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63rd EAGE Conference & Exhibition
- Conference date: 11 Jun 2001 - 15 Jun 2001
- Location: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Published: 11 June 2001
1 - 100 of 516 results
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Processing and Analysis of PS-Wave Data from a 3D/3C Land Survey for Fracture Characterization
Authors R.R. Van Dok, J.E. Gaiser and J.E. MarkertP117 PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF PS-WAVE DATA FROM A 3-D/3-C LAND SURVEY FOR FRACTURE CHARACTERIZATION Summary 1 The investigation of S-wave birefringence (splitting) using 3-D converted P to S-waves (PS-waves) is an important tool for characterizing reservoir fractures. In azimuthally anisotropic media fracture intensities are directly related to traveltime differences between the fast and slow S-waves and fracture orientations are related to the polarization direction of the fast S-wave. These effects are accurately analyzed in a 3-D/3-C survey from the Green River basin in Wyoming to preserve meaningful azimuthal variation in amplitude and traveltime. Estimates of the principal PSwave fast
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Anisotropic Prestack Depth Migration and Model Building
Authors R. Bloor, P. Whitfield and K. FiskA-01 ANISOTROPIC PRESTACK DEPTH MIGRATION AND MODEL BUILDING R. BLOOR P. WHITFIELD and K. FISK WesternGeco 10001 Richmond Avenue Houston TX 77042 USA Summary 1 The majority of the subsurface is anisotropic to some extent but in most cases the processing of seismic data ignores anisotropy. Ignoring anisotropy can result in significant mispositioning of events due to biased velocity values and in prestack space difficulty in aligning events at different offsets. Well mis-ties and vertical seismic profile (VSP) data can help constrain the nature and quantity of anisotropy. Incorporating anisotropy in depth imaging can result in more accurate seismic images.
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Anisotropic Beam-Stack Kirchhoff vs Wave Equation Imaging on PC Clusters
Authors J.B. Bednar and C.J. BednarA-02 ANISOTROPIC BEAM-STACK KIRCHHOFF VS WAVE EQUATION IMAGING ON PC CLUSTERS Abstract 1 This paper discusses advanced imaging in acoustic elastic and anisotropic 3D media on large massively-parallel personal computer clusters. The focus is on parameter estimation methods and the technology pertinent to image data recorded over such models. Both synthetic and real data sets are used to demonstrate that existing technology though computationally intensive is eminently feasible on very attractively priced hardware. While the beam-stack approach to Kirchhoff migration has significant speed advantages full wave-equation methodologies are shown to provide superior accuracy and images. Introduction The recent advent of
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Addressing Anisotropy in Prestack Depth Migration - a Southern North Sea Case Study
Authors K. Hawkins, H. Kat, R. Leggott and G. WilliamsA-03 ADDRESSING ANISOTROPY IN PRESTACK DEPTH MIGRATION – A SOUTHERN NORTH SEA CASE STUDY K. HAWKINS 1 H. KAT 2 R. LEGGOTT 1 and G. WILLIAMS 1 Abstract 1 In order to optimise gas production from Rotliegend reservoirs located offshore Holland it is crucial to obtain both accurate imaging and depth control of seismic data. Prestack depth migration is essential to achieve accurate imaging in this demanding geological environment. However isotropic imaging velocities differ from vertical well velocities due to transverse isotropy. Use of a prestack depth migration algorithm that comprehends anisotropy has the advantage of providing greater imaging accuracy
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Technology Offers New Insight in a Mature Area - a 3D PreSDM Case Study from the Dutch N Sea
Authors F.J. Dewey, P. Whitfield and M. KingA-04 TECHNOLOGY OFFERS NEW INSIGHT IN A MATURE AREA – A 3D PRESDM CASE STUDY FROM THE DUTCH N SEA F. DEWEY 1 P. WHITFIELD 2 and M. KING 3 Introduction 1 Exploration in Blocks K10 and K13 in the Broad Fourteens Basin of the Dutch offshore started in 1968 and over 30 exploration wells have since been drilled resulting in 7 producing fields. As these fields enter their final years of production new technology has been deployed to identify additional reserves and extend the producing life of this mature area. Imaging problems The area is structurally complex with large
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Imaging the Unimaginable
Authors S.J. Kapoor, C. Liu and S. TraresA-05 IMAGING THE UNIMAGINABLE S.J. KAPOOR C. LIU and S. TRARES WesternGeco 10001 Richmond Avenue Houston TX 77042 USA 1 Summary 3-D prestack depth imaging will become the standard seismic exploration tool used by oil and gas companies exploring for hydrocarbons. Recent successes such as the Crazy Horse and Mad Dog prospects in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico are increasing exploration activity. The complex geological structures the presence of allochthonous salt and wells costing 50 million dollars or more are common. Balancing exploration potential risk and return is key to a successful exploration program in the deepwater. Risk can be
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T Migration and Velocity Analysis - Application to Real Data from the Red Sea
More LessA-06 W-MIGRATION AND VELOCITY ANALYSIS – APPLICATION TO REAL DATA FROM THE RED SEA TARIQ A ALKHALIFAH 1 Institute for Astronomy and Geophysical Research KACST PO Box 6086 11442 Riyadh Saudi Arabia SUMMARY Imaging the pre-alt reflections for data acquired from the coastal region of the Red Sea is a task that requires prestack migration velocity analysis. Conventional poststack time processing lacks the lateralinhomogeneity capability needed for such a problem. Prestack migration velocity analysis in the vertical time domain reduces the velocity-depth ambiguity usually hampering the performance of prestack depthmigration velocity analysis. In prestack τ migration velocity analysis we keep
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Comparison of Kinematic and Preserved Amplitude PsDM for AVO Analysis
Authors P. Thierry, L. Lenain, R.M. Baina, V. Devaux and H. CalandraA-007 COMPARISON OF KINEMATIC AND PRESERVED AMPLITUDE PSDM FOR AVO ANALYSIS. L. LENAIN 1 R. M. BAINA 2 P. THIERRY 3 V. DEVAUX 4 and H. CALANDRA 4 1 TotalFinaElf now at University of DELAWARE NEWARK USA 2 Ipedex detached to École des Mines de Paris 3 École des Mines de Paris 35 rue Saint Honoré F- 77 305 Fontainebleau 4 TotalFinaElf av. Larribau F-64018 Pau Summary. In AVO inversion after prestack depth migration the question of amplitude preservation remains open. It is often tackled by correcting for amplitude decay in the traces at the pre-processing stage followed by “kinematic”
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Regional Velocity Models of the Netherlands Territory
More LessA-08 REGIONAL VELOCITY MODELS OF THE NETHERLANDS TERRITORY J.C. DOORNENBAL 1 TNO-NITG Netherlands Institute of Applied Geoscience-National Geological Survey Department of Geo-Energy PO Box 80015 3508 TA Utrecht The Netherlands Introduction The regional subsurface onshore mapping project of the "Geological Atlas of the subsurface of the Netherlands" was started in 1985 at the former Geological Survey of the Netherlands. This project is carried out with seismic and well data. It is now in its final stage. For this project regional depth and isopach maps are created (scale 1:250.000). The mapped intervals comprise eight major lithostratigraphic units in the range of
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Suppression of Power Line Interference in Seismic Records
More LessA-09 SUPPRESSION OF POWER LINE INTERFERENCE IN SEISMIC RECORDS F. KIRCHHEIMER WesternGeco P.O. Box 510530 Buchholzer Str. 100 30655 Hannover Germany Abstract 1 Seismic records often contain electromagnetic noise from nearby power lines. An efficient procedure to remove this type of interference is therefore desirable. For everyday use in the preprocessing stage such a process should have no impact on uncontaminated data should not affect the spectra of contaminated data more than necessary and should be able to work with minimal a priori knowledge of the characteristics of the noise. A method is presented that largely meets these requirements. It
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Detection of Ground Roll for Multicomponent Point-Receiver Data
More LessA-10 DETECTION OF GROUND ROLL FOR MULTICOMPONENT POINT-RECEIVER DATA Abstract 1 A method for the detection and filtering of ground roll is introduced which is suitable for the application on point-receiver data. The detection method utilizes the polarization properties of ground roll and additionally takes into account the relatively high amplitudes of ground roll compared to other parts of the seismic section. The filtering is performed via an adaptive signal processing technique especially designed for point receiver data. It attenuates dispersive nonstationary coherent noise by using reference traces in the vicinity of the trace to be filtered as a reference
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Multi-Directional 3D Acquisition and Processing for Subsalt Imaging
Authors B. VerWest, R.S. Hobbs and J. YoungA-11 MULTI-DIRECTIONAL 3D ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING FOR SUBSALT IMAGING Abstract 1 B.VER WEST R. S. HOBBS and J. YOUNG Veritas DGC Inc. 10300 Town Park Houston TX 77072 USA 3D Pre-stack depth migration (PSDM) is commonly used for improving image quality adjacent and under complex salt bodies in the Gulf of Mexico. A study has been conducted within a mini-basin of the Garden Banks area of the Gulf of Mexico to examine the benefits of combining multi-directional datasets together through depth processing to yield the most optimum near-salt and sub-salt image. Two 3D volumes of differing vintages but similar acquisition
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Over/Under Acquisition - Breaking the Resolution Limits
More LessA-12 OVER/UNDER ACQUISITION – BREAKING THE RESOLUTION LIMITS S. GRION J. HOBRO J. BARSCH and S. RONEN Summary 1 Seismic resolution is limited by source and receiver ghosts. In marine acquisitions shallow source and receivers increase high frequency content but attenuate the low frequencies fundamental for stratigraphic and structural inversion. On the other hand deep source and receivers enhance the low frequencies at the expense of the high. The combination of data acquired with different cable depths is a solution to this problem and is usually referred to as over/under combination. Over/under can combine in a single image the high-frequency
