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Second EAGE Workshop on Arabian Plate Geology
- Conference date: 24 Jan 2010 - 27 Jan 2010
- Location: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- ISBN: 978-94-6282-057-9
- Published: 24 January 2010
44 results
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Albian to Turonian Chemostratigraphy of the Eastern Arabian Plate
More LessA chemostratigraphic curve has been established for the Middle Cretaceous Albian to Turonian argillaceous/carbonate sequences of the eastern Arabian Plate. The curve consists of more than 550 δ13C values from outcrop and subsurface data. It is anchored by biostratigraphy and compares favorable with the character of well dated and published curves from the northern tethys realm. Major trends in the isotope profile can be correlated with major oceanic anoxic events (OAE1b, OAE2) as well as some minor events (e.g. Albian/Cenomanian boundary, Mid-Cenomanian event). The correlation suggests an Albian age for the base Natih Fm. with the Albian/Cenomanian boundary coinciding with the top Natit F unit. The Natih C/D sequence is associated with the Mid-Cenomanian carbon isotope event. While the Natih Fm in the Oman Mountains reaches into the Turonian based on biostratigraphy this level is not reached in the subsurface. This is due most likely to erosion on a fore deep bulge prior to deposition of the overlying Fiqa shales. The stratigraphic tie-points provide an excellent insight into rate of deposition and pace of platform development.
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Mid-Cretaceous Sequences of the Arabian Plate and their Global Expression
Authors M.D. Simmons, R.B. Davies, A. Godet and P.R. SharlandSix maximum flooding surfaces (K90 – K140) of Albian – Early Turonian age were recognised across the Arabian Plate by Sharland et al. (2001). These MFS together with intervening sequence boundaries/correlative conformities and maximum regression surfaces can be reasonably well age calibrated by biostratigraphy (especially ammonites, planktonic foraminifera and nannofossils) and isotope data. This allows us to correlate these surfaces outside of the Arabian Plate and to test their eustatic origin by demonstrating their occurrence on a global scale. We have found evidence for the K90 – K140 sequences in locations ranging from Europe, Arctic North America, through the western interior of the US to offshore Brazil, the west coast of Africa, India and Australia. At all these location the expression of these surfaces is biostratigraphically calibrated and hence we can be confident in a eustatic driver for the K90 – K140 sequences. It is interesting to speculate on the causes of eustacy in the mid-Cretaceous. It seems likely that a growing body of direct and proxy evidence points to a coincidence of climatic fluctuation and eustacy, suggesting that melting and creation of ephemeral polar ice may be a causal mechanism, even in what is commonly regarded as a "greenhouse" time.
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Sequence Stratigraphic, Facies & Reservoir Framework for the Bangestan Group, Lurestan, Zagros Mountains, Iran
Authors I.R. Sharp, J.C. Embry, D.W. Hunt, D. Morsalnezhad, S. Packer, E. Caus, M. Jalili, N. Bang, F. Keyvani, F. Livbjerg, A. Lonoy, T. Samuelsberg and C. DonsSummary not available
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Sequence Stratigraphy of the Albian – Turonian Interval of Southwest Iran based on Outcrop and Subsurface Data
Authors F.S.P. van Buchem, D. Baghbani, L. Bulot, M. Caron, A. Hosseini and B. VincentThe Albian-Turonian of SW Iran is characterized by two types of carbonate depositional systems: an Albian muddy, benthic foraminifera-dominated, ramp type system, and a Cenomanian-Turonian rudist-rimmed platform to intrashelf basin type system. Third order depositional sequences have been defined in these, constrained by new biostratigraphic and outcrop information, which allowed to evaluate the relative influence of tectonics and eustatism on the sedimentation patterns.
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Retreat of Shelf Margins in the Albian to Turonian of Northeast Arabia
By A.D. HorburyAlbian-Turonian carbonates in NE Arabia show a progressive retreat of their shelf margins towards palaeohighs. This retreat is controlled by localised tectonic collapse of the pre-existing platforms and re-location of platform margins onto structurally high areas.
