VII Congreso de Exploración y Desarrollo de Hidrocarburos (Simposio de Sistemas Petroleros de las Cuencas Andinas)
- Conference date: 05 Nov 2008 - 08 Nov 2008
- Location: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Published: 05 November 2008
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Sistemas Petroleros De Las Cuencas Andinas
More LessAuthors Carlos E. Cruz, Jorge F. Rodriguez, Jorge J. Hechem and Hector J. ViIIarEn el año 1994, dos prestigiosos geOlogos del petrOleo, Leslie Magoon del U.S. Geological Survey y Wallace Dow de Ia companIa de servicios geoquImicos DGSI, publicaban como editores Ia Memoria 60 de Ia AAPG: The Petroleum System-From Source to Trap (Magoon y Dow, 1994). El libro, hoy u na obra de referencia, proponfa un ordenamiento y calificaciOn de una serie de conocimientos e ideas que se hablan desarrollado en décadas anteriores en el ámbito de Ia exploraciOn y el desarrollo de hi drocarburos y que habian crecido sin una estructura integradora. El concepto de Sistema Petrolero uniO entonces Ia geologIa del petrOleo con Ia geoquimica y se constituyO en una herramienta indispen sable de análisis. Distintos autores de renombre contribuyeron a Ia Memoria 60 con sus artIculos acer ca de los elementos esenciales de los sistemas petroleros (roca generadora, reservorio, sello, roca de sobrecarga) y sus procesos (formaciOn de Ia trampa, generaciOn-expulsiOn-migraciOn-acumulacion preservaciOn de los hidrocarburos y momento critico). Otros capitulos trataron las herramientas funda mentales para el análisis como el modelado térmico y cinético, decisivo para describir Ia evoluciOn en el tiempo geolOgico; los criterios de identificaciOn y métodos de clasificaciOn; Ia correlaciOn de petrO leos y gases con sus fuentes generadoras como aspectos centrales para definir el grado de certidum bre; Ia determinaciOn de Ia capacidad de carga del sistema (SPI). El libro incluyO también casos de sistemas de todo el mundo y un capItulo comparativo en funciOn de volümenes recuperables y eficien cia de GeneraciOn-AcumulaciOn, resultando claro que los variados aspectos que fundamentan el análisis de sistemas petroleros definen al mismo como esencialmente interdisciplinario.
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Petroleum Systems Of The Madre De Dios Basin And Its Associated Fold And Thrust Belt: Peru And Bolivia
More LessAuthors Antenor M. Alemán and Walter LeonTanto Ia cuenca asimétrica de antepals como Ia faja plegada de Madre de Dios son las menos exploradas de las cuencas subandinas. Esto es a pesar de que los estudios bioestratigraficos han confirmado una evoluciOn tectono/estratigrafica muy similar a a
cuenca gasifera del Ucayali meridional. Más aCm, Ia correlaciOn de crudos con a roca madre sugiere a presencia de tres rocas madre Paleozoicas muy distintas que incluyen: una roca madre de clase mundial de querOgeno tipo I como el Grupo Cabanillas el
Devoniano (Frasniano hasta Fameniano), las lutitas carbonosas de querOgeno tipo Ill del Grupo Ambo, y el querogeno tipo II de Ia FormaciOn Ene y Grupo Copacabana del Pérmico. La roca madre del Devoniano tiene un espesor, riqueza y distribuciOn regional variable. Sin embargo, Ia capacidad de generaciOn de hidrocarburos es considerablemente alta y Ia generación comenzO durante el Cretácico tardlo en Ia parte más profunda de Ia cuenca, continuando hasta hoy hacia sus bordes. Esta migraciOn progresiva de a cocina generativa está asociada con Ia propagaciOn episOdica de los corrimientos y Ia depositaciOn contem poránea de Ia molasa. Las capas transportadoras son areniscas interdigitadas con/o des cansando sobre Ia roca madre. Varios apilamientos de reservorios y sellos del Devoniano y Carbonifero están presentes en Ia cuenca y Ia arenisca basal de Ia Formación Tarma del Pensilvaniano tiene una amplia distribución. Mientras que Ia calidad del reservorio mejora hacia el Norte y Este alejándose del depocentro, las evaporitas en Ia secuencia