Geoinformatics

A research is proposed to find methodological approaches to identify the main criteria for identifying landslides in the upper Prut River basin (Ukrainian Carpathians) in satellite images. The study of landslides was conducted in the upper part of the Prut River basin, in particular in the Carpathian National Nature Park (Ivano-Frankivsk region, Ukraine). The most surveyed areas were within the settlements of Vorokhta, Tatariv, Mykulychyn and Yaremche. In general, the landslides of the south-eastern part of the Carpathians are not significant in size.

According to the results of complex processing of space images by GoogleEarth, Landsat and field research, the regularities of the spread of dangerous exogenous processes and their connection with the local features of the river network and channel were revealed. Analytical and cartographic research has revealed the main criteria for identifying landslides on the maps of the spatial distribution of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Normalized Difference Moisture Index. The conducted researches can be a basis of development of low-cost and reliable prognostic models of dangerous geomorphological processes in local territories.

GIS analysis of large amount spatial information on the chemical composition of bottom sediments and surface waters made it possible to determine the background content of lead, zinc and copper, as well as to establish patterns of their distribution within Ukraine river basins and sub-basins. Available data made it possible to determine the approximate coefficients of water migration of the metals. It was found that the variation range of the background metal content in bottom sediments in different river basins is 3.75–6.67 times. At the same time, for surface waters, this indicator is much higher - 38.5–88 times. The chemical composition of bottom sediments reflects the chemical composition of soils in catchment areas. Оn the contrary, the surface water chemical composition depends on a lot of factors. Analysis of the content of metals in water and bottom sediments of lowland rivers showed the presence of a relationship between them, while for mountain rivers there is no correlation, which is associated with the priority of hydrodynamic factors (rapid water exchange) in the formation of the water qualitative composition of the latters. The results obtained can be used for regional assessments of water bodies’ quality status and for information support for natural waters monitoring.

The goal of this study is to find the locations of critical deficiency or absence of urban green space (UGS) in Kyiv in order to determine the locations of priority UGS planning and mitigate climate change effects. To achieve this goal, we found actual UGS areas within Kyiv limits, analysed their spatial distribution and calculated the greenery levels in each of the ten districts in the capital. Using QGIS tools, we calculated the geometric UGS characteristics and processed 3,548 contours within city limits. Based on own calculations, we built a map chart of Kyiv UGS and filled it in with relevant information. Since the UGS distribution in different Kyiv districts is very uneven, a significant indictor of protection of inhabitants from adverse climate change effects is the population density and size with respect to the greenery level. Then we also found the average UGS provision per person and detected significant differences even in some neighbouring districts. By comparing the results of calculating the greenery level and the provision of green spaces with the location of heat islands in Kyiv, we obtained precise sites of critical exposure of population to climate change effects. The map chart that was built based on these data can serve as a guide for priority UGS planning to protect Kyiv inhabitants from heat waves and heat stress.

On the base of combined finite element - difference method, we carried out computer modeling of filtration processes near horizontal producing wells in anisotropic hard reaching gas reservoirs. The modeling results show for effective exploitation of anisotropic hard reaching gas reservoirs, it is necessary to install horizontal production wells in areas with relatively low permeable anisotropy of the reservoir, to avoid places with presence of shear reservoir permeability. At the installation of horizontal wells in anisotropic hard reaching gas reservoirs, the diagonal arrangement relatively axes of reservoir anisotropy is the most effective. It is necessary to carry out an elaborated analysis of the surrounding anisotropy of the gas reservoir in order such horizontally placement of the well in reservoir, which would provide an intensive filtration process around the well. That is, on the one hand there was no blocking of the gas from the side of reduced reservoir permeability, another hand there was no rapid depletion of the reservoir from the side of increased permeability and free access of gas to the well from all possible directions must be provided.