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New Exploration Play in Basal Burgan 'Unnamed Clastics' Kuwait
Authors A.M. Manowar Ahmed, S.S. Thakur, A. Al-Darmi and M. KumpassUnnamed clastics at the base of Burgan offer a hitherto un-explored hydrocarbon play in onshore Kuwait. It is a sub-unconformity play and comprise a composite sequence with three systems tracts upwards, namely; transgressive, highstand and followed by another transgressive package. Thickness of whole package varies between 10 and 145’ (generally between 37’to 60’, net pay 40’). Sand bodies in the transgressive system tracts are discontinuous laterally and vertically and that of the highstand system tracts are fairly continuous sheets and shale-out in the distal settings. Thin channel sand bodies of lower transgressive and highstand units entrap oil whenever upper transgressive unit provides effective top seal. The effectiveness of the top seal depends on the vertical limits of incision by overlying lowstand Burgan clastics. The trapping is controlled by both stratigraphic and structural components.
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Mid Cretaceous Stratigraphy, Facies and Carbon-Isotope Curves of Northwest-Qatar
Authors S. Lubeseder, J. Kuss and M. ZahranNew Cenomanian to Conacian (Mauddud, Mishrif, Laffan) facies and isotope data will of NW-Qatar be discussed and placed into a regional depositional and time framework.
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Seismic Sequence Stratigraphy of the Wasia Formation, Rub 'Al Khali Basin Saudi Arabia
More LessNew 3D seismic acquired in the Rub 'Al Khali basin of Saudi Arabia, enables the application of a sequence stratigraphic framework as a basis for seismic interpretation. Emphasis is focused on the Wasia formation depositional environments, and implications on petroleum systems.
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Stratigraphic Framework of the Natih Formation in the Sultanate of Oman
By H.J. DrosteStratigraphic framework of the Natih Formation in Oman.
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An Outcrop Reference Model for the Late Albian-Turonian Carbonate Platforms of the Arabian Plate, Sarvak Formation, Iran
Authors P. Razin, F. Taati and F.S.P. van BuchemA high resolution sequence stratigraphic model has been constructed for the mid-Cretaceous Sarvak Formation in the High Zagros (Iran). The exceptional outcrop quality, displaying the detailed geometrical and facies patterns in the transition zone from carbonate platform to intrashelf basin, offered the rare opportunity to distinguish between the relative control of carbonate sediment supply and accommodation on the depositional geometries of 3rd order and 4th order depositional sequences. A significant distinction has been made in the 3rd order sequences between the early transgression (e-TST) when the system is still flat, and corresponds to a ramp setting, and the late transgression (l-TST) when a carbonate platform to intrashelf basin topography is created. The rate of accommodation creation is identified as the dominant factor controlling the morphology of the depositional profile, and, as such, the driving motor behind the dynamics of this type of carbonate system. The dip angle of the depositional profile has a major influence on: (1) the hydrodynamics of the system, (2) the type of carbonate sediment, and (3) the volume of carbonate sediment produced. This outcrop analogue can be considered as a good reference model for Cenomanian-Turonian carbonate platform margins of the Arabian Plate.
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Application of a Fourth-Order Stratigraphic Framework for the Mishrif Member: A Basis for Mapping Lithofacies Variability & Petroleum Systems in the Rub'Al-Khali Basin of Saudi Arabia
Authors D. P. Taylor, G.W. Hughes and D.L. TernesNew biostratigraphic interpretations have provided a basis for identifying fourth-order cycles within the Mishrif Member, and can be tied to log and seismic data, allowing construction of chronostratigraphic lithofacies maps. Higher-frequency depositional cyclicity is also observed, and it is possible to interpret individual geobodies in areas with 3D seismic coverage and well control.
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Sedimentary and Stratigraphic Heterogeneities within 3rd Order Sequences in the Natih Formation (L. Albian-E.Turonian)
Authors C. Grelaud, P. Razin, P.W. Homewood, V.C. Vahrenkamp and A.M. SchwabThe Natih Formation (Late Albian –Early Turonian) corresponds to a very broad, extensive inner carbonate platform that developed in Oman over more than 1000 km. Because it is overall an aggrading carbonate platform system, the third-order stratigraphic sequences appear very tabular and isopach, which often leads to "layer-cake" correlations, even at the scale of the reservoirs. However, within these third-order sequences, a high level of sedimentary and stratigraphic heterogeneity can develop, and they are linked with: (1)the development and fill of intrashelf basins (different types of clinoforms), (2) phases of subaerial exposure (incisions and forced regressive wedges), and (3) phases of flooding of the platform (tidal channels and bioclastic shoals). These stratigraphic intervals have been studied on several outcrops of the Oman Mountains. The regional stratigraphic framework has been reviewed and extended by regional 3D seismic interpretation. A particular focus was made on specific reservoir-scale sediment bodies, on both outcrops and seismic data, and the technique of synthetic seismic modeling has been used to improve seismic interpretation. The results of this study have been used to refine the static model of the Natih Formation in a giant oil field in northern Oman.
