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EAGE Workshop on Permanent Reservoir Monitoring (PRM) - Using Seismic Data 2011
- Conference date: 28 Feb 2011 - 03 Mar 2011
- Location: Trondheim, Norway
- ISBN: 978-94-6282-063-0
- Published: 28 February 2011
47 results
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Valhall PRM - Technical Highlights from Strength to Strength
By O. BarkvedValhall field has the world’s first permanent 4D seismic array. The Valhall Subsurface team leads the way in the employment of this type of tools; using outputs in multi-disciplinary, integrated and creative ways. This impacts all dimensions of the Valhall subsurface and wells agenda; from new well delivery and geo-hazard analysis to reservoir management. There are many more than 50 documented cases where hundred thousands to multi-million dollar business decisions have been impacted by the outcomes of the frequent seismic monitoring of the field.
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Clair Permanent Reservoir Monitoring - A Pilot that shows Potential
Authors T.A. Ricketts and O. BarkvedThe Clair LoFS array was installed with the objective of confirming whether a useable 4D response could be obtained from the moderate to low porosity reservoir. The LoFS array covers just over 11km2 which is only a part of the Phase 1 Development area. Seismic surveys have been acquired in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010.
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Jubarte - PRM In Ultradeep Water and with an Innovative Optics System
Authors E.A. Thedy, W.L. Ramos Filho, P.R.S. Johann and S. SethPetrobras is installing its first offshore PRM system in Jubarte Field, Campos Basin, Brazil. The water depth at the target area - which has 9 sq km and around 30 km OBC length -is approximately 1,250 meters. 6 years R&D prepared the company to propose a project to the market for the full solution, since project the system, manufacturing the equipment up to acquisition and data processing, should be presented. Petrobras main target is to reduce project/acquisition/processing/interpretation cycle time. The presented solution is is fully optical, using inferometers as sensors and telemetry. Topside preparatory equipments were installed at P-57 FPSO platform, and subsurface system will be installed end/2011-begining 2012.
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Land PRM Case Studies
By J. MeunierAlthough not a very new technique, Land PRM has been successful in projects associated with large acoustic impedance variations such as steam or gas injection. To become applicable to many onshore reservoirs, which produce only small changes, it must increase its sensitivity by one order of magnitude or even more.
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Semi-Permanant Monitoring of the Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli Field, South Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan
Authors P.A. Watson, N.D. Robinson, M.C. Riviere and K. ToughThe poster presents the Chirag Azeri Reservoir Surveillance Project (CARSP) which has involved the deployment of a semi-permanent seismic monitoring system over the Azeri Chirag Gunashli (ACG) Field. The CARSP results have provided significant advances in 3D imaging and 4D surveillance which have impacted well planning, reservoir management and depletion planning. The poster will show examples of the 4D results that have helped monitor the movement of fluids over the field.
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Opportunities and Challenges for Bringing PRM to the Field
More LessDuring the past decade Shell has actively participated in the full range of permanent reservoir monitoring (PRM) activities including economic justification, acquisition planning, proof-of-concept trials, participation in two actual field deployments in joint-venture assets, and 4D processing and interpretation. Key learnings from the past show that permanent installations offer significant technical benefits over streamer-based systems such as: 1) improved survey repeatability (NRMS), 2) cost-effective frequent repeats for filtering noise, 3) use of sparse acquisition methods, 4) use of other wave types such as refracted p-waves, Scholte waves, and mode-converted waves, 5) improved processing through addition of true WAZ and long offsets, 6) ability to detect rapid changes in the subsurface, and 7) additional capability for monitoring production-induced hazards around our producing and injecting wells. The past has also presented us with a number of challenges that need to be overcome. Examples are 1) the high upfront costs in the presence of uncertainty on both signal strength and differential value as compared to streamer 4D, 2) the complexity and cost of cable deployment in the vicinity of platforms, subsea infrastructure, and other man-made and natural obstacles, and 3) uncertainties about the reliable lifetimes of these systems over field life.
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PRM Techniques can Significantly Increase Time Lapse Sensitivity
By J. Meuniertional 4D for mitigating the causes of non-repeatability and therefore leads to better 4D sensitivity: • Permanent receivers (and sometimes permanent sources) are much more stable than re-deployable receivers or moving sources. • The positioning is more than 50% solved by PRM techniques. • In the design phase, it is relatively easy to select parameters to optimize this mitigation (receiver depth and source grid density of the base survey) and to add devices to help this mitigation (echo sounder to monitor the water column and extra seismic sensors to monitor noise sources).
