. Holden and H. TjelmelandThe design and choice of a reservoir management strategy depends on an appropriate geological reservoir characterization, i.e. the geometrical distribution of the sedimentological architectural units, their position with respect to each other and the heterogeneities in each of these bodies.
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Stochastic flow unit modelling of a North Sea coastal-deltaic reservoir
Authors A. C. MacDonald, T. H. Høye, P. Lowry, T. Jacobsen, J. O. Aasen and A. O. GrindheimThe main theme of this paper is to illustrate that stochastic heterogeneity simulation provides improved flexibility to represent important geological attributes in a reservoir description model.
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The case for air injection into deep, light oil reservoirs
Authors D. V. Yannimaras, A. H. Sufi and M. R. FassihiThe advantages of air injection for deep, light oil reservoirs are elucidated and discussed, particularly those that accrue in high-pressure applications. Examples of successful field projects are provided and analyzed. Experimental results on light oil oxidation kinetics with air at high pressure are presented, as weIl as results for the stripping of a light oil by flue gas at reservoir pressure. Requirements for highpressure combustion tubes are discussed. The adequacy of three numerical simulators are compared in their ability to model high-pressure air injection into light oil reservoirs. Simulation results on light oil stripping by flue gas and the increase in recovery due to in-situ combustion, by mobilizing the gas drive residual oil, are also presented. Finally, guidance on economic parameters is provided.
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Injection of an oxygen-containing gas into a light-oil reservoir: Numercial evaluation of oil oxidation and ignition phenomena
Authors P. Le Thiez and P. LemonnierCO2 or methane injection is a recovery process often used for a large variety of reservoirs. Economical considerations should lead to inject a cheaper gas, generally air or nitrogen with a poor oxygen content. Under severe conditions of pressure and temperature (e.g. typical North Sea light-oil reservoir), one of the main risks related to th is last process is the oil oxidation leading to chemical degradation and even spontaneous ignition. It is therefore a prime necessity to determine accurately the oil oxidation rate, the delay of a possible ignition and the extension of the oxidation zone, which strongly depend on eperating conditions, reservoir characteristics and oil oxidability (mainly pressure, temperature and reaction kinetic parameters).
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Rheology of foam in porous media at the "limiting capillary pressure
By W. R. RossenRecent research suggests that, for some "strong" foams, foam texture, which controls foam rheology, is in turn closely controlled by capillary pressure Pc. In particular, at steady state these foams flow under conditions in which Pc is nearly constant at the "limiting capillary pressure" Pc*, water saturation and water relative permeability are virtually invariant, and the pressure gradient Vp is proportional to water flow rate and independent of gas flow rate. This report examines some implications of these statements for cases of steady foam flow.
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The destabilization of foams for improved oil recovery by crude oils: Effect of the nature of the oil
Authors L. L. Schramm and J. J. NovosadThis paper describes an investigation into the effects of four different oils on the stability of foams that could be used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
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Foam barriers for thin oil rims: Gas blockage at reservoir conditions
Authors J. E. Hanssen and M. DallandCreation of in situ foam barriers to gas flow is a potentially useful means of improving production from thin oil rims, but it requires the foam to maintain gas blockage in the reservoir for extended periods.
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Cyclic gas-steam well stimulations
Authors Yu. I. Stashok, D. G. Antoniady, R. T. Drampov and A. R. GarushevThe paper describes schematic diagram and blocks of a gassteam generator. Technical characteristics and overall dimensions of the generatoris main units are analysed. The analysis proves the suitability of generators of such a kind for high-viscosity and bituminous oil recovery in the littoral shelf by cyclic bottom-hole formation zone stimulation with gas-steam heat-carrier* in particular.
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Field trial results obtained with a foam block during a steam drive experiment in the Romanian Levantine-moreni Reservoir
Authors C. S. Elliot, C. H. Aldea, D. Calarasu, F. L. Teisanu, M. Jiboteanu and G. GutuThis paper presents results obtained by the use of nitrogen foam as a diverting agent in the injection well of a pattem used in the Levantine-Moreni reservoir steam drive experiment.
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A Theory of multicomponent chromatography with application to polymer flooding
Authors T. Johansen, L. W. Lake, A. Tveito and R. WintherThe first part of this paper presents a new procedure for constructing analytical solutions of multicomponent two-phase flow problems in one-dimensional homogeneous penneable media, provided the corresponding simpler single-phase problem can be solved. An explanation of its mathematical basis is given.