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3D Seismic Characterization of a Heterogeneous Cenomanian Carbonate Reservoir Containing "Channels
Authors I. Takahashi and R. MatsuiThis work discusses an integrated characterization of a shallow-marine carbonate oil reservoir of the Cenomanian age, taking advantage of high-quality 3D seismic data. 3D seismic attribute and AVO inversion analysis were applied and revealed field-wide reservoir heterogeneity. The most noticeably, 3D slices of seismic attribute visualized gigantic channel-shaped signatures that traverse across the field, with their widths and thicknesses reaching upto 3km and over 100m, respectively. In the 3D sdata, the "channels" appeared to be erosional and the channel-fill sediments are less porous and more argillaceous than the surroundings, often accompanied by underlying porous property. A well suggested the channel-fill sediments to be low-porosity karst-related breccia and the underlying interval is productive in the well test. Integration of these seismic and well observations led to a unified interpretation that the channels are formed by Turonian erosional incision and the channel-fills are likely to be muddy/tight sediments. Due to the tight property, the channels were considered as possible cause of reservoir compartmentalization identified from well data. Throughout this work, 3D seismic was utilized as the key driver of the integrated evaluation and was confirmed to successfully reveal critical carbonate reservoir characteristics.
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Diagenesis of the Albian-Turonian Formations of the Middle East
By C. HollisDiagenetic modification of the Albian-Turonian in the Middle East is complex and multiphase, and has provided a critical control on reservoir quality. This paper presents a summary of this diagenetic overprint, gathered from published case studies from across the region. The most important diagenetic events comprise marine cementation, along discontinuities and overprinting bioturbation, incipient karst formation at intraformational sequence boundaries and deep cutting karst at the late Cenomanian/early Turonian unconformity. Finally, leaching of micrite and early diagenetic cements has often created large volumes of secondary micro- and macroporosity. This leaching could have taken place from meteoric pore waters or deep burial brines. This paper will assess the relative importance of these key in order to provide the basis of a predictive regional diagenetic model for the Albian-Turonian of the Middle East.
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Regional Unconformities in the Cenomanian and Turonian Limestone of Southwest Iran (Sarvak Formation) - Sub-aerial Exposures, Diagenetic Patterns & Impact on Reservoir Properties
Authors B. Vincent, R. Swennen, M. Jalali, D. Baghbani and F. van BuchemThe Cenomanian/Turonian shallow water deposits of the Sarvak Formation constitute one of the main reservoirs in SW Iran. Heterogeneities in these reservoirs are controlled by lateral facies changes, caused by intrashelf basin to platform transitions, and by diagenetic overprint related to three (regional) exposure surfaces that subdivide the succession in third order depositional sequences. This diagenetic imprint has been studied in superb exposures of this formation in the outcrops of coastal Fars, which are considered as good outcrop analogues for the nearby oilfields.
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Diagenetic Patterns and Rock Properties of the Natih Formation in a Carbonate Oil Field, North Oman
Authors C. Taberner, V. Vahrenkamp, C. Hollis, M. Esteban and F. Study TeamRock properties of the Natih Formation in Field F were strongly modified as a result of diagenesis. The paragenetic sequence is well defined, and typical for a carbonate field from this geographic location and time period. It exhibits an interplay between early diagenetic processes, faulting and the tectonically controlled circulation of deep burial fluids. Conclusions are supported by detailed petrographic and geochemical data including isotopes, fluid inclusions and elemental compositions.