carbonática de los grupos Tarma y Copacabana del Pérmico a Pensilvaniano representan el sello regional, las cuales podrIan restringir Ia migraciOn vertical de hidrocarburos. Dos altos del basamento caracterizados por erosiOn de las rocas paleozoicas han controlado no sOlo el estilo estructural en a faja plegada sino también el desarrollo de p0- tenciales trampas estratigraficas en el antepais. El Arco de Madidi, paralelo al orOgeno, se comportO como una barrera que soportO el sobrepeso de los corrimientos e impidiO Ia propagaciOn hacia el este de esta faja plegada, resultando en una compleja imbricaciOn y Ia formaciOn de estructuras tipo duplex. Este alto Precámbrico rigido también inhiblO el
desarrollo de fallamiento a lo largo del pobremente desarrollado levantamiento periférico. En contraste, el Arco de Manu, ortogonal al orOgeno, fue un paleo-alto contemporáneo con Ia depositaciOn Paleozoica y tiene excelentes condiciones para trampas estratigráficas. Asi, Ia limitada cobertura sismica presenta buenas anomalias de amplitud y AVO de primera clase. Varios pozos perforados en los años 70 documentan buenas indicaciones de petrOleo y pruebas de hidrocarburos no-econOmicas. Sin embargo, una renovada exploración en los 90 corroborO un pequeno campo petrolero no comercial en el antepais del sector boliviano (Campo de Pando) y una acumulaciOn bastante significativa a lo largo de Ia faja plegada en el lado peruano (Campo de Candamo).
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Sistemas Petroleros Del “Gran Camisea”. Sur De La Cuenca De Ucayali. Peru
More LessGas and condensate accumulations of the Gran Camisea Area have their origin in Paleozoic source rocks of the Ambo Group with probable additiona contrbution of the Cabanillas Group. The Ene and Shinai units are speculatively considered minor source rocks. The present day maturation status in the anticline positions spans different stages of hydrocarbon generation from mid-maturity to slight overmaturity. Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion occurred during the Andean Orogeny synchronically with the traps formation, typically four way closure anticlines covering tens of square kilometers. The large thrusting which produced these structures also provided the hydrocarbon migration conduits. The distribution of gas condensate in the different reservoirs is controlled by smaller accommodation faults. Reservoirs are constituted by Upper Paleozoic and Cretaceous siliciclastic rocks. Due to their considerable thicknesses and good petrophysical properties these rocks allow the accumulation and production of huge quantities of hydrocarbons. The large volume of mature source rocks and the efficient migration system coupled with the excellent reservoir quality make the “Gran Camisea” region being one of the most prolific hydrocarbon provinces of South America.
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Petroleum Systems Of The Marañón Basin — Peru
More LessAuthors Alejandro Chalco and Kiko ValenciaLa Cuenca de antepals MaranOn está activa desde el Cretácico. El petrOleo generado en esta cuenca ha sido correlacionado mediante biomarcadores e isOtopos, con rocas ma dre marinas del Triásico-Jurásico y del Cretácico Tardlo. La expulsion de crudo comienza en el Cretácico y perdura hasta Ia actualidad. Estos petrOleos están contenidos en anticlina les Cretácicos-Terciarios o en trampas estratigraficas Cretácicas, dentro de reservorios de areniscas fluvio-estuarinas o marinas. El sistema petrolero Pucará-Cetico (!), está ubicado en Ia parte central y sur de Ia cuenca, en tanto que el sistema petrolero Chonta-Vivian (I), se encuentra en Ia parte norte de Ia misma. Ambos son sistemas de petrOleo probados. Existen cocinas fOsiles, a lo largo de Ia faja subandina y cocinas activas, dentro del “Foredeep” de Ia cuenca, para ambos sistemas de petrOleo. Existen otras rocas madre potenciales de edad Ordovicica, DevOnica, Carbonifera y Oligocenica.