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Seismic Crew Interference and Prestack Random Noise Attenuation on 3D Marine Seismic Data
Authors N. Gülünay and D. PattbergA-13 SEISMIC CREW INTERFERENCE AND PRESTACK RANDOM NOISE ATTENUATION ON 3-D MARINE SEISMIC DATA N. GÜLÜNAY and D. PATTBERG WesternGeco 10001 Richmond Avenue Houston TX 77042 USA Abstract This paper presents a method of removing strong seismic interference noise as well as random noise from shots acquired in 3-D marine surveys. This process will allow boats to reduce down time when other crews are operating in the same area. The method is applied to each frequency slice of the frequency-source-receiver volume obtained by time only Fourier transform of a small time-space (source and receiver) volume of data. These volumes overlap
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Decimating Acquisition Using 3D SCO
Authors N. Bienati, E. Loinger, P. Mazzucchelli and U. SpagnoliniA-14 DECIMATING ACQUISITION USING 3D SCO Summary 1 Pre-stack data interpolation is always an attractive issue for the potential related acquisition cost reductions. Once designed on the base of an acceptable cost-quality trade-off a field layout can be adequately decimated thus leaving only those shotpoints that are strictly necessary to recover the final image quality by shot-infilling. This decimated layout is called minimal acquisition (MA) layout. Of course the MA layout depends on the geophysical targets and the data quality which are given as well on the interpolation method and strategy which therefore must be carefully selected. In this paper
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Regularising 3D Data Using Fourier Reconstruction and Sparse Inversion
Authors P.M. Zwartjes and C.O.H. HindriksA-015 REGULARISING 3D DATA USING FOURIER RECONSTRUCTION AND SPARSE INVERSION P. M. ZWARTJES and C. O. H. HINDRIKS Delft University of Technology Lab. of Acoustic Imaging and Sound Control PO Box 5046 2600 GA Delft The Netherlands Abstract Fourier reconstruction yields a better regularisation than can be obtained by a simple binning procedure. The method consists of estimating the Fourier coefficients by least-squares inversion with a priori information. The sparse distribution of energy over the Fourier coefficients can be used as a priori information. Resulting algorithms perform significantly better in a 3D synthetic experiment than conventional Fourier reconstruction with a
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Analysis of 3D Acquisition Geometries with Focal Beams
Authors A.W.F. Volker, G. Blacquière and A.J. BerkhoutA-16 ANALYSIS OF 3-D ACQUISITION GEOMETRIES WITH FOCAL BEAMS A.W.F. VOLKER G. BLACQUIÈRE and A.J. BERKHOUT Abstract 1 The amplitude accuracy of a seismic acquisition geometry is strongly dependent on the source and detector configuration. The concept of focal beam analysis is an ideal starting point to understand the relation between the source-detector geometry and the amplitude accuracy observed in a 3-D image. In this paper the emphasis is on the study of the dependency of the focal beams on the subsurface location. The continuity of the target point ‘illumination’ plays a vital role in achieving a small acquisition footprint.
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Stacking - and the Importance of Offset (x)
By I. GauslandA-17 STACKING – AND THE IMPORTANCE OF OFFSET (x) INGEBRET GAUSLAND Introduction 1 Offset (x) is an important parameter in processing of seismic data but surprisingly little is documented on the impact of offset on stacking. I have in previous presentations stated that stacking is indeed a beamforming process and in this presentation I will give a more fundamental background for my earlier statements. Most geophysicists will know that mis-stacking the data by choosing a slightly higher than optimum stacking velocity will achieve additional multiple attenuation. This is due to the “beamforming” type stack response. Therefore it should be obvious
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Removing NMO Stretch Using the Radon and Fourier-Radon Transforms
By G.J. HicksA-18 REMOVING NMO STRETCH USING THE RADON AND FOURIER-RADON TRANSFORMS GRAHAM J HICKS Introduction 1 Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering Queen’s University Kingston K7L 3N6 Canada Fundamental to the creation of the traditional Common Midpoint (CMP) stack is a normal-moveout (NMO) correction. It has long been known that NMO stretch distorts the recorded wavelet limiting the offset range that can be successfully stacked without reducing the resolution of the stack. I describe a method for removing NMO stretch during stacking that uses the parabolic Radon transform (PRT). I also introduce a new transform that is a combination of
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An Efficient Method for Sorting Large-Volume Seismic Data
Authors M.H. Huwaidi, Y. Luo and K. GunaratnamA-19 AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR SORTING LARGE-VOLUME SEISMIC DATA Abstract 1 The channel count in our 3D seismic crews is increasing very rapidly. At Saudi Aramco the last count as of writing this paper has reached 3840 channels/VP. Many seismic processing algorithms require data to be sorted in special orders such as common mid-point and common receiver gathers. For very large [1 tera (10 12 ) bytes or larger] data sets sorting the data efficiently with limited computer resources is a non-trivial task. In this paper we introduce a new and efficient sorting method. We will refer to it as
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High Resolution Time Delay Estimation Based on Third-Order Statistics Domain
Authors V.D. Vrabie and J.I. MarsA-20 HIGH RESOLUTION TIME DELAY ESTIMATION BASED ON THIRD-ORDER STATISTICS DOMAIN V.D. VRABIE and J.I. MARS Abstract 1 The seismic prospecting aim is to obtain structural and geological information. The time delay evaluation is an essential operation often necessary in the multidimensional signals treatments. Into seismic processing this operation is carried out in a systematic way before using the waves separation procedure and velocities evaluation. All these operations and especially the waves separation tools are very sensitive to a good waves alignment. Classical time delay estimation relying the cross-correlation (second order statistics) is often used. But in case of correlated
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Compression Denoising - Using Seismic Compression for Uncoherent Noise Removal
Authors L.C. Duval and V. Bui TranA021 COMPRESSION DENOISING: USING SEISMIC COMPRESSION FOR UNCOHERENT NOISE REMOVAL L. C. DUVAL and V. BUI TRAN IFP Technology Department 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau 95852 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex France E-mail: [email protected] Summary Wavelet related techniques have been proved successful in many seismic processing applications such as filtering or compression. While seismic data compression is not yet widely accepted we propose a compression based on filter banks as a means to remove uncoherent noise from seismic data and thus improve the SNR. Results are demonstrated on synthetic data. Introduction and overview of time-frequency techniques If we let data analysis aside
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Rough Seas and Statistical Deconvolution
More LessA-22 ROUGH SEAS AND STATISTICAL DECONVOLUTION E. KRAGH and R. LAWS 1 Schlumberger Cambridge Research High Cross Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 OEL UK Summary: The rough sea ghost response varies along the streamer from shot to shot and with time along the seismic trace. In this paper we examine the application of statistical deconvolution to reduce the rough sea error. Although this conventional method incorrectly assumes wavelet stationarity a partial correction can be achieved provided some modification of the standard application is carried out; the design window should be no longer than 1 s and the application window should lie
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Mixed Phase Surface Consistent Deconvolution without Phase Unwrapping
Authors C. Perkins and R. Calvert3 signal event is far more aligned after deconvolution has been applied demonstrating that the phase spectrum of the surface consistent distortions have been correctly estimated. msec Figure(1a) CDP gather displaying surface consistent phase rotations and time shifts with added noise Figure(1b) synthetic CDP gather from figure (1a) after surface consistent deconvolution The second example shows the effectiveness of the algorithm when applied to a real land vibroseis data set. Prior to deconvolution inverse Q-filtering deterministic zero phasing refraction statics surface consistent residual statics NMO and a sliding gate amplitude equalization had been applied to the data. The deterministic zero
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Simultaneous Least Squares Deconvolution and Kriging Using Conjugate Gradients
Authors J. Kane, W. Rodi and M.N. ToksözA-024 SIMULTANEOUS LEAST SQUARES DECONVOLUTION AND KRIGING USING CONJUGATE GRADIENTS JONATHAN KANE WILLIAM RODI and M. NAFI TOKSÖZ Earth Resources Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology 42 Carleton St. Cambridge Ma. 02142 Summary Least squares deconvolution is a method used to sharpen tomographic images of the earth by undoing the bandlimiting effects imposed by a seismic wavelet. Kriging is a method used by geoscientists to extrapolate and interpolate sparse data sets. These two methodologies have traditionally been kept separate and viewed as unrelated fields of research. We demonstrate the connection between these methods by deriving them both as examples of linear
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Efficient Amplitude-Preserved Prestack Depth Migration
Authors F. Audebert, C. Hanitzsch, S. Jin and A. TuraA-25 EFFICIENT AMPLITUDE-PRESERVED PRESTACK DEPTH MIGRATION Abstract 1 An efficient approximation to amplitude-preserved prestack depth migration is presented. The patented strategy can reduce the computational cost to little more than the cost of standard PreSDM. The technique splits the process into two steps: a standard PreSDM (that also keeps the prestack migrated data) followed by a second separate process that accurately recovers postmigration amplitudes and reflection angles. Important practical advantages can result from this split. An application to data from the North Sea is presented. Introduction CHRISTIAN HANITZSCH 1 2 SIDE JIN 1 3 ALI TURA 1 4 and FRANCOIS
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Monte Carlo Wavefield Imaging of 3D Prestack Data
