- Home
- Conferences
- Conference Proceedings
- Conferences
Conference & Exhibition on Earth Sciences and Environmental Protection
- Conference date: 27 Sep 2012 - 29 Sep 2012
- Location: Miskolc - Egyetemváros, Hungary
- Published: 27 September 2012
-
-
Neutron well-logging profiles in sloped thin layerformations simulated by Monte Carlo method
Authors U. Woźnicka, D. Dworak, U. Wiącek and T. ZorskiNeutron well-logging is one of the basic methods of well logging for porosity and lithology determination. A neutron source, placed in a borehole tool, creates a neutron field in the nearest environment – around the borehole. A neutron detector placed in the same tool at some distance from the source registers neutrons coming from that field. It gives information on some of the petrophysical parameters of rocks surrounding the borehole. Descriptions of neutron fields and properties of neutron transport in matter have been strongly developed in reactor physics, both in the field of analytical and numerical methods. The same rules of neutron transport physics in various environments and the same mathematical methods can be used also for the description of neutron fields in geophysical applications. Analytical description of the neutron fields can be done only for simple geometries, e.g. for the neutron field created by a point neutron source located in an infinite cylindrical borehole – surrounded by infinite and homogeneous rock medium. However, many interesting analytical solutions that are useful in the interpretation of neutron well-logging have been designed and applied in practice [1, 2]. More complex geometries – as, for instance, dipped thin layer formations crosscut by the cylindrical borehole – are not suitable for the analytical considerations.
-
-
-
Potential thermal water exploration in the Tokaj and Szerencs area
Authors Z. Fejes, P. Szücs, L. Kompár and P. SzlabóczkyThe area around Szerencs lies in the border of many landscape contacts, so it is characterised by morphological diversity. The city of Tokaj lies on the southern part of the Tokaj Mountains. The region lies between the Bodrog River and the Nagy Kopasz Hill, built up from andesite, and is therefore a geologically complex unit. Both sides of Nagy Kopasz Hill are volcano tectonically and geomorphologically structured lines. In the paper mainly Szerencs and Tokaj will be analyzed within their administrative boundaries, but also the wider environment will be mentioned. The area is bordered by Abaújdevecser to the north, Nyíregyháza to the east, Tiszaújváros to the south and Szikszó to the west (Figure 1). In the wider environment hundreds of wells and geological exploration drilling units have been installed. The 74 wells in which effluent water is over 20°C provide the main information for thermal water research. We collected many parameters of the wells (code, EOV coordinates, depth, temperature, filtering etc.). From these data we made the basic database. The major lukewarm and hot water wells are illustrated in Figure 1. From the wider environment we located a narrower area, where we made detailed research for Szerencs and Tokaj. This area is bordered by Tállya to the north, Prügy to the south, Mád to the east and Megyaszó to the west. On this map we marked the preliminary results of geophysical investigations, including the structural and the tectonic lines. Szerencs and Tokaj are in a hydrogeologically disadvantageous environment. In spite of this fact, we attempt to mark the places with hot water potential, which can be used for long-term hot water supply.
-
-
-
The role of laboratory tests in enhanced recovery of conventional and non-conventional hydrocarbon resources
More LessDuring both the increase of the recovery factor of known oil fields and the development of producing technologies of the so-called non-conventional oil fields, several laboratory tests were performed in the past years in the Research Institute of Applied Earth Sciences of the University of Miskolc. These studies pointed out that special petrophysical laboratory measurements (pore size distribution, capillary pressure, relative permeability) and the laboratory displacement test modelling of enhanced oil recovery technologies are essential to understand the processes in the underground porous / permeable structure. In this paper based on the laboratory tests of the past years, methods and technologies are introduced by showing measurement results as examples of special laboratory measurements (pore size distribution, displacement tests, wettability properties). Using these methods can contribute considerably to the evaluation of non-conventional hydrocarbon resources, and also to increase the recovery factor of the known hydrocarbon resources.
-
-
-
Direct and indirect connate water saturation determination methods in the practice of Riaes Tibor Bódi
By T. BódiThe recent increase in world energy demand makes it important to increase the recovery factor of the known hydrocarbon resources, and to improve the technologies making nonconventional hydrocarbons exploitable. In order to consider the economic aspects of the production of the conventional and non-conventional hydrocarbons, it is definitely required to determine amount of the in situ producible hydrocarbon (original oil/gas in place). The magnitude of the original oil/gas in place influences the economic assessment of the production methods available or being developed. It also affects investment decisions about available or newly applied technologies to a large extent.