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Sistemas Petroleros De La Cuenca Oriente. Ecuador
More LessEcuador Oriente Basin owns the main country oil accumulation and production (30 x l0~ bo original in place). The most important petroleum system of the basin is Napo-Napo (I). It is integrated of Cretaceous to Tertiary marine and continental deposits and the
hydrocarbon generation started during the Neogene, favored by the Andean tectonics. Main source rock is the Cretaceous marine Napo Group, kerogen type I and II shales and limestones with 2 to 6% TOO. Oil carriers and main reservoirs are Cretaceous sandstones, affected by low to moderate burial, with excellent preserved petrophysical conditions. Traps are mainly structural and combined (structural-stratigraphic). Recent geochemical studies proved that vitrinite reflectance values could very often be
suppressed, showing lower maturity values that those inferred by biomarkers on source rock and oil. In this context, it is recommended to use the kerogen transformation rate as a more reliable maturity parameter. Kitchen identification using basin modeling as a routine should be made in order to better evaluate the petroleum system. The high variability of API density in the Oriente Basin can be explained as a consequence of biodegradation, occurring during various migration stages, superimposed to the maturity of generated hydrocarbons and the high variability of organic fades related to the sedimentary depositional environment of the Napo Group.
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Cuenca Putumayo (Colombia)
More LessThe Putumayo Basin is located in south western Colombia (total area of 29,000 km) and continues into Ecuadorian Oriente Basin. 395 x 106 bo has been discovered and 305 x 10~ cfg, with 105 exploratory wells drilled since 1948. Typically, reservoir levels are sandstones of the Caballos Fm (Aptian-Albian) and also the “U” and “M2” sandstones of the Villeta Fm (Late Albian Santonian). The Caballos Fm is the most important reservoir in the western area of the basin showing 12 to 15 % of porosity and up to 500 mD of permeability. Compaction by overburden can be associated to the beginning of HO maturation and migration and contemporaneous subtle structures, determining potential traps. Two main tectosedimentary systems progressively superimposed along time (from Upper Cretaceous to Recent) as well as in space (from West to East) are recognized: a) Early due to vertical compaction by lithological overburden from deposition onwards and b) Late due to the subhorizontal shortening related to the development
of the Post-Eocene Andean transpressional deformation. In addition to the traditionally well known Cretaceous-Paleocene petroleum system, there are others potential sources (Paleozoic and/or Mesozoic) of hydrocarbons that are probable to be found into the Putumayo Basin.
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Cuenca Del Valle Superior Del Magdalena, Colombia. Sistema Petrolero La Luna
More LessAuthors Rafael Reyes and César MoraThe Upper Magdalena Basin is an intermountain basin located in the southern part of Colombia, between the Central and Eastern ranges. It has 26,200 km2 of extension and discovered reserves up to of 881 x 106 bo and 123 x 10~ cfg. The Villeta Group and
specifically the La Luna Formation (Turonian - Coniacian) is considered here the main source rock. This unit was deposited during the development of the passive margin stage of the basin, when transgressives events of global character were combined with excellent conditions of biological productivity, anoxia, intermediate rates of sedimentation and fine grain sediment predominance. The basin presents isolated zones of generation related to the axial zone of the synclines, where the subsidence was more continuous and, according to basin modeling, the hydrocarbon expulsion processes occurred during Late Oligocene to Miocene (last 30 Ma), reaching La Luna Formation very high rates of transformation. The main trap types are associated to three different tectonic events and correspond to: anticline folds associated to thrust faults, truncated anticlines, thin skin thrusting and stacking in triangular zones. The most important reservoirs are Caballos and Monserrate formations, with average porosities around 18%.