Authors L. Cazzola, E. Bonomi, L.M. Brieger and F. ZanolettiA-26 MONTE CARLO WAVEFIELD IMAGING OF 3D PRESTACK DATA L. CAZZOLA 1 E. BONOMI 2 L. M. BRIEGER 2 and F. ZANOLETTI 1 Abstract 1 We present a new imaging methodology based on the depth extrapolation of a single dataset obtained by randomly compressing sources and shot-gathers. In this work a Monte Carlo imaging condition was implemented with a Phase Shift Plus Interpolation (PSPI) extrapolating kernel and tested on the SEG- EAGE salt model. This study demonstrates that wavefield 3D prestack depth migration is possible for industrial applications providing high quality results in reasonable computational times. Introduction Prestack depth migration
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Cross-Spread Imaging in the Wavenumber Domain
Authors P. Mazzucchelli and F. Rocca���� ��������������������������� ����������������� ��������������� � ���������� � �������� � ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��� �������� ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������� ��� ����� ����������� ������������ �������� ����� ������������ ���� ��������������� ��� ���� ��������� ������������ �� �������� ������������ ������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ��� ���� ����������� ���������� �� ����� ������� �� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ���� ������� ����� ��� �������� ��� ���� ��� ���������� �������� ������ ������� ����������� ���������� ������������ ����������� ��� ���� ��� �� ��� �������� ��������� ��� ���� ��� �������� ���������� ������� ����������� �������������������������������������������� ���� ��������������� ���� ������������� ��� ����������������������������������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������� ������� ��� ������� ��������� �������� ������� ����������� ������ �������� ������������ ���
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Determining the Optimum Migration Aperture from Traveltimes
Authors C. Vanelle and D. GajewskiA-028 DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM MIGRATION APERTURE FROM TRAVELTIMES C. VANELLE and D. GAJEWSKI Institute of Geophysics University of Hamburg Bundesstr. 55 20146 Hamburg Germany Summary True amplitude migration is a task of high computational costs. These can be significantly reduced if the involved summation is carried out only over traces which really contribute to the stack result i.e. a limited aperture instead of the whole aperture of the expriment. We introduce a method to determine an optimum migration aperture that needs only traveltime tables as input information. These are also used for the computation of the true amplitude weight functions.
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3D FD Prestack Depth Migration Using Cylindrical Wave Data
Authors B. Duquet, P. Lailly and A. Ehinger¡ £ ¥ § ¨ � ¨ � � � � � � � ¨ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ¨ � � � � � � � ¨ � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� �� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � ���� � � ��� � � � �� � � � �
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AVA Analysis and Compensation on Common Image Gathers in the Angle Domain
Authors S. Brandsberg-Dahl, M.V. de Hoop and B. Ursin�� are the normalized polarization vectors receiver � at the source and is two-way traveltime is the is the gradient of two-way traveltime is the ray amplitude. The describes where� and� the contrast source radiation pattern at the image point. The combination of sources and receivers will dictate �� and� matrix� data � the maximum possible coverage �� in migration dip and hence the is also data dependent. The complete image is constructed by an additional stack over scattering angle and azimuth. support� The ‘measure’ in equation (1) � is modified by introducing the conical in migration dip and the
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A Causality Based Imaging Method
Authors H. Poot, J.T. Fokkema and C.P.A. WapenaarA-031 A CAUSALITY BASED IMAGING METHOD Summary H. POOT J.T. FOKKEMA and C.P.A WAPENAAR Delft University of Technology Subfaculty of Applied Earth Sciences Mijnbouwstraat 120 2628 RX Delft An imaging condition is derived based on the causality principle. This condition determines directly the velocity contrast over an interface using the wavefields measured at this interface. We assume the velocity below the interface is constant in vertical (but not necessarily in lateral) direction for a thin layer. Using the reciprocity theorem we can now calculate the wavefield below this thin layer in the case it was removed and replaced by a
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Theory of Daylight/Interferometric Imaging - Tutorial
More LessA-032 Abstract THEORY OF DAYLIGHT/INTERFEROMETRIC IMAGING: TUTORIAL GERARD T. SCHUSTER University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84112 U.S.A I present the general theory of interferometric imaging (II). Interferometric imaging is any algorithm that inverts crosscorrelated data for the reflectivity or source distribution. As examples I show that II can be used to image arbitrary reflectivity distributions by migrating ghost reflections in passive seismic data and II generalizes the receiver-function imaging method used by seismologists II can be used to migrate freesurface and peg-leg multiples in CDP data. I also show how source distributions can be imaged from passive seismic
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2D Elastic Model for Wavefield Investigations of Subsalt Objectives, Deep Water Gulf of Mexico
Authors D. Stoughton, J. Stefani and S. MichellA-33 2D ELASTIC MODEL FOR WAVEFIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF SUBSALT OBJECTIVES DEEP WATER GULF OF MEXICO SUMMARY 1 A full elastic 2D synthetic model has been generated by the SMAART* Joint Venture Consortium to simulate the primary signal and noise characteristics of sub-salt objectives associated with the deep-water environment of the Gulf of Mexico. A very detailed geologic model has been derived based on real exploration data and has served as input to a finite difference shot computation process. The data has been rigorously computed with many offsets and can be decimated to mimic shot geometries of long offset streamer data.
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Surface Related Multiple Suppression and Imaging of SMAART JV Pluto 1.5 Dataset
Authors B. VerWest, M. Karazincir and N. CooperA-34 SURFACE RELATED MULTIPLE SUPPRESSION AND IMAGING OF SMAART JV PLUTO 1.5 DATASET B. VER WEST 1 M. KARAZINCIR 1 and N. COOPER 2 Abstract 1 The removal of multiple energy from deep water subsalt data is a major challenge facing exploration geophysics. The strong velocity contrasts at the water bottom and salt interfaces generate strong multiples which frequently obscure the relatively weak signals from the subsalt targets. In addition the multiples are frequently non-hyperbolic because of the complex structure of the salt and this makes them difficult to remove with parabolic Radon transform techniques. Finally the deep water sediments
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Turning-Ray Tomography for Statics Solution
Authors J. Criss, D. Epili and D. CunninghamA-35 TURNING-RAY TOMOGRAPHY FOR STATICS SOLUTION D. EPILI J. CRISS and D. CUNNINGHAM Green Mountain Geophysics An Input/Output Inc. Company 361 Centennial Parkway Suite 200 Louisville CO 80027 USA 1 Summary A tomographic imaging technique combined with delay time analysis is proposed for constructing near surface velocity structure from first arrivals. Analysis on a 2-D data set from Eastern Colorado and a 3-D data set from Western Canada indicated that traditional refraction techniques provide a better short period statics solution in presence of a layered model of varying velocity and thickness whereas turning ray tomography provide a better solution in
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First-Arrival Tomography for Near-Surface Model Building
Authors S. Cheadle, T. Zhu, A. Petrella and S. GrayA-36 FIRST-ARRIVAL TOMOGRAPHY FOR NEAR- SURFACE MODEL BUILDING Summary 1 A new method has been developed for tomographic determination of the near-surface velocity structure from first arrivals. It treats the first arrivals as direct body waves propagating along turning rays and represents the velocity structure with a grid model. Estimation of the grid’s node velocities is formulated as an iterative regularized linear least-squares problem. The traveltimes and raypaths required for the inversion are calculated by a highly efficient grid raytracing technique. Experiments with both synthetic and real data show that the new tomographic method is accurate and capable of recovering
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Incorporating Head Waves and Diving Waves in Refraction Tomography
Authors K. Osypov, J. Green, O. Zdraveva and M. RhodesA-37 INCORPORATING HEAD WAVES AND DIVING WAVES IN REFRACTION TOMOGRAPHY Summary 1 Refraction methods are usually divided into two categories: head-wave and diving-wave based. By choosing one of these methods one assumes first arrivals to be the onset of a certain wave type. However the decision on which assumption is better for a particular survey is seldom obvious as it implies the knowledge of a model type. This dilemma may be resolved by tau-p refraction tomography which is an emerging technology that complements other well-known methods for modeling the near surface. This method builds the near-surface model from the tau-p
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Processing with Offset-Vector-Tile Gathers
More LessA-38 Processing with offset-vector-tile gathers Abstract Conventional prestack processing suffers from the absence of proper common-offset gathers in the crossed-array geometries. This requires an approach to prestack processing that recognizes the particular requirements of those geometries. This paper provides a strategy for prestack processing based on the construction of pseudo-minimal data sets (pMDSs) i.e. data sets which are as nearly as possible MDSs yet extend across the whole survey area. The strategy assumes 3D symmetric sampling of the input data. The most suitable pMDS in orthogonal geometry is a collection of offset-vector tiles (OVT gathers). Each OVT contains data with
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The Use of 4D Seismic in Reservoir Management