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Fracture-controlled Dolomite Reservoirs in Late Cretaceous Carbonates of the Sarvak Formation, Anaran Anticline, Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors F. Lapponi, R. Swennen, G. Casini, A. Amilibia Cabeza, T. Needham, J. Garland, W. Blendingen, P. Gillespie, I. Sharp, D. Hunt and T.L. ScarrottLate burial dolomite of hydrothermal origin replaces Cretaceous carbonate shelf sediments of Albian to Turonian age (Sarvak Formation) in the NW closure of the Anaran Anticline, Zagros Mountains, Simply Folded Belt, Iran. The outcrops, spectacularly exposed along deep river canyons, offer the possibility for a 3D reconstruction of the geobodies, combining both field data (sedimentary logs, cross sections and samples for diagenetic and petrophysical studies) and LIDAR derived photorealistic model of the most representative dolomite bodies. The aim is to quantify the impact of hydrothermal dolomitisation on the reservoir quality. The hydrothermal origin of the dolomitising fluids will be discussed integrating different geochemical data (fluid inclusions, stable and radiogenic isotopes, minor and trace elements). Dolomite replaces carbonate rocks characterised by different facies, showing different geometries: 1) massive plus stratabound (Lower Sarvak); 2) pipes (Upper Sarvak). Dolomite distribution decreases vertically with at least three discrete breaks corresponding to two main aquitard intervals: 1) Ahmadi Shales, separating massive dolomite form from plume-like bodies; 2) Turonian Mudstones; 3) Surgah Fm., above, which no dolomite has been observed. Fractures and faults play a major role in controlling the distribution of the dolomite bodies, in particular the ENE-WSW and WNW-ESE conjugate fault systems, which are often associated with dolomitic halos. A geological conceptual model is built taking into account different fracture and matrix porosity models for limestone and dolomite.
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Fault & Fracture Development in Foreland Fold and Thrust Belts - Insight from the Lurestan Province, Zagros Mountains, Iran
Authors G. Casini, J. Verges, I. Romaire, N. Fernandez, E. Casciello, S. Homke, E. Saura, J.C. Embry, D.W. Hunt, P. Gillespie, L. Aghajari, H. Noroozi, M. Sedigh and J. BagheriSummary not available
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Detection and Distribution of Thief Perm in the Late Albian Mauddud Formation, Sabiriyah and Raudhatain Fields, Kuwait: A Dual Porosity Dual Permeability Methodology for Model Implementation
Authors H. El Din Ibrahim, M.F. Al-Ajmi, E. Al-Anzi, M. May, A. Quinn, L. Brinton, J. Keay, J. Kalbus, J. Dozzo and M. FahadAn integrated analysis of a detailed core description, image and open-hole logs, PLT and PTA data, and production history in the late Albian (Early Cretaceous) Mauddud formation of Sabiriyah and Raudhatain fields, North Kuwait reveal the presence of dual perm dual porosity carbonate reservoirs. A methodology was developed to distribute this secondary pore system within the dynamic model and achieve an excellent history match. Early water breakthrough within months of water injection in this high porosity/low permeability reservoir indicated the likely presence of a secondary high perm low volume pore system or "Thief". A thief zone facies log was created and derived from core interpretation, foot by foot PLT spike and permeability logs, well test permeabilities, and high flow production zones. Both object and pixel based descriptions were considered for the history match. It is likely that a high quality history match could be achieved from either description. However, model results indicated a preference for the pixel based more continuous thief zone case. The thief description was iteratively modified during the history matching process as the well performance data provides vital information about thief continuity.
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A Transition from a Passive to a Tectonically Active Margin and Foreland Basin Development in the Late Cretaceous of the Fars Area and Offshore (Zagros)
Authors A.R. Piryaei, J. Reijmer, J. Borgomano and F.S.P. van BuchemThe northeastern margin of the Arabian plate in the Fars Area was influenced by a series of tectono-sedimentary events during the Late Cretaceous. These events are well documented by significant variations in sedimentary facies and sedimentation patterns and thickness. The presence of igneous dikes is another significant phenomenon at the top of Cenomanian platform. Nine regional transects parallel and perpendicular to the Zagros trend were prepared. These transects vertically contain three tectono-sedimentary phases: Phase I (Late Albian to Turonian), Phase II (Coniacian to Late Campanian) and Phase III (Late Campanian to Maastrichtian). Phase I is characterised by shallow-water carbonate platforms bordering intrashelf basins. Eustatic sea-level variations can be the main factor controlling the accommodation space in parts of the area, whereas to the southeast the role of the regional and salt tectonic are more dominant. Phase II is marked by major changes in the depositional environments and sedimentary facies, as a result of obduction and foreland basin creation. The pelagic marls host large volumes of carbonate and siliciclastic gravity flows and far-traveled radiolarites and ophiolites as well as thrust slices of older carbonates. Phase III is dominated by pelagic facies interfingering with shallow-water Omphalocyclus and Loftusia-bearing facies.