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Passive Observations - Surface Deformations, Gravity and Microseismics
By O. EikenThis presentation reviews state-of-the-are for some options of passive geophysical observations above a producing reservoir. These are surface deformations (mostly subsidence or uplift), gravity and microseismic data. A wide range of technologies exist for high-precision measurements of changes in these properties. The data can be used for understanding the reservoir, and can complement each other, 4D seismic measurements, production data and well pressure measurements. Some of the installations are best made permanent in a field-life perspective.
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Measuring Surface Deformation using Satellite Radar Sensors - a Powerful Tool in Permanent Reservoir Monitoring
Authors A. Tamburini, G. Falorni, F. Novali, A. Fumagalli and A. FerrettiSurface deformation monitoring can provide valuable constraints on the dynamic behaviour of a reservoir, by allowing the evaluation of volume/pressure changes with time, as well as an estimation of reservoir permeability. Levelling campaigns, tiltmeters, GPS and InSAR are all geodetic techniques used to detect and monitor surface deformation phenomena. Among them, InSAR data from satellite radar sensors are gaining increasing attention for their unique technical features and cost-effectiveness. In particular, Permanent Scatterer InSAR (PSInSAR™) is an advanced InSAR technique, developed in the late nineties, capable of providing very precise 1D displacement measurements along the satellite line-of-sight (LOS) and high spatial density (typically exceeding 100 measurement points/sqkm) over large areas, by exploiting point-wise radar targets already available on ground. Recently, some significant advances have been reported in InSAR data processing that can further increase the quality and the effectiveness of this data source for reservoir monitoring: (a) the development of new InSAR algorithms and in particular the so-called SqueeSAR™ approach, which allows a significant increase in the spatial density of measurement points; (b) the availability of an increased number of satellite radar sensors characterized by higher sensitivity to surface deformation, higher spatial resolution, and better temporal frequency of acquisition.
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How Often Should you Acquire 4D Seismic Surveys to Optimise Value ?
Authors G.F.T. Watts and M. MarshAnyone planning to use 4D seismic for reservoir surveillance needs to know how frequently the data should be acquired over the producing field. The frequency of acquisition impacts both the quality of the 4D image and the value that can be extracted and is therefore a key commercial factor that drives the type of acquisition technology that can be afforded (narrow azimuth vs wide azimuth, hydrophones vs 4C data) and the mode of acquisition (permanent or temporary).
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Imaging of Ultra-long-term Temporal Change of Reservoir(s) by Accurate Seismic Source(s) and Multi-receivers
Authors J. Kasahara, Y. Hasada and T. TsurugaThe seismic ACROSS (Accurately Controlled and Routinely Operated Signal System) is a very stable and semi-permanent seismic source developed in Japan. Six units are in nearly continuous operation in Japan and one has been continuously operated since 2004. In order to examine the possibility of continuous imaging of reservoir characteristics change, we carried out simulation using single ACROSS and multi-geophones. We assumed 20% velocity changes in reservoirs. We used rectangular shape reservoirs such as 1) 500 m-wide and 50 m- thick, and 2) 50 m-wide and 10 m-thick located at 1 km-depth. We included the velocity change in shallow sedimentary layer. We can synthesize any directional single forces simulating seismic ACROSS. By use of synthesized full-wave seismograms, the back propagation can generate P, S and P-S phases. If velocity change of the sedimentary layer is < 0.1%, we can clearly obtain the rectangular shape for the reservoirs using before and after change of characteristics. However, the extent of knowledge on velocity structure and large velocity change at the surface strongly affect to the results. Use of a vertical geophone array can reduce the effect of surface velocity change. We will test the method in Japan and Saudi Arabia.
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Visual Integration and Analysis of Multidisciplinary 4D Data
Authors G. Brew and A. ParadisTime-lapse seismic monitoring is producing huge data volumes at an ever increasing rate: Permanent Reservoir Monitoring is exaggerating this stream of unique and expensive information. The 4D seismic signal is acknowledged to be of greatest value when integrated into the remainder of the reservoir management information for unified analysis. True understanding -- and hence better decision-making based on the 4D seismic response -- can only come with the full and complete integration of these temporal data with all the other dynamic data from the field. We present a method for this temporal data fusion using a new software tool for qualitative and quantitative analysis across the asset team.
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Autonomous Planted Nodes as an Alternative to Permanently Installed Systems for Reservoir Monitoring
Authors I.H. Moen, E.W. Berg, S. Marioara, C. Vuillermoz and G. WojeWith the increased employment of autonomous planted nodes for seabed seismic acquisition, the 4D capabilities have been demonstrated. Planted nodes are characterized by very high data quality and their flexibility for use in obstructed areas with complex infrastructure, also in ultra deep waters (<3000m). Taking into account that there are no added investments for manufacturing and installation, it is shown by an example that nodes are favorable to permanent systems and, as such, a real alternative for reservoir monitoring.