Authors J.M. Marsh, G. Bagley, A. Lewis, J. McGarrity, T. Nash, R. Parr, I. Saxby and D. WhitcombeF-01 THE USE OF 4D SEISMIC IN RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT J MARCUS MARSH GRAEME BAGLEY ANDREW LEWIS JOHN MCGARRITY 1 Summary In mid 1999 BP acquired a 3-D survey over the West of Shetland area specifically for time-lapse interpretation of the reservoir dynamic behavior over the component fields. This was described at the EAGE meeting last year i . This formed a turning point in BP’s use of 4-D from experimentation to commercial use. The results were very useful in field management and well planning. Before that it had acquired a number of repeat 3-D seismic surveys which in addition to
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Integrating Time-Lapse 3D (4D) Seismic Data with Reservoir Simulators
By J. WaggonerF-02 INTEGRATING TIME-LAPSE 3D (4D) SEISMIC DATA WITH RESERVOIR SIMULATORS J. WAGGONER WesternGeco 455 London Road Isleworth Midd'x TW7 5AA UK Abstract Time-lapse 3D or 4D seismic is gaining acceptance as a valuable element of effective reservoir management. When it works 4D seismic can reveal undrained reservoir compartments identify flood front positions and assist the evaluation of potential drilling targets. These are examples of what this presentation refers to as Visual Interpretations of 4D results. Assuming that a 4D result has been obtained (see for example Waggoner 1998) this presentation focuses on the different ways that the 4D result can
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History Matching a Reservoir Model to Time-Lapse Seismic Using the Pilot Point Method
Authors E.M Arenas, T. Oldenziel and C.P.J.W. Van KruijsdijkF-03 HISTORY MATCHING A RESERVOIR MODEL TO TIME-LAPSE SEISMIC USING THE PILOT POINT METHOD E.M. ARENAS 1 T. OLDENZIEL 2 and C.P.J.W. VAN KRUIJSDIJK 3 Summary 1 In this paper we present a semi-automatic history-matching algorithm to constrain our reservoir model to the available time-lapse seismic. The algorithm is tested on a 2D synthetic reservoir for two different scenarios. One case represents a reservoir with extensive production and time-lapse seismic data the other a scenario with limited production data but abundant seismic data. The results show that in the case of extensive production data the inclusion of time-lapse seismic conditioning
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A 4D Seismic Surprise at Gannet B and a Way Forward through Seismically-Constrained, Scenario-Based Reservoir Modelling
Authors M. Bentley and M. HartungF-04 A 4D SEISMIC SURPRISE AT GANNET B AND A WAY FORWARD THROUGH SEISMICALLY- CONSTRAINED SCENARIO-BASED RESERVOIR MODELLING M. BENTLEY 1 and M. HARTUNG 2 Abstract 1 1 TRACS International Falcon House Union Grove Lane Aberdeen AB10 6XU UK 2 Shell UK Exploration and Production Background Gannet B is part of a 7-field cluster operated by Shell Expro on behalf of Shell and ExxonMobil. It is a small (ca.250-300 Bscf) gas field with an uneconomically thin oil rim developed by depletion through two subsea wells. One well is completed on the thick (up to 600ft) Forties sands the other on
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Model-Based Interpretation of Time-Lapse Seismic, Using Stochastic Matching
Authors D. Gawith Ltd. and P. Gutteridge1 F-05 MODEL-BASED INTERPRETATION OF TIME- LAPSE SEISMIC USING STOCHASTIC MATCHING DAVID GAWITH and PAMELA GUTTERIDGE Reservoir Characterization Research and Consulting (UK) Ltd. Introduction The acquisition of 4D seismic surveys is becoming routine practice for operating companies yet the technology available for interpreting the resulting data is in its infancy. Successful studies have been reported (1) (2) and (3); these studies have generally used an approach based on the direct interpretation of differences between data volumes of different vintages. The main difficulty with this approach is that the seismic differences contain (a) noise from various sources and (b) distortion due
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History Matching of Reservoir Flow Models Using 4D Seismic
Authors K. Fagervik, M. Lygren, T.S. Valen, A. Hetlelid, G. Berge, G.V. Dahl, L. Sønneland, H.E. Lie and I. MagnusF-06 HISTORY MATCHING OF RESERVOIR FLOW MODELS USING 4D SEISMIC Introduction 1 Time lapse reservoir data provides the characteristics of change of the reservoir properties over the period of time between consecutive measurements. This data may be obtained using a range of different techniques including data gathered from several independent well measurements seismic data the knowledge of production rate and the gas or water injection rates. However a series of reservoir parameters will remain unknown. The method to be described in this paper aims to estimate some unknown parameters on the basis of time lapse seismic measurements. The estimates will
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Seismic Visualization for Dynamic and Static Reservoir Characterization
Authors C.S. Burns and A. AggioF-07 SEISMIC VISUALIZATION FOR DYNAMIC AND STATIC RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION Introduction 1 An integrated reservoir model or shared-earth-model is a vehicle for rendering different data types with an effective property for visual comparison at different scales and in different domains. With the advent of integration ease—providing freedom for creative solutions by seasoned professionals—comes the potential of rapidly relating different inner- and crossdisciplinary data to help gain a better understanding of a reservoir’s current “information state.” This improved understanding allowing then the determination of the technology cost & time appropriate for reservoir characterization using available data and determining the need for additional
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Seismic Attributes, Their Use in Petrophysical Classification
Authors M.T. Taner, J. Walls and G. TaylorF-09 SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES THEIR USE IN PETROPHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION Abstract Since their introduction complex trace attributes have evolved from a simple visual interpretational tool to colorful displays for executives and finally incorporated with other attributes as viable components for petrophysical classification. In this paper we will present a short history of complex trace attributes their classifications based on their utilities and their relationship to rock physics and depositional environment. We show that they can be used in proper combination for lithological or stratigraphic classification by training Neural Networks in supervised or unsupervised settings. We will give several examples to illustrate classification
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From Seismic Facies Interpretation to the 3D Sedimentological Model, Baudroie Field, Gabon - a Case Study
Authors A. Kalna, F. Temple, C. Dumay, T. Lecoq and R. Botton-DumayF-10 FROM SEISMIC FACIES INTERPRETATION TO THE 3D SEDIMENTOLOGICAL MODEL BAUDROIE FIELD GABON – A CASE STUDY 1 A.KALNA F.TEMPLE C.DUMAY T.LECOQ and R.BOTTON-DUMAY TOTALFINAELF Exploration-Production Avenue Larribau 64000 Pau France Summary The Baudroie oil field discovered in 1969 by Elf in offshore Gabon has been re-evaluated in 1997 in order to assess the remaining reserves and the potential for drilling additional production wells. A 2 months seismic stratigraphic study allowed mapping on 3D seismic data sedimentary features that had not been interpreted before and breaking down the Batanga reservoir system into 5 units made of amalgamated turbiditic channels. A
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A Geostatistical Inversion to Flow Simulation Workflow Example - Makarem Field, Oman
More LessF-11 A GEOSTATISTICAL INVERSION TO FLOW SIMULATION WORKFLOW EXAMPLE – MAKAREM FIELD OMAN 1 G. SHANOR 1 M. RAWANCHAIKUL 1 M. SAMS 1 R. MUGGLI 2 G. TILEY 2 and J. GHULAM 2 1 Jason Geosystems Middle East B.V. POB 17729 Dubai United Arab Emirates 2 Petroleum Development Oman LLC. Abstract This paper presents an applied workflow and results of an integrated team effort which included contributions from individual petrophysical geological geophysical and reservoir engineering teams to provide input data for a high resolution geostatistical inversion study of tight gas bearing Pre-Cambrian Buah dolomites and secondarily the overlying Amin sandstones
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Porosity and Porevolume Prediction in a Gas Storage Reservoir
Authors P.T.R. De Beukelaar, C. Aug, B. Coureaud, J.-F. Dutzer and P. LanotteF-12 POROSITY AND POREVOLUME PREDICTION IN A GAS STORAGE RESERVOIR Introduction The aim of any reservoir characterization study is to describe the properties of the reservoir in the appropriate detail. The result is a prediction model of the physical and geological properties of the subsurface. To reach this goal we must integrate spatially distributed seismic data measured in two way time and local informations from wells measured in units of depth. To handle these data of different character and scale a neural network training approach was selected to provide various attribute maps without well (unsupervised) and with well control (supervised)
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The Lithology Cube and Attenuation Cube for Gas Detection
Authors K.B. Rasmussen and J.M. PedersenF-13 THE LITHOLOGY CUBE AND ATTENUATION CUBE FOR GAS DETECTION Summary 1 Gas detection is performed by combined use of the Lithology Cube and attenuation estimation. The Lithology Cube contains lithology and fluid prediction based on seismic data. The method utilises inversion of AVO attribute seismic data to physical properties. The well log data are used as learning data for prediction of rock properties from the AVO inversion results. As the seismic data have been taken to physical properties by the AVO inversion it is simple to use general rock physics knowledge in the rock property prediction. The Attenuation Cube
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Chestnut Well Planning Using Elastic Impedance of 4C Seismic Data
Authors J.E.F. Stearn, A. Castoro and R. BackhouseF-14 CHESTNUT WELL PLANNING USING ELASTIC IMPEDANCE OF 4C SEISMIC DATA 1 J.E.F. STEARN 1 A. CASTORO 2 and R. BACKHOUSE 3 1 Brovig RDS Ltd. Peregrine Road Westhill Business Park Aberdeen AB32 6JL UK 2 Jason Geosystems (UK) Ltd. 3 Premier Oil plc. Introduction The Chestnut Field operated by Premier Oil is located in Block 22/2a some 8 km SE of the Alba Field. The field was discovered in 1986 by the 22/2-5 well and further delineated by 22/2a- 7Z and 22/2a-7Y in 1988. Three other appraisal wells were drilled but all of these failed to find the objective
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Amplitude Extraction in Combination with Seismic Modeling as a Guide for Determining the Depth of the Free Water Level - a Case Study