-
-
-
Identification of fracture zones in a tight gas reservoir
By G. BernáthIntensive research is going on all over the world to gain as thorough a knowledge of different unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs as possible and to aid their modeling.One type of unconventional gas reservoirs is the tight gas reservoir. These are characterisedbyvery low permeability related to gas (μgre l< 0.1 mD), therefore the presence of natural fractures and fracture zones, their identification and description of their orientation are essential for the development of an optimal production concept. The subject of my study was a tight gas reservoir located in a Neogenebasin of East Hungary. Fractures and fracture zones of a reservoir can be identified with different methods and in different scales. Just like in the case of other scientific studies, it is the best way to approach the problem with different methods. In my work fracture zones of the reservoir were identified by post stack attribute analysis, examination of drilling cores and well log interpretation.
-
-
-
Deterioration of building ceramics by environmental factors - a case study on Zsolnay ceramics from the museum of applied arts (Budapest)
Nowadays much more attention is being paid to the influence of mankind on our environment than previously. The expansion of urban conglomerations and the developing industry has resulted in an increased amount of aggressive pollutants [1]; therefore in the 21st century one of the major roles of society is to conserve its historical and cultural heritage. Pollutants from transport, heating and industry deposit on the built environment, causing its deterioration. Deterioration of natural building materials, like stone (e.g. freshwater and coarse limestone), is subject of numerous studies [e.g. 2], however few studies are designed to research the effect of air pollutants (e.g. sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, soot, dust) on man-made silicate-based materials (ceramic, glaze, glass etc.). In Budapest there are many examples of historic buildings covered with glazed ceramics (e.g. the Museum of Applied Arts, Parliament, the Geological Institute and Matthias Church). It is widely accepted that, as Tournié and Ricciardi state, “the high melting temperatures of ceramics and glasses implies that diffusion coefficients of most of the elements are too low at ambient temperature to be significant at human lifespan and these materials are often considered to be corrosion resistant” [3]. However the air pollutants derived from different sources can damage ceramics and glasses easily if these silicate-based materials are exposed for a long time to the harmful factors. The most important reactions are dissolution of ceramic, glass and glaze, material transport to the contacting meteoric water or moisture, formation of new phases on the surface of the weathered object (so-called “hydrated silica” layer) and appearance of cracks/microcracks on the surface [3]. Our purpose is to reveal the effects of air pollutants on building ceramics (glazed ceramic roof tiles and decorative items) that originating from the Museum of Applied Arts, Budapest. In order to determine the deterioration mechanisms, we have examined the phase composition and the microfabrics of the ceramic body and the glaze, and studied the depositions accumulated on the surface of the ceramics.
-
-
-
Some field measurement results of IP method
By E. TuraiThis paper presents some interpretation results of induced polarization (IP) data using TAU-transformation of time-domain IP curves measured in the field [1]. Two methods for the estimation of type and level of soil contamination and of polarizable ore concentration have been introduced using time constant analysis. The theoretical basis of TAU-transformation and the contamination estimation [2–3] are presented in the current volume of this journal [4]. The TAU-transform method was applied first in a TEMPUS project [5] and it has also been tested above several contaminated areas within Hungary ([4], also Rudabánya – 2011, Felsőtelekes – 2011 and Ózd – 2012). This paper presents interpretation results from the Nagytétény, Tiszavasvári and Ózd areas.