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Sinopsis De Los Sistemas Petroleros Del Norte De Sudamerica (Venezuela)
More LessAuthors Felipe M. AudemardThis synopsis attempts to outline the most relevant aspects of the tectono-sedimentary settings typifying the northern South American petroleum systems traditionally identified. Also, it will discuss a suite of ideas and evidences to consider the presence of other systems less understood in the region. The traditional systems have been extensively discussed in the literature, where the regional La Luna - Querecual - Naparima Hill System, conformed by the Cretaceous (Turonian) source beds and the Aptian sequence from Western Venezuela, is the most popular and better studied. Superposed to the Cretaceous, we find an effective source beds assemblage from the Lower Tertiary System (Paleogene) in the Maracaibo Basin. Another system developed from a suite of source rocks of Oligocene - Lower Miocene age, with a good generation potential is found next to the Caribbean folded belt front along the Central region of the country. Further East up to the limits of the Orinoco Delta there is an active kitchen coupled with younger source bed sequences from the Neogene. Straddling on top of the Caribbean Ranges there is a series of confined petroleum systems. Their ages extend throughout the Oligocene on the west up to the present towards the Northeastern end. Locally, these isolated systems could include source beds from the Cretaceous. The mass balance results from the Maracaibo Basin studies showed an acceptable match between hydrocarbons generated and the trapped volumes (similar order of magnitude). Whereas, the different estimates from the Eastern Venezuela Basin for the same type of analysis reflect major discrepancies when considering the Faja PetrolIfera del Orinoco volumes. These volumes are very difficult to reconcile with the data available from
the traditional systems, even if we do not include the effect of crude biodegradation. This fact forced a review of all the concepts on source beds, migration path, and preservation scheme for any other potential source bed candidates hosted in the pre-Cretaceous sedimentary package. The second group of petroleum systems highlighted in this overview belongs to the pre-Cretaceous family.
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Sistemas Petroleros De Cuenca Austral, Argentina Y Chile
More LessAuthors Jorge F. Rodriguez, Muriel Miller and Marcelo J. CagnolattiPetroleum systems of Austral Basin, Argentina and Chile. The Austral Basin is located in the southernmost region of South America, with oil and gas production from onshore and offshore. The evolution of the basin includes the following tectonic phases: rift (Jurassic — Early Cretaceous), sag (Early Cretaceous) and foreland (Early Cretaceous to Cenozoic). The stratigraphy of the basin includes volcanic and volcaniclastics in the synrift succession, and a mainly fine-grained siliciclastic marine and continental sag and foreland section. Considering present characteristics as the structural style, stratigraphy and oil/gas distribution, five oil provinces can be differentiated: Platform area, North of the Santa Cruz River area, Intermediate area, Basin Center and Fold Belt area. These regions present different stages of exploratory maturity and potential. The evaluation of the geochemical characteristics of the Inoceramus Inferior Fm. allowed the differentiation in areas of distinctive source potential. The southern part of the intermediate zone appears to have a slightly better source potential than the northern half. The platform has in general no potential, due to the low total organic contents and the terrigenous dominated organic matter evidenced by the low values of hydrogen index. The
source levels of the Inoceramus Inferior Fm. (Lower Member of Rio Mayer Fm.) were deposited contemporaneously to the Springhill Fm. sands during successive cycles between the Late Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous. The general transgressive pattern
moved from the SW towards the NE area of the basin. The areal variability of source potential of Inoceramus Inferior Fm. and its equivalents is assigned to the differences in conditions during the sedimentation of the sedimentary cycles, like paleoecology. The deposition of Inoceramus Inferior Fm. occurred on a platform, probably under dysaerobic to anaerobic conditions. Organic rich levels seem to be related to the presence of physical barriers that restricted the basin and produced stages of water stratification. The restricted sea developed in part during tectonic instability related to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. During that period a general transgression occurred allowing the deposition of the source shales and sandstone reservoirs of the Springhill Fm., associated to warm and humid climatic conditions.