Authors H.B. De Haan, R.J. Arts and N.G. NeeleF-15 AMPLITUDE EXTRACTION IN COMBINATION WITH SEISMIC MODELING AS A GUIDE FOR DETERMINING THE DEPTH OF THE FREE WATER LEVEL – A CASE STUDY Summary In this paper a case study is presented in which seismic amplitude extraction in combination with seismic modeling reduces the number of possible free-water level (FWL) scenarios to one. Subject of the study is a gas field in the Southern North Sea. In this field different water gradients could be adopted dependent on the wells that are thought to provide reliable pressure information. This would imply that for volumetric calculations different FWL scenarios should be
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Shell's Drive for 4D Seismic
Authors R.K. Staples, J.A. De Waal, R.W. Calvert and M. HartungF-17 SHELL’S DRIVE FOR 4D SEISMIC Introduction 1 In the last 12 months Shell has begun a major effort to incorporate time-lapse reservoir monitoring (of which 4D seismic is an essential element) into the development of a large number of fields. The aim of a global ‘4D implementation thrust’ is to maximise the value extracted from the surveys in terms of saved costs increased / accelerated revenue and improved HSE management. The ‘implementation thrust’ has already shown significant impact over a short period and we discuss some of the activities and the reasons for its success. Push-Pull ‘Traditionally’ time-lapse seismic
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Troll West Time Lapse - Latest News
Authors R.M. Elde, A.N. Haaland and H.E. RoF-18 TROLL WEST TIME LAPSE – LATEST NEWS Introduction The Troll field is located on the north-western part of the Horda Platform. The field is divided by two major curved north-south trending faults which separate the field in three easterly tilted fault blocks named Troll West Oil Province Troll West Gas Province and Troll East. The map in figure 1 shows the Troll West Oil Province and the Troll West Gas Province. 1 Norsk Hydro have since 1995 produced oil from horizontal wells in Troll West Oil Province where the oil column is 22-26m and since 1999 from Troll West
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Oseberg 4 D Study - the Search for Remaining Oil
Authors H. Rutledal, E.T. Ertrevåg and J.I. BergF-20 OSEBERG 4D STUDY – THE SEARCH FOR REMAINING OIL H. RUTLEDAL 1 E. ERTRESVÅG 1 and J.I. BERG 2 Summary The Oseberg Field has currently produced 80% of the initial oil reserves and time lapse seismic is in the process of being used to plan infill wells. A feasibility and pilot study carried out in 1997-1998 showed promising results. The regional changes in the 4D processed datasets from 1992 and 1999 confirm to some extent the reservoir model but show differences in detail. A multiple crossing the main reservoir interval poses challenges in the interpretation. Introduction 1 1 Norsk
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Time-Lapse AVO Inversion in the Nelson Field
Authors D. Davies, L. Hansen, J. Garnham, A. McInally and J. Boyd-GorstF-21 TIME-LAPSE AVO INVERSION IN THE NELSON FIELD L. HANSEN 1 D. DAVIES 2 3 J. GARNHAM 4 A. MCINALLY 4 AND J. BOYD-GORST 5 This abstract represents the views of Odegaard STS and Enterprise only. 1 1 Odegaard A/S 2 Odegaard UK 3 Seismic-To-Simulation Ltd 12 Greenwell Road East Tullos Aberdeen AB12 3AX UK 4 Enterprise UK 5 Enterprise Brazil Introduction This paper presents a method of lithology and porefill prediction based on time-lapse studies of 3D AVO-inverted seismic applied to the monitoring of fluid movements and reservoir characterization in the Nelson field. The data vintages are 1990 (baseline)
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4D-4C AVOA at Teal South
Authors S.A. Hall and C. MacBethF-22 4D-4C AVOA AT TEAL SOUTH STEPHEN A. HALL and COLIN MACBETH Department of Petroleum Engineering Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK 1 Introduction P-P and P-S wave amplitude variation with offset and azimuth (AVOA) effects are studied for the first time in multi-component time-lapse seismic data. The data considered are from the Phase I and II ocean bottom cable (OBC) surveys of the Teal South experiment in the Gulf of Mexico. The objective in this work was to analyse the potential of P-wave and converted wave AVOA to detect time-lapse signatures beyond the resolution of conventional approaches. AVOA analysis
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Monitoring Fractures in 4D Using Microseismic Data
Authors J.-M. Kendall, A.J. Caley, R.H. Jones, O.I. Barkved and P.G. FolstadSummary MONITORING FRACTURES IN 4D USING MICROSEISMIC DATA A. J. CALEY 1 J-M.KENDALL 2 R.H.JONES 3 O. I. BARKVED 4 and P. G.FOLSTAD 4 1 University of Leeds School of Earth Sciences LS2 9JT U.K.� now at Schlumberger Gatwick RH6 ONZ U.K. 2 University of Leeds School of Earth Sciences Leeds LS2 9JT U.K. 3 ABB O shore Systems Limited Rosemanowes Penryn TR10 9DU U.K. 4 BP Amoco Norge A.S. Godesetdalen 8 PO Box 197 4065 Stavanger Norway. Seismic anisotropy in the Valhall eld North Sea is estimated from observations of shearwave splitting in microseismic events. Nearly 324 events recorded
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Integration of High Resolution Borehole Seismic Data with Multi-Component 3D Surface Seismic Data for Cost Effective Reservoir Recovery
Authors E.L. Majer, T.L. Davis, R.D. Benson, G. Li, R.T. Coates, V.A. Korneev and L.A. WalterF-24 INTEGRATION OF HIGH RESOLUTION BOREHOLE SEISMIC DATA WITH MULTI- COMPONENT 3-D SURFACE SEISMIC DATA FOR COST EFFECTIVE RESERVOIR RECOVERY ERNEST L. MAJER 1 THOMAS L. DAVIS 2 ROBERT D. BENSON 2 GUOPING LI 3 1 RICHARD T. COATES VALERIE A. KORNEEV and LAWRENCE A. WALTER 1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA 2 Colorado School of Mines 3 Schlumberger Currently there is a critical need to increase the recovery from existing and new reservoirs. Water flooding and tertiary recovery operations using such methods as hydrofracturing steam and/or CO2 injections are all being used in a
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Recent Developments in Volume Interpretation in Shell
F-25 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN VOLUME INTERPRETATION IN SHELL Abstract 1 H.J. POELEN S. GESBERT J.C. JAUFFRED P. VAN TOORN G.C. FEHMERS And THE SHELL GLOBAL VOLUME INTERPRETATION TEAM Shell International Exploration and Production – Technology Applications and Research Volmerlaan 8 Postbus 60 2280 AB Rijswijk The Netherlands If an image is worth a thousand words then a volume could well be worth hundred thousand or even a million words! The wealth of information contained in 3D seismic “images” – in fact volumes – is staggering and recent years have seen a revolution in immersive scientific visualization to render subsurface data
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Selecting and Combining Attributes to Enhance Detection of Seismic Objects
Authors P.F.M. De Groot, H. Ligtenberg, P. Meldahl and R. HegglandF-26 SELECTING AND COMBINING ATTRIBUTES TO ENHANCE DETECTION OF SEISMIC OBJECTS Abstract 1 This paper describes recent experiences with the seismic object detection method developed by Meldahl et al. (1998 and 1999). In this patent pending method supervised or unsupervised neural networks are used to transform multiple ‘directive’ attributes into ‘object probability’ classes. The method is used a/o to detect seismic chimneys and faults (Heggland et al. 1999 and 2000). Selection of attributes is a crucial step in the procedure especially in the unsupervised mode. In this paper we discuss methods and criteria to optimize the attribute selection process. Furthermore
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Shared Earth System Models for the Dutch Subsurface
Authors J.D. Van Wees, R. Versseput, H.J. Simmelink, R. Allard and H. PagnierF-27 SHARED EARTH SYSTEM MODELS FOR THE DUTCH SUBSURFACE Summary 1 TNO-NITG is the central geoscience institute in the Netherlands for information and applied research to promote the sustainable management and use of the subsurface and its natural resources. Like any other geological survey TNO-NITG faces the challenge of disseminating geoscience data and subsurface interpreted models at low cost. For this purpose TNO-NITG has developed an internet based distribution system coupled with an in-house developed free 3D Java Viewer. In a first step data and volumetric models of the Dutch deep subsurface have been digitally compiled and optimally tuned to
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Geological Interpretation Makes Earth Models Easier to Build
Authors M. Perrin, S. Brandel, J.F. Rainaud and S. SchneiderF-28 GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION MAKES EARTH MODELS EASIER TO BUILD Abstract 1 We propose to add to 3D geological modelers a geological pilot which allows the end user to formalize his interpretation and then monitors the building of the model in a fully automatic way. The result is both geometrically and geologically consistent and it can be automatically revised whenever necessary. 1/ Introduction Geological modelers commonly produce 3D Earth Model representations [2] [3] [6] which are not only used for 3D visualization but also for geophysics (Time2depth migration) reservoir characterization drilling well path optimization and reservoir engineering. These models should be
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Isolating Individual Channel Sequences Using 3D Visualization and Multi-Attribute Techniques in a Stacked Channel Complex, Ultra Deepwater Brazil
Authors D.E. Meyer, T.E. Bulloch, E.A.L. Harvey, T.M. Sheffield and R. RobersonF-29 ISOLATING INDIVIDUAL CHANNEL SEQUENCES USING 3D VISUALIZATION AND MULTI-ATTRIBUTE TECHNIQUES IN A STACKED CHANNEL COMPLEX ULTRA DEEPWATER BRAZIL Summary 1 The complex stacking patterns and internal geometry of channels are very difficult to interpret in 2D or 2.5-D interpreting environments. Using geovolume visualization and interpretation (GVI) in a 3-D environment along with seismic attribute analysis is key to understanding the geological relationships of these channel complexes. This paper will give an example workflow to accurately and quickly evaluate these systems and isolate individual channel elements. Utilizing techniques such as multi-attribute voxel detection and surfaces that block auto picking allow
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Controlling Structure in Depth Conversion
More LessF-30 CONTROLLING STRUCTURE IN DEPTH CONVERSION ADAM J. ROBINSON 1 Dynamic Graphics Limited (A subsidiary of Dynamic Graphics Inc.) 1 Forest Court Oaklands Park Fishponds Road Wokingham Berkshire RG41 2QJ UK Key words: 3D structure model Depth Conversion Vo-K Geospatial Abstract The use of basic mapping and modelling techniques applied to field studies for reservoir characterization are reaching a state of ‘equilibrium’ whereby the geoscientists workflow will either describe a reservoir as a series of 2D maps or will utilise a 3D mapping package generating a coherent 3D reservoir model. Each of these approaches they are widely accepted but it