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Xanthan injection in North Sea Field: Laboratory studies
Authors A. Audibert, J. Lecourtier and T. LundThe methodology used for selecting the polymer having the best characteristics for injection in North Sea reservoirs, particularly at 75°C, is described.
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Influence of pore radi distribution on polymer retention in natural sandstones
Authors M. Ranjbar, J. Rupp and G. PruschIn polymer flooding processes for enhancing oil recovery, polymer retention is a major economic factor which limits the applicability of this technique. Polymer retention occurs mainly by the following two mechanisms: - adsorption of polymer molecules on the surface of accessible pores, and - mechanical entrapment in small pores in a manner similar to the process of deep bed filtration.
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Polymer retention and inaccessable pore volume in North Sea reservoir material
Authors T. Lund, E. Ø. Bjørnestad, A. Stavland, N. B. Gjøvilki, A. J. P. Fletcher, S. G. Flew and S. P. LambAmong the factors that govern the propagation of a polymer slug through porous media are retention and inaccessible pore volume (IPV). These quantities are sensitive to several parameters which often vary in coreflood experiments. Examples of these sensitivies include the core preparation procedure such as core cleaning and saturation restoration.
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Application of a synthetic copolymer under harsh environment conditions in the Ploen-Ost Field
Authors W. Schuhbauer, B. Maitin and H. VolzIn the Ploen-Ost field in Northern Germany, a polymer pilot flood is being carried out under harsh reservoir conditions.
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A Commercial scale xanthan polymer flood project in a high salinity, low viscosity oil reservoir
Authors W. Littmann, G. Kleppe and T. LundA commercial scale polymer pilot project is performed in cooperation between Preussag and BEB in Germany and Statoil in Norway.
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Alternate dual-engergy gamma-ray attenuation technique: A new tool for three-fluid saturation measurements in lOR flood experiments
Authors C. Barroux, L. Bouvier, P. Maquignon and B. ThiebotMany oil recovery processes, such as gas injection or gas-cap expansion in an already water-flooded zone, or water-alternate-gas flooding, involve three-phase flow. A new dual-energy gamma-ray attenuation technique is described, which allows for gas, oil, water saturation profile measurements during the physical simulation of improved oil recovery processes at reservoir conditions.
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Use of variations in strontium isotope ratios for mapping barriers: An example from the Troll Field, Norwegian continental shelf
By K. GibbonsCritical to production of the 12 to 28 meter truck oil column from horizontal wells in the Western Troll Field is an evaluation of the lateral extent of calcite cemented horizons. On average, 10% of the 200 meter truck main reservoir, is calcite cemented. Cements vary from nodules and concretions to stratiform layers .1 to .5 meters truck.
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Acoustic tomography for improved oil recovery
Authors J. H. Justice, A. A. Vassiliou, M. E. Mathisen, W. H. Troyer and P. S. CunninghamIn order to fully realize the reserve and economic potential of our reservoirs, attention is now being focused on the reservoir as a domain worthy of detailed study and planning. Successful reservoir management in the future will combine results from many disciplines to formulate a development and surveillance program for the reservoir. This plan will be periodically updated as new data is acquired and interpreted.
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Applying a novel steam-CO2 combination process in heavy oil and tar sands
By R. L. EsonIt is estimated that there are 85-110 billion barrels of heavy oil reserves in the U.S.. Since the 1960's, steam has been the predominant Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method for these high viscosity, heavy oil reservoirs world-wide. However, some experimentation utilizing immiscible carbondioxide injection in heavy oil reservoirs has shown encouraging results. This paper documents the efforts of a 2-1/2 year, two phase project conducted in the Midway-Sunset field of California applying a novel steam/carbon-dioxide combination process to reeover heavy oil.
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Advanced vibroseismic technique for water flooded reservoir stimulation, mechanism and field tests results
Authors E. M. Simkin and M. L. SurguchevTheoretical and experimental studies show significant changes in flow properties of water-oil and water-oil- gas systems within the field of elastic vibrations. It results in multiple acceleration of the gravity segregation, increase of gas saturation of the reservoir fluids, rate and efficiency of capillar displacement as weIl as enhancement of the oil displacement by water. Newly designed technology of vibroseismic stimulation incorporating surface energy sources has been successfully tested in two depleted oil fields being at the late stage of waterflooding.
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