-
-
-
Application possibilities of IP method in the fields of environmental protection, ore- and direct hydrocarbon exploration
By E. TuraiFrom the 1950s the induced polarization (IP) method became well known as an effective geophysical method of ore exploration in the geophysical literature [1–3]. It was applied successfully in ore exploration both in time-domain (TDIP) and frequency-domain (FDIP) measurements, because the metallic polarization phenomenon can occur on the surface of ore showing conductive (free electronic) electric conduction – in a dissociated ionic environment. This type of polarization causes measurable IP anomalies. On the other hand, the metallic content is not the only factor resulting in polarizability of the medium: filtration- and membrane effects as well as electrochemical (redox) properties can also lead to similar phenomena. Due to recognition of this, nowadays the IP method has turned into one of the most efficient geophysical methods for environmental investigations. In electromagnetic geophysical practice [4], however, it is also known that pyrite chimneys may be formed in the roof of productive (containing crude oil, or natural gas) hydrocarbon reservoirs, which causes metal polarization. The ring-like IP anomaly over hydrocarbon reservoirs may be an important feature of productivity in direct hydrocarbon explorations. Time constant analysis means a novel opportunity of application in all three areas (environmental protection, ore- and direct hydrocarbon exploration). The time constant spectrum of the IP signal can be calculated with TAU-transformation [5]. Anomalies appearing in the interval of the short time constants (smaller than 1 sec) can be bound to less dangerous environmental effects (filtration and membrane), while the larger (higher then 1 sec) time constants connected to dangerous polarizations (redox and electrode) indicate chemical and metallic contamination. Analysis of the interval of high time constants makes it possible to define the types of ores and the pyrite chimney above the borders of productive hydrocarbon reservoirs.
-
-
-
National radioactive waste repository 2011-2012: Construction of the first two disposal galleries
Authors G. Szebényi, J. Berta, G. Hámos, J. Csicsák and R. SzabóThe Bataapáti site was selected for the storage of the low and intermediate level radioactive waste on the basis of a multilateral consideration. The site and its sorroundings geographically belong to the Geresd Hills and geologically to the Mórágy Granite Pluton. In the northwest part it spreads over the East Mecsek. The site is located in the centre of this region. The surface exploration phase was completed in 2003 [1]. On the basis of the results the specialised authority agreed on geological suitability within the boundaries of the polygon appointed in the exploration area. The construction of the inclined shafts (serving as access tunnels) meant the subsurface exploration phase, which, in accordance with the approved plan, was launched in late 2004 and was completed in mid-2008 [2]. The final report of the underground exploration program [2] was prepared during the excavation of the last section of the inclined shafts. It confirmed that the subsurface exploration had achieved its task objective and proved that the natural conditions of the Bátaapáti site are suitable for a low and intermediate level radioactive waste repository [3]. Phase I (the so-called “small loop” tunnel system) of the construction of the National Radioactive Waste Repository (NRWR) in Bátaapáti was carried out between 2008 and 2009 [9]. The first and second stages (construction of the “large loop” tunnel system and the subsurface areas of final water treatment system) of Phase II were basically completed in June 2010 [17]. The operating systems of the NRWR and the first two disposal galleries of the No. 1 chamber field (I-K1 and I-K2) were constructed (completed by the end of September, 2011) within the third stage of the second phase [18], [21–22]. After the completion of the small-loop tunnel system a summarising geological evaluation was prepared [15]. An expert summary [13] was made in 2010 with consideration of the data available as of 31 May 2010. These reports were followed by the disposal gallery preliminary design [16] in May, 2011 and the recently prepared geological summary [19], which are based on data collected before the date of 24 April 2012. The Pécs District Mines Inspectorate received the geological summary [20] about the construction phases of the NRWR between 2008 and 2012 in early June 2012. Zoltán Balla was responsible for the small-scale geological modeling [4], [5], [6] and Gyula Maros mainly for the structural-tectonic synthesis [11–12].