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Overcoming Technical Barriers to PRM Adoption through Fibre-optic Sensing Arrays
Authors A.V. Strudley and P. NashThe adoption of offshore Seismic Permanent Reservoir Monitoring (PRM) has been relatively slow after the first field installation at Valhall by BP in 2003, and more recent installations at Clair (UKCS), Ekofisk (Norwegian Sea) and a planned installation at Jubarte (Brazil). One of the key hurdles to overcome in accelerating the adoption of PRM is to provide cost effective, fit for purpose technology in terms of data fidelity and reliability over a 10-20 year field lifetime. In this paper we review how advances in fibre-optic sensing technology have contributed to overcoming these technical hurdles to PRM adoption.
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Using Water Layer Normal Modes to Detect Shallow Gas and CO2 Leakage
Authors M. Landro and L. AmundsenIt is proposed to use the refracted wave associated with the guided waves propagating in the water layer to detect shallow gas or CO2 close to the seabed. At long distances from the source, the refracted wave train in the water layer is clearly observed on field data, and by measuring changes in amplitude and traveltime for this wave, we think this can offer a nice alternative to more conventional methods. Simple formulas for amplitude and traveltime changes based on ray theroy is presented. The optimal configuration is for a situation where the leakage is midway between source and receiver. Major limitations are coupled to the size of the anomaly (a lateral extension of 100 m is probably needed) and the water depth. Deep waters are more challenging for this method. Further investigations related to seismic modeling and eventually a field test is necessary to clearify the practical use of the method.
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Reliability, Durability and Availability Considerations - How to Achieve Long Life for a PRM System
By L. LovheimThis poster will discuss aspects and trade-offs when designing systems with long life expectancy, as is the case for PRM systems. Typical applications are systems where little or no physical maintenance can be performed over usable lifetime for the system, such as systems launched into space or buried on the seafloor.
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SCM - Business & Contracts
By P. NorbergDue to PRM’s early-market phase it may be concluded that the focus on successful and cost effective PRM projects is as much a preparation, structural, organization and management task as being a technical task.
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Finding the Right Partner
By P. NorbergTo find the right partner in the ambition to deliver a cost effective project is needless to state a vital task, but also the additional work required to be successful is as important. Development work is remaining and the buyer can chose how much it wants to do in-house and how much the supplier should be responsible for.
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Strategic Contract Models
By P. NorbergThe conclusion is most likely that the future will include several contract models, but as PRM eventually grows towards maturity, it is likely that more integrated type contracts will increase, i.e. more towards BOT and BOOT type arrangements.
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Alternative Business Models to Overcome Barriers to PRM
By M. A. BettThe Permanent Reservoir Monitoring (PRM) market has been heralded as arriving imminently for over ten years now and advocates amongst both the oilfield services and operator communities remain perplexed as to why it has not happened. A number of technical and geoscience barriers have been responsible for an early lack of activity, but these have now largely been overcome although large-scale and long-term evidence is still in short supply due to the minimal implementation of PRM systems. However there are clear trends in the implementation of PRM systems and the contracting and business models used and required to implement them. The current and emerging situation of implementation is reviewed and approaches to address the up-front capital and operating cost hurdle are proposed.
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An Integrated Approach to PRM Planning to Reduce Cost
More LessWhile costs for Permanent Reservoir Monitoring solutions will come down in time, there is one approach that can be applied today to reduce these costs. An integrated approach to PRM planning, utilizing an operational feasibility study is a key front-end driver to reduce total PRM project costs. Assembling a multi-disciplinary team and creating a collaborative working environment are critical components for feasibility study success. A combination of an integrated and collaborative approach, multi-disciplinary team input, advantaged tools for quantifying risk, innovative and integrated fibre-optic based system design and installation solutions can be used to reduce risk and reduce cost of PRM solutions.
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Successful North Sea Fibre Optic PRM Installation
Authors J. Langhammer and H. NakstadThe largest ever offshore fibre optic PRM installation was successfully finished in October 2010 at Ekofisk field in the North Sea. All the channels are working and recording seismic traces (i.e. channel status is 100%), which is a great achievement for such large seismic spread in the marine environment.
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Underwater Fiber Optic Connectors for PRM Systems
More LessConnectors for underwater use are an important component of many subsea systems, they make it easier to conduct onshore or offshore testing, easier to manage cabled assemblies and facilitate ease of installation during deployment. While, certain underwater connectors are well proven with a good field history and track record, more advanced optically based PRM systems utilizing fiber optic dry-mate and wet-mate underwater connectors become an increased focus on reliability to ensure that these technologies are ready for the market. This paper reviews the processes and considerations in the specification of reliable subsea connectors for use in a PRM type system.