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Sequence Stratigraphy and Seismic Impedance - A New Approach to Reservoir Characterisation
Authors D.R. Atkins, M. Wilson and M.S. SamsF-31 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND SEISMIC IMPEDANCE – A NEW APPROACH TO RESERVOIR CHARACTERISATION Abstract 1 In reservoir characterisation we strive to develop a unified model of the reservoir that integrates the available seismic well log geologic and engineering data. Such models are best derived in the context of a sequence stratigraphic framework. A methodology is presented which uses sequence stratigraphy to accurately tie well log and seismic data within a realistic geological context. An impedance volume is then generated that fully integrates the geological petrophysical and engineering data and which can permit interpretation at the flow unit scale. Such reservoir
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Detection of Seismic Objects, the Fastest Way to Do Prospect and Geohazard Evaluations
Authors R. Heggland, P. Meldahl, P. De Groot and B. BrilF-32 DETECTION OF SEISMIC OBJECTS THE FASTEST WAY TO DO PROSPECT AND GEOHAZARD EVALUATIONS Abstract 1 A method for automated detection of seismic objects has been developed recently by Meldahl et al. (1998 and 1999). Initial applications included the detection of seismic chimneys and faults (Heggland et al. 1999 and 2000). However the method which uses a neural network to transform multiple ‘directive’ attributes into ‘object probability’ classes has general applicability to detect a range of seismic objects. Application of the method to detect objects such as reflectors faults chimneys flat spots traps etc. which are normally mapped during a
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3D-4C Acquisition Design for Fractures Characterization in Carbonate Reservoir - a Case History in Offshore Adriatic, The Emilio Field
Authors M. Buia, D. Delaney, V. De Tomasi and L. VetriF-33 3D-4C ACQUISITION DESIGN FOR FRACTURES CHARACTERIZATION IN CARBONATE RESERVOIR – A CASE HISTORY IN OFFSHORE ADRIATIC THE EMILIO FIELD Summary 1 The multicomponent 3D methodology is already well established as a suitable tool for imaging through gas clouds for fluid detection and for petrographic assessment; however there are very few examples of its use in fracture detection and characterization. A 3D-4C survey aimed to assess crack direction and density was planned on a gas-oil reservoir in the Adriatic Sea. The Emilio field resides in Eocene carbonate rocks characterized by low primary porosity and fractures. The feasibility study and the
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Single Source 3D Seismic Acquisition in a Poor Data Quality Area Mid-Norway
Authors B. Krokan, T. Selbekk and S. HegnaF-34 SINGLE SOURCE 3D SEISMIC ACQUISITION IN A POOR DATA QUALITY AREA MID-NORWAY Introduction 1 During the summer 2000 PGS acquired a 2 332km 2 exploration 3D survey in the Dønna Terrace West area offshore mid-Norway. The area is situated to the west of the Norne Field and to the north of the Heidrun Field. The water depth varies between 300m and 450m. Seismic data previously acquired in this region are hampered by very low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and strong multiples especially those related to the water bottom. The Dønna Terrace West survey was acquired with a single
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Air Gun Signature Estimation Using Gun-Mounted Pressure Transducers
More LessF-35 AIR GUN SIGNATURE ESTIMATION USING GUN-MOUNTED PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS SUMMARY Continuous measurement of marine source signatures is now becoming an oil company requirement in offshore petroleum exploration. There is a simultaneous service company requirement to simplify and streamline the air-gun arrays. Pressure measurements at the air gun ports have the potential to address both requirements: they can yield the radiated pressure field while simultaneously eliminating the need for separate time-break sensors. They would also permit pigtails to be eliminated in the air gun array. The algorithm to calculate the pressure field from pressure measurements at the gun ports is demonstrated
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3D Cerro Falcone, Quality and Operations Management
Authors S. Solari, M. Fermi and R. PuricelliF-36 3-D CERRO FALCONE QUALITY AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT M.FERMI R.PURICELLI and S. SOLARI ENI-Agip Division Via dell'Unione Europea 3 20097 San Donato Milanese MI Italy 1 Summary ENI-Agip awarded Schlumberger/Geco-Prakla the acquisition of the largest continental Europe 3-D seismic program. The 3-D Cerro Falcone survey was located in the Southern Italian Apennine mountains over a 520 squared kilometer area. This case history describes how the Client and Contractor’s Quality Systems interacted in order to manage this complex 3-D prospect with its numerous physical hazards permit restrictions a wide range of public concerns and different types of environments. The fundamental acquisition
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Applications and Challenges for High Resolution Airborne Surveys in Populated Areas
Authors M.K. Lee, R.J. Peart, R.J. Cuss, D.G. Jones, D. Beamish and J. VironmakiIA-1 APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR HIGH RESOLUTION AIRBORNE SURVEYS IN POPULATED AREAS Introduction 1 The role of high resolution airborne surveys is extending well beyond the traditional areas of mineral and hydrocarbons exploration and regional mapping which were often focused on the relatively unpopulated and remote regions of the world. As an increasing proportion of the Earth’s surface is affected by human activity airborne survey techniques are being adapted and applied to development-related issues in more populated areas. The value of radiometric and electromagnetic data (in particular) has been recognised for addressing a range of environmental issues and more generally
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The Role of Airborne EM Methods for Environmental Applications in Different Geological Terrains
Authors D. Beamish and A. MattssonIA-2 THE ROLE OF AIRBORNE EM METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS IN DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL TERRAINS Abstract 1 This paper reviews the increasing role of Airborne EM (AEM) methods for environmental purposes in a variety of geological contexts. The ability of AEM data to differentiate geological cultural and environmental influences is considered using fixed-wing survey examples from Finland and the UK. The provision of AEM subsurface resistivity information constitutes a unique capability in relation to general remote-sensing information to which it is allied. To be fully exploited the results of AEM surveys require both ground calibration and integration (e.g. through GIS techniques)
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Recent Contributions of BGR to High Resolution Helicopter Geophysics
Authors K.-P. Sengpiel, B. Siemon, D. Eberle and S. GreinwaldIA003 RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS OF BGR TO HIGH RESOLUTION HELICOPTER GEOPHYSICS AUTHORS Abstract 1 The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources of Germany (BGR) optimised its helicopter-borne geophysical system to conduct high resolution airborne surveys using electromagnetics (EM) magnetics and gamma-ray spectrometry. The modifications comprise not only the measuring system particularly the five-frequency EM system but also the processing and interpretation software. Using the new developed line based algorithms for the interpretation of magnetic and EM data it is now possible to detect even small waste occurrences e.g. metallic objects at least as large as a steel drum as well
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Using Airborne Hyperspectral Data for Environmental Applications in Anglo American plc
Authors M.F.F. Ferraz, A.J. Franzsen and H. van den BergIA-4 USING AIRBORNE HYPERSPECTRAL DATA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS IN ANGLO AMERICAN plc M.F.F. FERRAZ A.J. FRANZSEN and H. VAN DEN BERG Environmental Section Geophysical Services Department Exploration and Acquisitions Division Anglo American plc PO Box 61587 Marshalltown2107 South Africa Abstract 1 The Geophysical Services Department’s (GSD) mandate within Exploration and Acquisitions Division of Anglo American plc has broadened to include some diversification of their remote sensing and geophysical capabilities into the environmental field. The GSD is increasingly involved in optimising existing exploration methodologies by enhancing image processing interpretation and integration activities for environmental applications. This is being implemented through integrated
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Environmental Applications of Airborne Radiometric Surveys
Authors M. Lahti, D.G. Jones, J. Multala and M.P. RaineyIA-5 ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF AIRBORNE RADIOMETRIC SURVEYS Summary 1 Radiometric data have been collected during airborne surveys in eastern Germany and central Britain. Some of the range of environmental applications of this type of data are illustrated. In Germany the effects of uranium mining and processing are clearly shown including the dispersal of contaminants by the local river system. The results also reflect the possible use of mining wastes in construction with distinct radiometric signatures associated with built up areas and roads. The application of fertilizers is indicated by higher potassium concentrations in the airborne data that are supported by
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Airborne Gamma-Ray Surveys over Canadian Nuclear Sites
Authors R.L. Grasty and L. SanderIA-6 AIRBORNE GAMMA-RAY SURVEYS OVER CANADIAN NUCLEAR SITES R.L. GRASTY 1 and L. SANDER 2 1 1 Gamma-Bob Inc 3924 Shirley Ave. Ottawa ON K1V 1H4 Canada 2 Sander Geophysics Summary Sander Geophysics Limited (SGL) and Gamma-Bob Inc. have collaborated to perform airborne gammaray surveys over several nuclear sites in Canada successfully mapping natural and man-made radiation levels. In October 1999 a survey was flown in Ontario over Pickering and Darlington nuclear generating stations using a twin-engine helicopter. The purpose of the survey was both for public information and to be used as a baseline radiometric survey for the area.