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Petroleum System Of Deep Water Argentina: Malvinas And Colorado Basins
More LessAuthors André Vayssaire, Wicaksono Prayitno and Daniel FigueroaLa exploraciOn de las aguas profundas de Argentina se considera inmadura y es una de las areas de frontera más importantes de America del Sur a ser explorada. La plataforma continental de Argentina posee más de 2000 km de longitud. Es parti cularmente ancha, extendiéndose más de 400 km de distancia de Ia costa y cubre una superficie superior a 1,000,000 km2. La plataforma es mayormente plana y el 70% de Ia misma tiene una profundidad de agua inferior a los 100 m. Se optO por presentar los sistemas petroleros de dos cuencas diferentes que se en cuentran en las aguas profundas de Argentina. La Cuenca de Colorado situada costa afuera a Ia altura de Ia Provincia de Buenos Aires y Ia Cuenca de Malvinas, ubicada entre Tierra del Fuego y las Islas Malvinas. En las ültimas tres décadas se perforaron algunos pozos exploratorios que por pre sencia de rastros de hidrocarburos y mediante ensayos demostraron Ia existencia de un sistema petrolero activo, pero no se encontraron hidrocarburos en cantidad suficiente para ser comercialmente viables. A través de los años se Ilevaron acabo diferentes campanas de sismica 2D que contribuyeron a delimitar un ámbito prospectable especifico en cada una de estas dos cuencas. En estos ámbitos YPF y sus socios adquirieron recientemente sismica 3D, lo que contribuyO a mejorar Ia definiciOn de los conceptos exploratorios y a identificar otros nuevos. Se emplearon enfoques multidisciplinarios para definir Ia dis tribuciOn de facies, predecir Ia presencia de reservorios, evaluar Ia ubicaciOn de rocas ma dre y estimar Ia expulsion de hidrocarburos, migraciOn a las trampas y preservaciOn en las mismas. La formaciOn de las cuencas de Malvinas y Colorado, al igual que Ia mayoria de las cuencas costa afuera de Argentina, tue influenciada por Ia ruptura de Gondwana en Ia era Mesozoica. Los principales objetivos son areniscas del Cretâcico en a Cuenca de Colorado y del Terciario en Ia Cuenca de Malvinas. Rocas madre potenciales de edad Jurásica y Cretácica fueron identificadas en ambas cuencas a través de datos de pozos y anâlisis de sismica. La madurez de estas rocas madre pudo estar influenciada por actividad volcánica local, no siendo clara Ia contribuciOn de Ia ruptura de Gondwana y Ia formaciOn de Ia placa de Scotia. La migraciOn de los hidrocarburos no puede ser totalmente explicada a través del sistema de fallas, sino que es necesario considerar Ia migraciOn vertical a través de los sedimentos de grano fino. Si bien el riesgo y los costos exploratorios vinculados a estas cuencas de frontera son altos, en caso de éxito, esto supondrIa un cambio importante en el potencial de hidro carburos de Ia regiOn. En el presente, el desafio de Ia exploraciOn está centrado en definir Ia viabilidad econOmica de los sistemas petroleros potenciales definidos en estas areas.
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Petroleum Systems Of The Golfo San Jorge Basin, Argentina
More LessLa Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge presenta Ta mayor producción acumulada de hidrocar buros de a Argentina y se ubica en segundo lugar respecto a las reservas remanentes. Se calcularon los gradientes termales de los distintos sectores de Ia cuenca a partir de datos de más de 1700 pozos. Un gradiente geotermico general para Ia cuenca es del orden de 3.55°C/i 0Cm. Se analizaron las tres unidades reconocidas como roca madre de hidro carburos de Ia cuenca: Fm. Anticlinal Aguada Bandera, Fm. Pozo Cerro Guadal y Fm. Pozo D-129, y se las caracterizO geoqulmicamente mediante el uso de una extensa base de datos. El potencial de generaciOn de las mismas fue calculado. Se obtuvo un valor de eficiencia de generaciOn-acumulacion (GAE, generation-accumulation efficiency) de 1 .26% para Ia Fm. Pozo D-129, que es Ia unidad responsable de Ia generaciOn de Ia casi totalidad de los hidrocarburos producidos en Ia cuenca. Por medio del análisis de los terpanos tn y tetraciclicos, se obtuvieron correlaciones
roca madre-petrOleo para las tres formaciones estudiadas. Por medio de anälisis isotOpicos de gases, se interpreta un origen de mezcla en Ia composición de algunos de los gases. Se construyeron mapas de estrés termal (thermal stress) para establecer las zonas de expulsion de petrOleo y gas de las rocas generadoras. Se reconstruyO Ia evoluciOn térmica de Ia cuenca y de los sistemas petroleros mediante modelado 1 D de los distintos sectores de Ia cuenca. Se proponen nuevos nombres para tres sistemas petroleros comprobados en Ia cuenca. Se estimO el potencial de Ia zona de offshore de Ia elipse productiva de Ia cuenca.