-
-
-
Geological applications of the VLF method
By G. PethöJust like in the case of any electromagnetic (EM) method, the electrical properties of the ground affect the behaviour of radio waves as well. The first EM measurement using radio frequencies applied wave-tilt techniques and was made at relatively high frequencies with shallow penetration depth [1]. The earliest EM measurement with radio waves of 3–30 kHz was carried out in 1963 with the aim of ore prospecting [2]. In the late sixties commercially available ground very low frequency (VLF) instruments were introduced into near-surface exploration. These instruments can be used to observe either the magnetic field and/or to determine the terrain’s apparent resistivity. Over 1D half-space the magnetic field at the surface is linearly polarized. However in the presence of a lateral conductivity inhomogeneity – situated between the surface and skin depth – the total magnetic field at the surface will be elliptically polarized due to the induced magnetic field. Usually the induced vertical magnetic field component is small compared with the primary azimuthal magnetic field component. In this case the ellipticity of the magnetic polarization ellipse is approximately equal to the quadrature component of the ratio of the vertical and the azimuthal magnetic component, and the tilt angle of the ellipse approximately equals the real component of the same ratio [3]. If the radial electric field and the azimuthal magnetic field component are known the apparent resistivity at the VLF frequencies can be derived. Takács was the first in Hungary to develop the radiokip method with instruments to apply the EM fields of distant LF transmitters for near-surface geological explorations [4]. The VLF method was introduced and intensively used in Transdanubian Central Range bauxite exploration by ELGI [5]. In the frame of this work Farkas developed the VLF invariant resistivity method based on the concept of the magnetotelluric impedance tensor [6]. The VLF method utilizes the frequency range of 10 kHz–30 kHz, providing poor depth resolution. To overcome this resolution problem this frequency range was extended and in addition to the VLF carrier waves the low frequency (LF) signals from civilian radiotransmitters are also utilized by the RMT (Radiomagnetotelluric) method. Takács carried out and interpreted the first RMT soundings in Hungary in the range of 18.3 kHz and 630 kHz. He measured both the electric and magnetic field components and MT 1D inversion was applied [7]. The radiofrequency resistivity (RF-R) device measuring in the range of 12 kHz–240 kHz was successfully applied to delineate karst structures [8]. In 1973 Tilsley applied a portable VLF transmitter as a supplementary source to the regular VLF transmitters [9]. To cope with the interpretation problem arising from the mutual position between transmitter and structural strike direction or to overcome the poor coupling with the target the use of a portable transmitter can be recommended. For the determination of sufficient distance between the portable VLF transmitter and VLF profiles numerical modelling is also needed [10].
-
-
-
Traveltime differences in seismic refraction inversion
Authors T. Ormos and A.N. ParipásThe application of seismic refraction methods is very widespread in near-surface geological investigations for e.g. hydrogeological, geophysical engineering and geotechnical purposes [1, 2]. In a surface seismic measurement various source types can be used, related to which trigger error may occur during field measurements. If elastic waves are generated by explosion, an approx. 1–4 ms triggering error can occur due to the error of the geophysical blasting cap. Generating the waves with weight dropping or hammer strike, a piezoelectric ceramic or a geophone serves the trigger signal – cycle skipping may occur. These triggering errors can cause problems in the interpretation of measured data and the estimation of the parameters, especially in shallow explorations as the accuracy or the errors of the trigger time have greater importance there compared to that of deeper explorations. This problem was examined earlier in the inversion of three-component seismic VSP surveys in a coal mine using the traveltime differences between the upper and lower geophone-triplet [3]; and in shallow seismic reflection exploration, estimating the shot distortion on each common shot gather and eliminating them by shifting all the traces [4]. In this paper the idea of double-trace data is applied to refraction traveltime data, a concept that was developed by Dobróka et al. [5] for tomographic interpretation. The modified conjugate gradient and SIRT algorithms proved to be effective for solving the problem described above. With this theory the problem of the inaccurate trigger time is attempted to be solved in the field of seismic refraction.
-
-
-
Calculation of unconformity related eroded stratal thicknesses along the Mid-Hungarian mobile belt in the Danube-Tisza interfluve area, Hungary
Authors N. Zsolt, P. György, J. Györgyi, H. Péter, M. Katalin, C. János, L. Ágnes and G. Csabaled seismic surveys and deep drilling indicate that potential hydrocarbon-bearing formations can be assigned to three tectono-stratigraphic megasequences [8]. The Upper Miocene-Quaternary mega-sequence, of 4–6 km maximum thickness, is represented by molasse formations deposited during the early Late Miocene. The Paleogene-Middle Miocene mega-sequence, consists of 3–4 km maximum thickness infill wrench basins, rifts, half grabens and flexural basins. The Mesozoic mega-sequence includes a rather heterogeneous group of tectonic units. The Mid-Hungarian Mobile Belt (MHMB) is situated above the Szolnok-Sava belt and above it shares boundaries with the ALCAPA and Tisza mega-unites [10]. It is the most significant neotectonic zone of the Pannonian Basin [9]. The faults of the Mid-Hungarian Mobile Belt were active through the complete Neogene period. MHMB recorded multiple deformations during Miocene- Quaternary, witnessing an inherited weakness zone [3, 5, 11].