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Processors and Systems for Seismic Processing - Status and Trends
By F. BaetkeIC-1 PROCESSORS AND SYSTEMS FOR SEISMIC PROCESSING – STATUS AND TRENDS FRANK BAETKE Abstract The lecture provides a critical review of features at processor and systems level with a special focus on high-performance seismic processing. Some recently introduced technologies will be discussed and analyzed from a performance and a business point of view. 1 HP TCD Richardson/Ft. Collins USA EAGE 63rd Conference & Technical Exhibition — Amsterdam The Netherlands 11 - 15 June 2001 2
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Hardware and Software Issues for Making Large Clusters Effective in a Production Seismic Processing Environment
More LessIC-2 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ISSUES FOR MAKING LARGE CLUSTERS EFFECTIVE IN A PRODUCTION SEISMIC PROCESSING ENVIRONMENT CHRISTOF STORK and BRAD WILSON Exploration Design Software Inc. 11200 Westheimer Suite 250 Houston TX 77042 USA Abstract: 1 During the process of shipping software licenses for 3000 CPUs of clustered PC products over the past 24 months we have looked at a variety of hardware configurations compared Linux with Windows 2000/NT and tested numerous software designs. Costs and performance vary significantly. Some software design issues significantly affect the cost of hardware needed and performance of the hardware. We have concluded that staying with
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High Performance Computing - a View of the New Economic Landscape
By J. WattsIC-3 HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING - A VIEW OF THE NEW ECONOMIC LANDSCAPE JOHN WATTS Abstract: 1 IBM UK Ltd 76 Upper Ground London SE1 9PZ UK The computational resource deployed for geophysical applications is now showing markedly different patterns of use across applications varying from extremely data-intensive to extremely compute-intensive - and all points in-between. When considering compute platforms to run these applications the costs and trade-offs that have to be made create an 'economic landscape' that constrains and directs industry choices and the previously familiar landscape is now being radically altered by the advent of open source software and
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A Comparison between Scalable Shared Memory and Cluster Architectures in a Production Processing Environment
More LessIC-4 A COMPARISON BETWEEN SCALABLE SHARED MEMORY AND CLUSTER ARCHITECTURES IN A PRODUCTION PROCESSING ENVIRONMENT TO BE ADVISED SGI Abstract The talk describes current architectures for High-Performance Computing both SGI's cache-coherent Non-Uniform Memory Access architecture and current clusters together with the programming and system management characteristics of both. This description will look at high-volume production processing for seismic and reservoir simulation and will distinguish between the price per FLOP and production management aspects of using these two approached either as alternatives and in a hybrid combination. 1 EAGE 63rd Conference & Technical Exhibition — Amsterdam The Netherlands 11 - 15
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3D Full Tensor Gradient Applications in Europe
Authors J. Macfarlane, C. Murphy, F. Stalin and G. MumawIG-1 3D FULL TENSOR GRADIENT APPLICATIONS IN EUROPE COLM MURPHY FREDERIC STALIN GARY MUMAW and JOHN MACFARLANE Abstract Summary 1 Although 3D FTG data is now routinely acquired throughout Europe still relatively few geoscientists have had direct experience of working with the data and know when this technology would be most beneficial for them. This paper explains some of the primary uses for which 3D FTG data has been used successfully in Europe in the last two years and though not exhaustive should give a good overview of the most common applications of this exciting new technology. Introduction Bell Geospace
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Gravity Gradients for De-Risking PreStack Depth Migration
Authors E.K. Biegert, M. Talwani and D.J. SmitIG-2 GRAVITY GRADIENTS FOR DE-RISKING PRESTACK DEPTH MIGRATION Summary 1 E.K. BIEGERT 1 M. TALWANI 2 and D.J. SMIT 3 1 Shell International Exploration and Production Inc. 3737 Bellaire Boulevard Houston TX 77025 USA 2 Rice University 3 Shell U.K. Exploration and Production Subsurface de-risking is presently almost exclusively done by methods using seismic data. Indeed all other data collected at the surface is referred to as 'non-seismic' data expressing this fact. However there are emerging gravity measurement technologies that could fundamentally change the game of subsurface risk management. In a companion paper 1 we discussed how gravity gradiometer data
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Gravity-Gradient Data Integrated in Pre-Stack Depth Migration in the Southern North Sea
Authors H. Dejong, I. Al-Kindy and E. BiegertIG-3 GRAVITY-GRADIENT DATA INTEGRATED IN PRE-STACK DEPTH MIGRATION IN THE SOUTHERN NORTH SEA Summary 1 Shell U.K. Exploration and Production have acquired gravity-gradient data in the Southern North Sea to aid velocity/depth model building for pre-stack depth migration (PreSDM). Gravitygradient data has higher resolution than conventional gravity data (typically 600 m versus 3 km). Rather than validating the model after a full-blown volume migration the data have been incorporated into the loop of iterative PreSDM using linear relationships between layer velocities and densities derived at well positions. The difference between the gravity-gradient field measurements and the model response has been
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3D Inversion of Potential Fields with Depth Resolution
Authors V. Paoletti, M. Fedi, P.C. Hansen and A. RapollaIG-4 3D INVERSION OF POTENTIAL FIELDS WITH DEPTH RESOLUTION M. FEDI 1 P.C. HANSEN 2 V. PAOLETTI 3 and A. RAPOLLA 1 1 1 Naples University Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra 2 Technical University of Denmark Department of Mathematical Modelling 3 Naples University Dipartimento di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Largo S. Marcellino 10 80138 Naples Italy Abstract A method for the 3D inversion of potential fields with depth resolution is here presented and discussed. This method faces the problem of inherent nonuniqueness of source parameter determination by introducing appropriate a priori information about the source parameters and by inverting a 3D
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4D Microgravimetry in Geoengineering
By J. MrlinaIG-5 4-D MICROGRAVIMETRY IN GEOENGINEERING 1 JAN MRLINA Geophysical Institute Dept. of Gravimetry Boční II 1401 141 31 Prague 4 Czech Republic Introduction Rock stability origin of fractures rock-bursts and sinkholes unknown voids and caverns in the subsurface as well as mass sliding belong to major problems of engineering geology and environment. In all such cases the mass (rock) undergoes changes of bulk density as fracturing disintegration tension and other similar processes cause rock deformation resulting in the increase of porosity. Consequently bulk density can decrease to a significant extent. As these geomechanical processes often progress from geological “source” up
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4D Monitoring Using Gravity and Gravity Gradients
Authors E.K. Biegert and S. WitteIG-6 4-D MONITORING USING GRAVITY AND GRAVITY GRADIENTS E.K. BIEGERT 1 and S. WITTE 2 Introduction 1 1 Shell International Exploration and Production Inc. 3737 Bellaire Boulevard Houston TX 77025 USA 2 Shell International Exploration and Production B.V. Gas-Fluid contacts within reservoirs have the potential to create large density contrasts that may produce gravity anomalies detectable by suitable sensitive gravimeters and gradiometers. In a time-lapse or 4-D mode these sensors may act either directly as monitors of reservoir performance or can be used as "triggers" to aid in choosing when an expensive 4-D seismic "snapshot" might be required. Gravity has
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Suppression of Water-Layer Multiples and Peg-Legs by Wave-Equation Approach
More LessIM-1 SUPPRESSION OF WATER-LAYER MULTIPLES AND PEG-LEGS BY WAVE-EQUATION APPROACH DMITRI LOKSHTANOV 1 Norsk Hydro Research Centre PO Box 7190 5020 Bergen Norway Summary. Removal of water-layer multiples and peg-legs is still one of the major processing problems in offshore exploration. The requirements on the optimal wave-equation approach for the suppression of such multiples are the following: 1) Without knowledge of the subsurface structure (except the approximate geometry of the water-bottom) it should correctly predict the kinematics of multiples. 2) The adaptive subtraction of the predicted multiples should be consistent with the data model (correct multiple suppression operator) and should
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High Resolution Radon - a Review