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Revision Integrada De Los Sistemas Generadores, Estilos De Migracion-Entrampamiento Y Volumetria De Hidrocarburos En Los Distritos Productivos De La Cuenca Neuquina, Argentina
More LessBased on geological and geochemical characteristics, the oil and gas fields of the Neuquen Basin are grouped in eight productive districts: Puesto Rojas-El Portón, Llancanelo, Sierra Negra, Catriel, Estancia Vieja, Huincul, Sur Dorsal and La Lata. The main
focus is to visualize the generative systems, the migration drainage and entrapment styles, and to relate the system efficiencies in terms of the EUR identified in each district. Finally, a review of the remaining exploratory potential is discussed oriented to assess areas where new activities could be addressed in order to increase reserves and production.
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Sistema Petrolero Cacheuta-Barrancas De La Cuenca Cuyana, Provincia De Mendoza, Argentina
More LessAuthors Silvia Zencich, Hector J. ViIIar and Daniel BoggettiThe Cuyo Basin extends through San Juan and Mendoza Provinces covering an area around 30,000 km2. However, commercial oil production is restricted only to the Tupungato and Rivadavia depocenters in the North of Mendoza province, with a EUR of 1.3 x 10~ bo. Petroleum accumulations in the basin are dominated by low-mature to moderately mature, viscous, high-wax and asphaltene-rich oils, sourced from the fresh-water lacustrine shales of the Triassic Cacheuta Fm. This unit is an extremely prolific, oil-prone source, that bears type I kerogen and displays high to very high organic contents (3-10% TOO) and elevated total generation potential (SPI: 8-10 tons HO/rn2). The Barrancas Formation (Jurassic) is the main reservoir of the basin, concentrating 58.7% of the produced oil, being the rest of the production located in different reservoir units from Devonian to Tertiary in age. The geographic extension of the Cacheuta-Barrancas (!) petroleum system (mature source rock and its related hydrocarbon accumulations) covers an approximate area of only 3,400 km2, hardly above 10% of the total basin area. Gas accumulations in the basin are volumetrically negligible. The processes of hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation were triggered and controlled by the development of a Tertiary foreland basin that overlapped the Cuyo Basin, providing the sedimentary column necessary for source rock maturation during the last 10 Ma up to present. Moderate mature oils (VRE.—0.7-0.9%) were sourced from the Tupungato-Tierras Blancas kitchen to typically feed the reservoirs of the Eje Oriental district, after southeastwards to eastwards long-distance lateral migration through the Barrancas carrier. The Punta de las Bardas Formation acted as an excellent quality regional seal. The contour area of Entre Ejes-Rio Hondo to the east sourced early oils (VRE—0.55-0.7%) that were mostly trapped locally. Pools in the western area close to the Tupungato pod only account for 12% of the oil production of the basin, contrasting with the 88% production computed for the Eje Oriental area, several tens of kilometers away from the kitchen, which points to the predominance of a lateral migration drainage style in the Cacheuta-Barrancas petroleum system. The Generation-Accumulation Efficiency (GAE) of the system is high, estimated around 14%. The good coupling of the charge process and the formation of structures, together with the quality of reservoirs, carriers and seals, are believed to be the reasons for this unusually high efficiency rate.
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Sintesis De Las Cuencas Productivas De Hidrocarburos En El Noroeste De Argentina
More LessAuthors Gustavo Vergani, Guillermo Laffitte, MartIn Iribarne and Diego ApredaThe North West of Argentina (NOA) is divided in four main geologic provinces from west to east in the following order: Puna, Cordillera Oriental, Sierras Subandinas and Planicie Chaquena. The last two ones are important for oil industry and have the biggest fields in the region. Most of the activities in the area focus on exploration and gas field development in long anticlines structures orientated NNE-SSW (Subandino), and on the development of big and small oil fields in the Planicie Chaquena. The Tarija (Paleozoic) and Cretaceous basins are the main ones present in the NOA. With a common tecto-sedimentary history in Bolivia and in the north of Argentina, the Tarija Basin has most of the hydrocarbon fields discovered in the area. The Devonian units are the main elements of the principal petroleum system for this basin in the subandean area. While Devonian Los Monos formation is the source rock, Huamampampa, cia and Santa Rosa formations are the main reservoir rocks. The Cretaceous basin is important to the hydrocarbon history of NOA because two big fields were found in the ‘60 and ‘80. After that, most of the work made in this intracratonic basin focuses on understanding different plays that were not as profitable as the earlier ones. In this Basin, the Cretaceous Yacoraite formation is the most important unit due to its characteristics as source and reservoir rock.
