XIV International Scientific Conference “Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment”

The aim of the study was to identify trends in long-term changes in the chemical composition of river waters using the example of river basins in Ukraine and their possible relationship with climate change. We used long-term observational data on the chemical composition of water (main ions and mineralization) of the Western Bug (1961–2018) and Southern Bug (1951–2018) rivers. Three characteristic periods are distinguished for these rivers: the first period is reference; the second period is transformational, characterized by a process of increasing water mineralization; the third period is modern, characterized by a process of certain stabilization of the hydrochemical regime of rivers. As a result of climate change, the share of underground river nutrition is increasing. It is known that groundwater has a higher mineralization, which leads to an increase in the mineralization of river water.

The study of a climate change in Ukraine in the twentieth century by means of geographic information mapping aims to draw attention to the problem of the climate change, both scientists and the general public and decision-makers in the field of the climate policy. As a result of processing and presenting data from the scientific organization NCAR GIS Climate Change Scenarios, a retrospective series of analytical maps was created. In the ArcGIS program three series of maps (a total of 30 maps) of changes in the average annual climate indicators of Ukraine in the twentieth century in steps of 10 years were created. Based on the Keppen’s climate classification, a series of maps of climate zones of Ukraine, which reflect the change of climate types in the twentieth century in steps of 20 years, was built. The developed analytical and synthetic cartographic works fully characterize the climate changes that Ukraine has undergone during the twentieth century. For the territory of Ukraine according to the Keppen’s classification, by removing the critical types, the main types of climate are determined - B, C, D. After determining the general type of climate, subtypes are distinguished based on the amount and nature of precipitation. The third order of the classification concerns the features of the temperature regime. The research results indicate a change in Ukraine’s climate before warming, a gradual increase in aridity in the southern regions and a significant increase in the temperature of the coldest month. There is a high probability that the continentality of the climate will decrease. In the worst case, some southern regions of the country may be prone to desertification.

The modern approach to prospecting and exploration of gas and oil traps within the northern side of the Dnieper-Donetsk depression is considered. The results of volumetric seismic surveys performed in this region indicate a decrease in the efficiency of traditional technologies for predicting hydrocarbon traps, which are based on the analysis of structural and tectonic models. In some cases, the use of only the structural factor does not give positive results. This is due in part to the absence of major structural traps. Accordingly the development of such deposits may not achieve the desired profitability. The scheme of location of geological bodies and structures promising for the presence of hydrocarbons is given, from which the next results follow. A significant part of the structures that are conventionally considered promising are characterized by a low probability of hydrocarbons. The practice of drilling wells on such structures confirms this conclusion. It is concluded that the increase in the efficiency of prospecting, exploration and development of gas and oil deposits in this region is related to the use of direct indicators of hydrocarbons. The efficiency of application of different sets of seismic attributes is analyzed. The most appropriate way to interactively analyze the volume distributions of seismic attribute values has been defined. Examples of detection of hydrocarbon traps and determination of their physical properties, which are confirmed by drilling wells, are given. Keywords: seismic image, seismic inversion, multi-attribute classification, direct hydrocarbon indicators.

The purpose of the study is to analyse the current state of air quality monitoring in Ukrainian cities, particularly in Kyiv, identify the critical problems in the state monitoring system and substantiate the criteria for optimal air quality monitoring station (AQMS) arrangement to achieve strategic city development goals. Presently, monitoring stations, as usually, are located close to sources of harmful atmospheric emission. This is not helpful in improving the representativeness of the results obtained. Critical social and environmental criteria, which are generally accepted worldwide, are not accounted for. We analysed the demographics statistics, data on atmospheric pollution levels in different Kyiv districts, and regulatory documents. We compared population density indicators with locations of existing monitoring networks where contaminated air has the most adverse impact on public health. The comparison also included the greenness level in all locations and found that the spatial air quality monitoring networks distribution fails to meet modern criteria. With account of absence of a single methodology for determining spatial AQMS representativeness, its chosen key criteria were as follows: average annual concentrations of main air pollutants, population density and urban green spaces distribution within city boundaries. These criteria and the results obtained allowed substantiating the scheme for optimal AQMS arrangement.

Currently, the level of oil production in the Udmurt Republic is on a declining trend, due to the depletion of large and medium-sized oil fields that have been operated for a long time. Therefore, the main challenge in this region is to stabilize & increase the amount of oil extraction by exploring more perspective low-field deposits. However, some problems complicate the process. Firstly, geological prospecting and exploration works, as well as drilling exploration wells, entail financial implications, increasing the accumulated cost of these works. Secondly, there may be some errors that often contain during the hydrocarbon reserves’ calculation process for such deposits. Passive seismic is proposed to become a solution to these problems. Use of this technology could decrease the amount of time required for hydrocarbon exploration and enable to reduce the exploration and development costs.