Authors P. Hugonnet, P. Herrmann and C. Ribeirom = W ⋅ G m = (G H H ⋅ (G ⋅ W ⋅ G 2 ⋅ G + λ W −1 −1 ) H 2 + λ I) ⋅ d (E 2) ⋅ G ⋅ d (E 3) The weighting matrix W is the key point. If it is the identity-matrix we end up with the standard least-squares decomposition. To obtain a high resolution decomposition some weights are put on the diagonal to enforce the focusing of the decomposition on its most significant spectral components. For example: H −1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ⎟ ⎠ ⎜
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Surface Multiple Removal - Current Status and New Challenges
Authors D.J. Verschuur, E.J. Van Dedem and R.G. van BorselenIM-03 SURFACE MULTIPLE REMOVAL: CURRENT STATUS AND NEW CHALLENGES D.J. VERSCHUUR 1 E.J. VAN DEDEM 1 and R.G. VAN BORSELEN 2 1 Delft University of Technology Centre for Technical Geoscience Lab. of Acoustic Imaging and Sound Control PO Box 5046 2600 GA Delft The Netherlands 2 PGS Seres London Summary The surface-related multiple removal method has proven to be successful on a large number of data cases. It is becoming one of the standard tools being applied by several companies. One of the major shortcomings in the current implementation is that a 2-D assumption is made. Currently several attempts are
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3D Post-Stack Multiple Attenuation via Pattern Recognition - a Land Carbonate Case Study
Authors P.G. Kelamis, B. Caselitz, S. Spitz and S.C. KelloggIM-4 3D POST-STACK MULTIPLE ATTENUATION VIA PATTERN RECOGNITION – A LAND CARBONATE CASE STUDY Summary 1 This paper discusses a de-multiple technique that aims at removing only the multiple energy (surface related and internal) associated with specified primary events and generated by an identified mechanism. A “model” of the targeted noise event is obtained post-stack using a simple 1D earth assumption. Removal of the targeted multiple is achieved via a pattern recognition technique implemented in the frequency-space (f-xy) domain. The performance of this multiple elimination methodology is demonstrated using 3D seismic data from a land carbonate environment. A two-step process
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Free Surface Multiple Removing via Iterative Prestack Migration
Authors Y.-H. De Roeck, J.-M. Cognet, G. Chavent and F. ClementFree surface multiple removing via iterative prestack migration Introduction Y.-H. DE ROECK J.-M. COGNET G. CHAVENT F. CLEMENT IFREMER Acoustics and seismics group PO Box 70 F-29280 Plouzané France INRIA-Rocquencourt This study focuses on the suppression of the free-surface multiple in the framework of waveform inversion. No 1D assumption is made on the medium thus dipping events in the sea-bed can be represented with their true characteristics with regards to amplitude modulation versus the incident angle. The propagation model incorporates a specular reflection coefficient on the sea-bed that encompasses the local roughness of the first layer. However the model remains
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Multidimensional Multiple Attenuation of OBS Data
Authors A. Osen and L. AmundsenIM006 MULTIDIMENSIONAL MULTIPLE ATTENUATION OF OBS DATA A. OSEN and L. AMUNDSEN Statoil Research Centre 7005 Trondheim Norway Introduction Previously Amundsen (2001) has presented a general wave-equation method for multidimensional signature deconvolution (“designature”) and elimination of free-surface related multiples (“demultiple”) from four-component ocean bottom seismic (OBS) data. Contrary to other free-surface multiple attenuation schemes the method requires no information about the source signature. Here we consider implementation and testing of the multidimensional multiple attenuation and designature scheme for general inhomogeneous media. The designature and demultiple algorithm may be divided into two major computational steps. First a multidimensional “deconvolution operator” being
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Imaging Conditions for Primary Reflections and for Multiple Reflections
Authors J. Sheng, H. Sun, Y. Wang and G.T. SchusterIM-07 Summary IMAGING CONDITIONS FOR PRIMARY REFLECTIONS AND FOR MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS JIANMING SHENG HONGCHUAN SUN YUE WANG and GERARD T. SCHUSTER WBB Rm 717 Dept. of Geology & Geophysics University of Utah Salt Lake City UT84112 USA Interest in multiple attenuation has been amplified due to the industry trend toward more challenging plays such as deepwater subsalt and sub-basalt areas. Unlike most of the proposed de-multiple methods which separate primary and multiple events prior to migration imaging we present two new approaches which process multiple reflections during migration imaging. In the first approach data are crosscorrelated and the multiples are
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The Role of Capillary Effects - Waterflooding Efficiency in Heterogeneous Sandstone Reservoirs
Authors L. Surguchev and B. AndersenIOR-01 THE ROLE OF CAPILLARY EFFECTS: WATERFLOODING EFFICIENCY IN HETEROGENEOUS SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS L.SURGUCHEV and B.ANDERSEN Abstract 1 Capillary forces govern oil flow in the porous medium. Wettability of the rock determines efficiency of oil displacement by injection agents. But due to lack of reservoir data complexity of the physical process and traditional simplistic simulation approach the role of capillary effects and zone rock properties is often neglected. This leads to inaccuracy in modelling reservoir sweep and oil displacement in heterogeneous reservoirs. The simulation model of the highly stratified formation in the North Sea was adjusted to account for permeability regions
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Improved Oil Productivity by Selective Water Control
Authors A. Stavland, A. Lohne and A. OlsenIOR-02 Improved Oil Productivity by Selective Water Control AUTHORS(S) Abstract This paper discusses a simple and cost effective method for selective water control using an oil soluble surfactant system. Bullhead injection of this system forms a blocking emulsion at high water cut without any permeability reduction at low water cut. The paper describes the behavior of the blocking emulsion and how to select chemicals with such behavior. The blocking effect at high water cut in coreflood experiments is demonstrated. The permeability reduction showed a reversible behavior upon variation in the pressure gradient as well as a long-term stability was obtained.
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Restriction of Water Production in Gas Wells Using Alcohol-Containing Polymer Solutions
Authors I. Lakatos, J. Lakatos-Szabó, B. Kosztin and G. PalásthyIOR-03 RESTRICTION OF WATER PRODUCTION IN GAS WELLS USING ALCOHOL-CONTAINING POLYMER SOLUTIONS Abstract 1 Gas production from gas fields and underground gas storage is usually accompanied by substantial water production. The high water production and limitations of water liquidation jointly deteriorate the recovery efficiency and hamper maintaining an environmentally friendly production. Therefore during the past decades intensive R&D activity has been made to develop a viable well treatment method which may offer a reliable solution for the mentioned problem. The most promising procedure might be the injection of a salt-containing polymer solution into the wells utilizing the reversible swelling/shrinking properties
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Comparison of Polymer and Waterflood Residual Oil Saturations
Authors S.G. Goodyear, D.J. Element, N.C. Sargent and A.J. JayasekeraIOR-04 COMPARISON OF POLYMER AND WATERFLOOD RESIDUAL OIL SATURATIONS Abstract 1 Polymer flooding can increase recovery in viscous oil fields compared to waterflooding through a combination of improvements in microscopic sweep (lowering the effective residual oil saturation) and areal and vertical sweep (reducing the detrimental effect of heterogeneity and gravity slumping of injected water). Analysis of core flood data comparing water and polymer flooding for a UKCS field indicated that polymer flooding was recovering more incremental oil than would be predicted using the basic water/oil relative permeabilities. However it was not possible to determine whether this difference was attributable to
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Geological Fundamentals for Using the Methods for Improved Oil Recovery in the Fields of Volga-Ural Oil-and-Gas Province
Authors N.A. Lebedev, A.N. Shakirov, G.I. Vasyasin and V.V. ChendarevIOR-05 GEOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS FOR USING THE METHODS FOR IMPROVED OIL RECOVERY IN THE FIELDS OF VOLGA-URAL OIL-AND-GAS PROVINCE Abstract 1 N.A. LEBEDEV 1 A.N. SHAKIROV 2 G.I. VASYASIN 1 and V.V. CHENDAREV 1 1 JSC NIIneftepromchim Yershov st. 29 420045 Kazan Russia 2 LC ”Tatnefteotdacha” By the present many different technologies for oil recovery increase have been tested on commercial scale. The technological effect of their use in the same deposits often varies greatly preventing the objective and statistically reliable evaluation of the technologies’ efficiency. That means that the efficient commercial use of the tested technologies for the physical and
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