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Sequence Stratigraphy of the Albian to Cenomanian Interval in the Northwest Fars Area (Southwest Iran)
Authors H. Asilian, Y. Lasemi, D. Morsalnejad, M. Jalali and A. Khosravi-SereshkiThe Albian to Turonian sediments, are over 600 meters thick in the study area consisting mainly of shallow-water carbonates. In total five surface sections were measured in the Coastal and sub-Coastal Fars then correlated with eleven wells. The datasets are organised in 3 SE-NW and SW-NE oriented transects. Facies analysis let to recognise a range of tidal flat to open marine sedimentary environments. The sedimentary facies consists of stromatolite, rudist debris, oligosteginid and other planktonic foraminifera in mudstone to boundstone sedimentary textures. Six 3rd order sedimentary sequences were distinguished in this time interval. Lateral facies and thickness changes introduce local and regional controls on the sedimentation patterns. The regional factors could be related to the Cenomanian/Turonian uplift and erosion that creates patchy natures in these units, while the local factors are attributed to the salt movements and influence of the well known Kazerun and Nezam Abad faults. The overall thickness changes show that the depocentre locates between these two faults in the sub coastal Fars area.
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The Albo-Cenomanian in the Middle-East - New Element for Carbonate Platform Stratigraphy
By P.J.L MasseIn Middle-east, the albo-cenomanian comprises a prolific lithostratigraphic nomenclature. In-house studies on subsurface and outcrops sections lead Total biostratigraphers to use foraminifers charts for datings and paleoenvironments definition. Calibration on Ammonites zones is possible in the Late Albian-Early Cenomanian and Mid Cenomanian of Oman. Further work of biostratigraphers could focus on a characterization of the "top Natih" or "top Mishrif" carbonate platform with foraminiferal assemblages located at formation top and a research of new sections at platform-basin transition. This will help in the evaluation of the degree of truncation of the “Mishrif/Natih” formations below the turonian-coniacian unconformity.
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Constraints on Regional-Scale Stratigraphic Forward Modelling in the Upper Sarvak Formation, Lurestan, Iran
Authors J.C. Embry, D. Hunt, I. Sharp, G. Casini, S. Homke, T.L. Scarrott and M.R. JamalediniSummary not available
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Eustasy and Tectonic Controls on the Sedimentary Patterns in the Albian-Cenomanian Succession in the Lurestan (Zagros)
Authors A. M. Jamali and M.A. KavoosiThe Upper Albian-Turonian deposits in the Lurestan Area are attributed to the Sarvak Formation.Field observations and facies analysis indicate absence and presence of quartz grains and calciturbidites respectively which reflect the different tectonic regimes.Sudden establishment of Upper Cenomanian pyritic and glauconitic pelagic and hemipelagic facies containing packed ammonite even on the top of paleohighs, most propably suggest drowning of carbonate platform in the study area during late Cenomanian.
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Carbonate Platform High-Frequency Cycles, Natih Sequence I (E Member), Sultanate of Oman: Constrasting Transgressive & Regressive Constrained Reservoir Scale Heterogeneities
Authors P.W. Homewood, M. Mettraux, C. Grelaud, P. Razin and V. VahrenkampThick, apparently layer-cake, proximal carbonate platform deposits of the Natih Formation (Late Albian - Early Turonian) show stratigraphic heterogeneity that differs between transgressive and regressive stacking patterns of high frequency cycles. In Natih Sequence I (E member), stylolite-seamed mudstones to wackestones of deepening half-cycles form permeability barriers in landward stepping configurations, as do the dolomitised, early-cemented bed tops of progradational half cycles in seaward stepping mode. These laterally extensive permeability barriers, spaced at 1m to 10m intervals, should be taken into account when putting together models for fluid flow in similar thick "homogenous" reservoirs.