With the increase in the number and variety of types of geoimages and the possibility of their design there is a problem of choosing the optimal type. One of the solutions for effective modelling of geoimages with given properties is to create an interactive system for designing geoimages. On the way to its implementation, one of the methodological issues is the creation of a classification of geoimages, in particular, cartographic. To describe the set of cartographic geoimages, we select objects, indicate their constituent elements and properties on the basis of which the features of classification groups of systematization are created. In addition to maps, cartographic geoimages also include plans, cartograms, mosaic cartogram, and others. To form a classification system, the properties of cartographic geoimages are studied and a system of features is developed. Among the properties are taken into account: 1) spatio-temporal similarity; 2) semantic compliance; 3) abstractness; 4) selectivity; 5) syntheticity; 6) metrics; 7) unambiguity; 8) continuity; 9) clarity; 10) readability; 11) visibility; 12) high informativeness. Based on the composition of elements and properties of maps, many objects of classification of cartographic geoimages are determined and the system of features (basics of classification) is expanded. The main classification features include those related to the cartographic image: the method of scientific research, subject (content), degree of reduction, spatial coverage, temporal correspondence, purpose, degree of schematization, degree of formalization, degree of objectivity. The features that apply to the whole work as a whole include: image form, method of use, design, method of manufacture, language of publication, storage media, format, breadth of the topic. On the basis of the formed system of classification features the classification of cartographic geoimages is developed.

The generalization and cadastral systematization of data on the Nikolaevskii manifestation of scheelite mineralization (Right-Bank Region of the Ukrainian Shield) were made. The cadastral data regarding the Nikolaevskii wolframite mineralization are grouped in four tables. In total, 43 cadastral attributes are determined: 11 cadastral attributes – in relation to spatial characteristics of mineralization; 18 cadastral attributes – in relation to geochemical peculiarities; 9 cadastral attributes – in relation to mineralogical description of scheelites; 5 cadastral attributes – in relation to chemical and X-ray identification of scheelites. The peculiarities of the scheelite mineralization of the Nikolaevskii area: 1) localization in the rocks of the Zelenorichenska suite of the Ingulo-Inguletsk series (Lower Proterozoic); 2) linear-lenticular form of tungsten anomalies and zonal character of anomalies of small metals; 3) direct correlation of tungsten with CaO and Na2O in rocks; 4) presence of transverse zonality of mineralization – W, (Mo, Bi), Ag, (V, Cu, Sn), Zn; 5) stratiform sulfide-scheelite with molybdenite type of mineralization; 6) practically pure composition of scheelite individuals (no impurities); 7) association with pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, molybdenite, magnetite, apatite, leucoxene; 8) removal of barium from tungsten-bearing zones and surrounding areas.

The concept of ecosystem services is based on the need of co-evolutionary development of ecological and economic components. It is reflected in the national policy and legislation of many countries, it has become the foundation for a number of international agreements and it is included in the summary documents of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development “Rio+20”. The European Biodiversity Strategy requires all EU member-countries to establish and assess the ecosystems with their services at the national level, as well as to integrate the obtained results into the overall system of ecological-economic calculations. In Ukraine, the ecosystem approach should be implemented in territorial management, while the Ukrainian legislation should be harmonized with the European one in this sphere. The application of geoinformation technologies plays an important role in implementing the concept of ecosystem services. The goal of the given research work is identifying and characterizing the ecosystems of Ukraine that are of particular importance for rendering the ecosystem services. In order to select and calculate the areas of ecosystems on landscapes, to create cartographic material, the software products ArcGis and Mapinfo Professional were used, as well as Google satellite images and electronic vector layers of the topographic map of Ukraine at the scale of 1:200 000.

According to the results of laboratory and wells studies reservoir rocks of coal deposits at Kachalivske oil and gas condensate field it is established that these rocks have a complex geological structure, which is due to the structure of pore space, presence sandstones with monomineral and polymineral types, as well as different clay content. As a result of statistical processing of experimental laboratory and geophysical researches data the petrophysical models are constructed and its allowing to define reliably filtration-capacitive parameters for this type reservoir rocks. The established models can be used both to determine the reservoir parameters of reservoir rocks for these sediments, and in the rapid interpretation of well logging results.

Regional flooding caused by disruption of water-energy exchange between the surface and underground hydrosphere has become more frequent in Kherson region. The article analyses changes in the upper zone of regional hydrogeofiltration, engineering-geological and seismo-geophysical changes in the geological environment (GE). The anthropogenic factors and dynamics of the flood process formation and its ecological and anthropogenic impact on the GE are revealed. The quantitative characteristic of infiltration feeding of ground waters as the main eco-geo-information factor depending on natural-technogenic factors of its formation is given. The estimation and forecast of possible increase of a level of underground waters in the region, using GIS-technologies, and also the risk of emergencies in the system of functioning of industrial and agricultural potential of the whole region is shown.