-
-
-
Spatial distribution of petrophysical properties on the basis of laboratory results, well logging and seismic data
Authors J.A. Jarzyna, P.I. Krakowska, E. Puskarczyk, K. Wawrzyniak-Guz, J. Bielecki, W.M. Kwiatek and M. GruszczykThe Miocene formation in the Polish Carpathian Foredeep is still the subject of prospecting works due to many gas fields discovered there in the long period from the 19th century up to now [1]. The Sarmatian sandy-shaly thin-bedded formation in gas fields from this region was selected for tests of proposed methodology as rocks being potential hydrocarbon and water reservoirs. Mutual relationships between rock properties determined using methods based on different physical phenomena and measured in various scale (micro- in laboratory, mezzoand macro- in situ) were the basis for petrophysical three- dimensional analysis. Rock models – important for proper petrophysical parameters determination – were the result of modeling of mineral composition, volume and type of media filling pore space (combining data from various sources and of different scale). Input parameters for simulations were obtained from laboratory measurements on rock plugs and comprehensive interpretation of well logging. The X-ray computed microtomography (μCT) is a new non-destructive technique for visualization of three dimensional rock structures basing on variations in Xrays absorption. Prototype μCT equipment (IFJ PAN) provided structural data of fine spatial resolution (about 4 μm). Basing on μCT data simulations of the fluid dynamics in the void space of porous media was carried out. The Lattice Boltzmann method was used in order to predict the hydraulic permeability of the media. Mercury porosimetry provided us with data on the volume of porous space and its geometry (distribution of predominating pore diameters and specific surface of porous space). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance laboratory spectroscopy delivered information on total porosity with division into clay bound water, capillary water and movable water or hydrocarbons. Mineralogical investigations (roentgen analysis) and results of well logging interpretation were the basis for construction of the mineral composition of rock formation. The spatial distribution of petrophysical properties was realised on the basis of combination of seismic attributes calculated in the vicinity of wells with attributes calculated in the same way as seismic ones for the acoustic full wavetrains. Reservoir and elastic properties were included in properties distribution calculations to gain information on the fluid flow ability of the rock.
-
-
-
Geophysical mapping of the Rudabánya mine waste rock piles and Hámor Lake
Authors G. Gyenes and L. Bucsi SzabóOre and mineral mining at Rudabánya dates back to ancient times. Initially, sulphide ores and materials of surface oxidation zone were utilized. Later carbonate iron ore was produced here, with additional silver, copper and lead ores. Large-scale iron ore mining began in 1880 and lasted for a century. During the mining activity, millions of tonnes of waste rock material were deposited on the surface near the villages of Rudabánya and Felsőtelekes. Because of technological developments and new ideas the material of the spoil tips – iron oxides and remaining sulphides, barite – can be utilised. Due to Háromkő’s previous successful investigations on the Toka-Creek region [1] and refuse damp near Miskolc [2], the company was requested to take part in the project of “Rudabánya Ore Occurrences Research Development Program for Geological Studies”. The task was: general geological mapping of the area and identifying the site boundary and the inner structure on the heaps. The four areas are the following: Rudabánya No. 1. heap – a “Baritmix” landfill and three areas near Felsőtelekes. The area No. 1 and no. 3 were studied in detail and only exploratory measurements were performed on other two heaps. Considering the extent of fields and quality of materials in the subsurface we combined four geophysical surveying methods: multielectrode profiling, VES sounding, IP sounding, total magnetic field and gradient measurements and GPR. These methods have been successfully applied abroad [3, 4]. During the processing of data measured we determined near-surface resistivity distribution of multi-electrode section and the real resistivity distribution from the VES data as well. From the IP data the types of contamination were determined. The earliest IP sounding, Turai interpreted corrected electric conductivity [5] was introduced for the mapping of contamination. Measuring the total magnetic field and magnetic gradient were successful. As a second example of geophysical mapping, we briefly discuss the resistivity profiling of Hámor Lake. A floating Schlumberger array probe was used on Lake Hámor’s water surfaces and sonar measurement with so-called “fish radar” was utilised within the project of “Diagnostic and Research Work of Miskolc’s Endangered Karst Aquifer”.
-