According to the available statistical data, cartograms of the spreading of agricultural lands of Poltava region (Ukraine) that have undergone water erosion, wind erosion, acidification and salinization have been constructed and analyzed. Water erosion is most characteristic of the territories with the largest forest cover (Dykanka, Chornukhy, Lokhvytsia districts). Wind erosion mainly covers the north-western, northern and south-eastern regions of the region. Acidified soils can be associated with the Vorskla River basin (southeastern part of the region), and favorable soil acidity conditions – with the Khorol River basin (Myrhorod, Khorol, Velyka Bahachka, Hlobyne districts). According to the results of research within the Poltava region, two groups of areas of strong degradation of agricultural land have been identified: 1) Novi Sanzhary, Lokhvytsia, Hadiach, Zinkiv districts – excessive spreading; 2) Lubny, Kobeliaky, Myrhorod, Pyriatyn, Poltava, Mashivka districts – large spreading. Resources in the fight against soil erosion should be directed primarily to Lokhvytsia and Hadiach districts, resources in the fight against soil acidification – in Chornukhy, Pyriatyn, Kotelva, Poltava, Dykanka, Mashivka, Zinkiv, Chutove districts, and resources in the fight against soil salinization – in Kozelshchyna district.

The territory of the south-western coast of the Kremenchuk reservoir (100.1 km long) is under the administrative subordination of the Velykoandrusivska territorial community of the Svitlovodsk district of the Kirovohrad region (Ukraine). This part of the reservoir is characterized by a marine type of regime, with large waves and storms causing destructive effects on the coast. The research included field observations and analysis of interactive Google Earth Pro maps with GPS navigation support. It is established that the width of zone of the coastal wave surf varies from 0 m (steep shores) to 36 m. In places, bluffs with a slope of up to 90 degrees were formed. A hypsometric profile was laid along the coast of the reservoir with a length of 4.62 km – along the route of the upper edge of the coast, which limits the strip of degraded shores. With the available water level in the 77 m reservoir, the elevations of the upper edge of the coast vary from 79 m to 112 m. At the same time, the steepness of the relief along the route of the route in some places reaches 20–26% and even 35.8%. It is recommended to resume systematic monitoring of the banks of the Kremenchuk reservoir at the state and local levels, using remote sensing technologies and geographic information systems.

The report contains the results of océanographie research on the Ukrainian shelf in the northwestern part of the Black Sea carried out by scientists and specialists of the State Institution “Scientific Hydrophysical Centre of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine”. During the research it was accomplished the hydroacoustic survey of the seafloor with a total area of 70 sq. km. There were obtained a significant amount of hydrophysical data required for studying modern hazardous geological processes and redistribution of bottom sediments within the explored water area. These data are necessary for ensuring the possibility of monitoring of the marine environment state, in particular, in the interests of navigational and hydrographic support of navigation. As a result, a number of natural and artificial objects were identified. Also, the spatial distribution of micro- and mesoforms of the bottom relief and the structure of the upper part of bottom sediments were determined as well as their lithological classification was conducted. The obtained hydrophysical data were sorted and transferred to the Océanographie Data Bank of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

In this article, satellite images of Landsat-8 and terrestrial imagery were used as a source of information for the automated recognition of winter wheat sowing fields. The land of the Lichanka territorial community, Kyiv-Svyatoshinsky district of Kyiv region was selected as a research object. During the work, a correlation was established between the brightness values of terrestrial snapshots RGB of winter wheat, obtained from terrestrial field surveys, with the pixel brightness values of remote sensing images of different spectral channels and NDVI values. The most significant correlation coefficients of magnitude (RGB) with the values of brightness are as follows, r: channel 5 - 0.77, channel 6 - 0.69, channel 7 - 0.53, channel 10 - 0.74, channel 11-0, 59, NDVI - 0.91. Given the significant correlation between magnitudes (RGB) and NDVI, high informativeness of the 5th channel near infrared (0.845–0.885 μm), chosen to build the identification model should be considered natural. The use of the developed model of culture recognition allowed to territorially identifi winter wheat crops and distinguish them from other vegetation. The results of comparing the model’s identification ability and the NDVI’s vegetation index indicate its reliability and the feasibility of further improvement.

This study discusses the results of methodological, hardware and experimental research targeting the objective of providing efficient online geophysical monitoring of grades for main (Cu, Pb, Zn) and by-product (Ag, Cd, Mo) elements in copper-containing ores from deposits developed by mining operations of Kazakhmys Corporation LLC in order to ensure enhanced operational control of copper and silver production; prorated and highly unbiased redistribution of overflow metal among sources of ore. Key issues: low silver grades (from 1+ ppm) in ores from most of deposits; complex chemical composition of produced ores, large pieces of ore (−300 mm), ore in dirt and dust. Method used: x-ray fluorescence. Hardware equipment used in the study: energy dispersive x-ray fluorescent (EDXRF) ore controlling stations (OCS) RLP-21. Target elements: copper, lead, zinc, silver, cadmium (molybdenum) and iron. OCS RLP-21 were implemented at processing plants located in Zhezkazgan, Balkhash and Karagaily as well as on the main conveyor at Nurkazgan Underground Mine (the total number of OCS deployed is 8 units). The studies have demonstrated that the objective of ensuring con-trolled mine production process on such ores has been achieved successfully: silver can be determined efficiently starting at the grade level of 1+ppm.