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Los Sistemas Petroleros Devonicos Del Subandino Sur Y Pie De Monte De La Cuenca De Tarija. Bolivia
More LessThe charge system of the Tarija Basin involves Devonian sources that have poor to moderate —occasionally good- quality for hydrocarbon generation. Thermal maturity of the source intervals show wide thermal maturity variations from the initial stages of the oil
window to very advanced phases of gas generation, depending on the stratigraphic position and geologic setting. Effective expulsion of hydrocarbons is believed to have begun at relatively high levels of thermal maturity (VRE>O.9-1.0%), with prevalence of gassy
hydrocarbons. Modeling of hydrocarbon generation of the Devonian source rocks demonstrates that the main episodes of expulsion and charge occurred coupled to the Andean tectonics. A generally low thermal heat flow linked to the Tertiary foreland deposits
constrained the maturation process. Main generation areas are related to the synclines in the South Subandean Thrust Belt and two main depocenters in the Santa Cruz and Pilcomayo areas. Preferred migration pathways are interpreted to be the main thrusts and faults. GAE estimations points to low efficiency petroleum systems. The main trapping mechanism is structural, both in the South Subandean and in the Foothills. The predominance of condensate accumulations precludes assessing definite oilsource
correlation patterns. Nevertheless, genetic relations were proved for the Eifelian sources. Isotope data, arranged by reservoir and geographic location, is consistent with significant variations in thermal maturity, allowing for distinct kitchens of a same source rock
and/or co-sourcing. Three petroleum zones are recognized in the Tarija Basin: Santa Cruz, Pilcomayo (extending up to northern Argentina) and the South Subandean Thrust Belt. In addition to the classical Los Monos-Huamampampa (!), a second petroleum system is proposed with the name Sección Lochkoviano-CarbOnico(.). 2P EUR reserves were allocated to these Devonian systems; yet to find resources were estimated in the range 17.5-56.0 x 1012 cfg. Contributions of a Silurian petroleum system have a hypothetical significance for deep gas in the Subandean Thrust Belt.
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El Sistema Petrolero Paleozoico Del Subandino Norte, Noroeste De Bolivia.
More LessAuthors David Zubieta RossettiThe North Subandean is an extended fold and thrust belt located at the north-western sector in Bolivia. It is considered an area of exploratory interest; the present level of knowledge is useful to identify the functioning of the Petroleum System associated to Devonian source rocks. Tequeje and Tomachi formations are the main source of hydrocarbons. The organic matter contained in such rocks is mixed kerogen types II and Ill. The genetic relationship between oil seeps and shale extracts has a remarkable correspondence. Permo-Carboniferous Retama and Copacabana formations present high quality rocks but there is no sufficient evidence to verify their relationship with the analyzed petroleum. The North Subandean Tectonic styles are mainly controlled by stratigraphy of Paleozoic sequences. Beni and Tuichi synclinoriums and Toregua-Palacios belt represent well defined tectonostratigraphic units. Traps are in general fault propagation fold, fault bend fold, subtrhust and backthrust structures. The constitution of ramps and imbricate structures of the last subandean structural trends are associated to faults that move Beu Formation sandstones to the surface in the absence of Devonian shales. The interpretation of vitrinite reflectance and data on apatite fission track
suggests that the thermal history is not uniform in the basin. Hydrocarbon expulsion and generation as well as the formation of traps are active during the different tectonic pulses produced in the last 16 Ma. Erosion and sedimentation processes related to deformation of orogenic fronts are associated with thermal maturity level of Paleozoic source rocks. Additionally, the location of intrusive bodies in Devonian and Mesozoic series located in the north-west sector of the area under study increases the heat flow in the basin.
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