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Reservoir Characterization of Emersion Surfaces and their Associated Diagenesis - Natih Formation, Cretaceous, Sultanate of Oman
Authors J. Champagne, C. Durlet, C. Grelaud, P. Razin and S. SchroederThe characterization of emersion surfaces in carbonates and their associated diagenesis could provide helpful tools for reservoir studies. Outcrops observations combinated with data from oil fields should lead to predictive models of reservoir properties associated with emersion surfaces. The Natih Formation constitutes the top of a thick succession of Cretaceous epeiric platform deposits. It is subdivided into three 3rd order sequences. These sequences are frequently capped by emersive horizons, which could be associated with incisions. Detailed studies of the lateral distribution and chronology of diagenetic phases associated with emersion surfaces form the basis for the sedimentological and diagenetic model. The results emphasize the heterogeneous character of these surfaces from a microscopic to a regional scale. The diagenetic sequence and the characterization of fluids associated with petrophysical data constrain the modifications of reservoir quality, in relation with the geological context. The complex interplays between the factors responsible for reservoirs properties could make difficult the recognition of exposure surfaces. That is why an integrated approach is needed to find predictable patterns for the detection of unconformities in carbonates.
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Albian-Turonian Carbonate Ramp and Platform Evolution in the Al Shaheen Field, Offshore Qatar
Authors F. Maurer, F. van Buchem, R. Lang, E. Hoch, M. Emang, N. Bounoua and K. HabibIn offshore Qatar two sedimentary systems are distinguished in the Albian to Turonian interval. The stratigraphically older one comprises a low angle mixed marl/carbonate ramp system, corresponding to the Nahr Umr Formation and the lower part of the Mauddud Formation developed during the Albian. This ramp system is overlain by a carbonate platform to intrashelf basin system, corresponding to the upper part of the Mauddud and the Khatiyah Formations, of Cenomanian-Turonian age. The geometry and facies of the two systems are presented using data from core, thin sections, 3D seismic and age dating.
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Regional Sequence Stratigraphic Correlation of the Burgan and Mauddud Formations (Lower Cretaceous), Kuwait
A new sequence-stratigraphic framework is proposed for the Burgan and Mauddud formations (Albian) of Kuwait, where together form two third-order composite sequences, the older of which constitutes the lowstand, transgressive, and highstand sequence sets of the siliciclastic Burgan. subdivided into fifteen, high-frequency, depositional sequences, Overlain by Mauddud of sand-mud prone to the south and carbonate prone to the north with its transgressive and highstand sequence sets, subdivided into eight, high-frequency, depositional sequences at time-transgressive contact with each other.
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High-Resolution Lithofacies Analyses of Predominantly Organic-Rich Carbonates from the Natih-B Intrashelf Basin, North Oman
Authors S.A.K. Al Balushi, J.H.S. Macquaker and C. HollisRecent research, utilizing high-resolution petrographic and geochemical analyses on samples collected from North Oman, has revealed that the predominantly fine-grained carbonates of the Natih-B Member contain a great deal of previously unrecognized lithofacies variability, developed at cm to sub-mm scales. Most geologists have largely overlooked the significance of this small-scale variability, attributing changes observed to either influence of varying primary production or oxygen concentration in the water column. Detailed analyses of the textures (e.g., relict thin beds, burrow mottles, organo-mineralic aggregates and lenticular laminae) and components (including fossil and mineral assemblages) present at these small scales suggest that this lithofacies variability reflects bed-scale processes. Moreover, it indicates that many of the Natih-B intrashelf-basinal sediments, rather than being deposited directly from suspension settling under predominantly low-energy conditions, were actually deposited, at least partially, by episodic and advective events. These sediments, following compaction, developed thin beds and then were subsequently burrowed by diminutive infauna. Furthermore, analyses of successive samples within laterally-equivalent intervals suggest that there was significant temporal and spatial variability in sediment supply and accommodation availability, in addition to local changes in primary production, sediment accumulation and burial rates that fundamentally controlled organic-matter enrichment in the Natih-B Member.
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Improving Carbonate Reservoir Models with Digital Outcrop Modeling - An Example from the Cretaceous Natih Formation, Sultanate of Oman
Authors E.W. Adams, M. Pal and A.E. CsomaIn order to ground-truth and quantify both the external and internal make up of geobodies, outcrop analogues for the Natih Formation of Oman were used. By deploying a digital outcrop modelling workflow, geobodies observed in outcrop can be quantified efficiently and effectively. The main objective of the study was to develop recommendations and guidelines on ways to incorporate these type of geobodies into static and dynamic models. Furthermore, the digital outcrop models will be presented as virtual reality (VR) training datasets spanning resolutions ranging from sector-scale to thin section-scale.
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