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The Ekofisk Life of Field Seismic – An Integrated Operation
Authors H.C. Hoeber AS, C.R. Berg, S. Buizard, G. Oexnevad, R. Tommerbakke, A. Bertrand, P.G. Folstad, H. Haugvaldstad and G. JeangeotEarly in 2010 ConocoPhillips teamed up with CGGVeritas for all main elements of the seismic delivery chain for the Ekofisk Life of Field Seismic project. This paper shows how the key elements of the project from acquisition to QC to processing and geosciences are linked up and how additional value can be created through seamless integration of all project elements.
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How can we Obtain High-quality Cost-effective Seismic Acquisition for Permanent Reservoir Monitoring?
By T. RekdalThe following factors may assist in obtaining improved visibility on future seismic acquisition cost as well as contribute to attract interest with acknowledged seismic service providers to compete on tenders for shooting data acquisition: - Collaboration between several field operators to ensure a high utilization of the vessel. - Long term contract with pre-determined prices (e.g. 5 years) with source vessel service providers. . A seismic service provider that can package acquisition and processing will typically also improve the turnaround time of processing, which is crucial for PRM. Accurate source positioning will also help in improving repeatability and hence improve the 4D Signal-to-Noise ratio. There is also currently significant emphasize on the source technology to improve the source signal as well as reducing its potential impact on the environment. Some of these improvements may not be easily available for an ad hoc such as rigging a supply vessel. Hence, it is reasonable to assume that the quality as well as the HSE aspects is better handled with a dedicated source vessel.
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Cost Efficient Seismic Acquisition - Portable Seismic Source Systems
By M. BurnettAn analysis of the source system options available to those with PRM instalations.
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Acquisition Aspects of an Interim Life of Field Seismic Project at the Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli Field in the Caspian Sea
Authors T.R. Seaborne, D.J. Howe, W. Slopey, A. Talibov and H. AsgerovThe Chirag Azeri Reservoir Seismic Project (CARSP) is the latest phase of seismic acquisition for reservoir management on the Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli (ACG) oil field complex in the South Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan (Figure 1). This poster describes the philosophy behind a semi-permanent Life of Field Seismic (LoFS) configuration deployed over the field, the details of the equipment used, the operational challenges and the timeline of events to acquire three sets of time-lapse (4D) four component (4C) OBC surveys during 2007, 2008 and 2010. The setting and geology of the ACG complex is summarised by Robinson et al. (2010) in another poster at this workshop.
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How PRM Stacks Up Against Conventional 4D
More LessPermanently installed seismic receivers are one option for carrying out a series of regularly scheduled time-lapse surveys. Compared to the competing options — streamer or redeployable OBC acquisition — a permanent installation requires a large initial investment. However, in cases where there is technical and business justification for a high survey rate, a permanent installation could result in a lower total seismic cost.
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Ekofisk - Justification for a Permanent Monitoring System
By P.G. FolstadEkofisk - Justification for a Permanent Monitoring System
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Decision Analysis Applied to Petrobras' Jubarte PRM System
More LessPetrobras, founded in 1953, has been promoting seismic campaigns offshore the Brazilian coast since the 60s decade. The seismic projects of the 60s and 70s were mainly exploratory in nature and comprised essentially 2D surveys oriented towards the identification of new exploratory prospects. In 1978, the first 3D marine seismic project took place in Cherne field, in Campos Basin. Still in the 80s the largest Campos Basin deep water oil fields were discovered with the use of 2D marine seismic (Marlim Complex, 1985-1987; Albacora Complex, 1984-1986 and Barracuda, in 1989).
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Cost-Effectiveness (Value) Estimate of the Valhall PRM Project from an Outside Observer
By J. CaldwellThe technical success of the Valhall LoFS project seems to be generally accepted, and some results showing this have been published by the operator, BP. What has not been generally shown is an economic analysis of the project. Such an analysis shown here, although not sanctioned by BP or any of its partners at Valhall, indicates that the project is an overwhelming economic success.
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Valhall - Impact of Frequent 4D Seismic on Field Delivery
By S. de JonghEkofisk PRM - The Technical Case for this Brand New Installation
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Permanent OBC Systems in Shell – What Would it Take to Succeed?
By F. SmitFollowing the early successes with 4D streamer seismic around the turn of the century, the industry turned to ways to achieve better 4D sensitivity, using sensors that would be permanently installed on the seafloor. The vision driving this was two-fold: to achieve better repeatability and thereby better 4D detectability, and quicker decision taking on the basis of 4D data that would be acquired “on demand” at short notice. The recognized early pioneers of this field-wide permanent reservoir monitoring (PRM) technology were BP and Oyo Geospace (Barkved et al. (2004)).
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