XIV International Scientific Conference “Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment”

The article is devoted to modern methods of detecting and mapping landslides. It is indicated that the cause of landslides can be a number of natural and anthropogenic factors, including earthquakes, degradation of permafrost, seizure of natural resources, construction of artificial reservoirs, urbanization, etc. soundings allow the detection, investigation and mapping of landslides. Landslide modelling can be performed using digital elevation models constructed by both ground and aerospace methods. QGIS is a powerful tool for landslides data modelling and visualisation.

Titanium and titanium-zirconium placer deposits of the USTTZPD were most actively formed in the middle Jurassic - early Cretaceous and the end of the Oligocene-middle Miocene, which is consistent with the initial stages of geomorphological and neotectonic stages. During the neotectonic stage, placers were most actively formed during tectonic activations at the end of the Oligocene - at the beginning of the Miocene, at the beginning of the middle Miocene. The placers were formed in the deposits of the Poltava series at all levels of the paleorelief. The titanium placers of the Irshansky ore field (relatively elevated denudation plain) and the titanium-zirconium Motrjna-Annyvske placer deposit (MAPD) of the Prydniprovske ore field (denudation-accumulative and coastal accumulative plains of the US) were studied. It was found that the dynamics of neotectonic movements during activations significantly influenced the processes of morpholitogenesis and oregenesis of placer deposits of USTTZPD. This is confirmed by quantitative indicators (coefficients) of the material composition of placers. They allowed us to study the vertical and horizontal structure of placers, to establish the rhythmic accumulation of productive strata. On different neotectonic blocks the number of rhythms was 1–6 (rhythms). In the sea basin where MAPD was formed, this caused permanent changes in the conditions of morpholitogenesis and placer oregenesis. The conducted research of USTTZPD allowed to receive important scientific results, allow to improve development of placer deposits taking into account prevention of activation of negative geological processes (erosion, suffusion, formation of depression funnels, etc.).

The total (theoretical) hydropower potential was defined as the total theoretical sum of river runoff energy, which is calculated as the arithmetic sum of potentials in the river sections from the initial / source to the outlet of the catchment (linear estimation method).

The determination of the total hydropower potential consisted of several stages and was carried out using GIS technologies. The general hydropower potential of the Pripyat rivers along all lengths, its right-bank tributaries and for their catchments, in general, is calculated.

To forecast changes of the total hydropower potential, the results of forecasting changes in flow fluctuations were evaluated. The results of research of two different independent methods of forecasting river flow fluctuations are analyzed: forecast of flow changes under the influence of climate change in the near future until 2040 (water balance method) and forecast estimates of flow changes according to stochastic patterns of long-term water flow fluctuations.

As a result, the quantitative values changes of the total hydropower potential in the high-water and low-water phases (based on stochastic patterns) and for the period 2011–2040 (for the water-balanced model) were determined.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the efficiency of using geophysics to predict the emergencies that were caused by the subsidences and failures of the surface. It is about mine fields of potash and rock salt deposits, which are the most dangerous. The research facility is Kalush-Holyn potassium salt deposit, which is located in the Ukrainian Carpathians.

The research was conducted using high-precision gravimetry. The novelty of the results is in the proof of the reliability of predicting the possible areas of subsidences and failures based on model calculations and concepts that demonstrate sufficient resolution of gravitmetry.

The method of calculating the quantitative characteristics of surface subsidence based on analysis of decompacted rocks recorded by gravimetry in monitoring mode is offered in the article. Options for calculating for both discrete and gradient environments are presented. The results are necessary with regard to their informativity for further substantiation of managerial decisions on further exploitation of research areas.

The article simulates and predicts the impact of solid waste landfills on groundwater (on the example of landfill in Zdolbuniv district of Rivne region, Ukraine). Emergencies at solid waste disposal sites with accidental release of toxic substances and their pollution of the environment are emissions of contaminated leachate from the dumps or landfills into the soil, surface and groundwater. Volleys of leachate can cause long-term and dangerous to public health pollution of groundwater used for drinking water supply (especially homestead wells), as well as surface water (rivers and ponds for recreational, fishery and water purposes), in which polluted water. Therefore, volley discharge of contaminated effluents from the landfill (by flushing) and/or from reservoirs of leachate (overflow through the dam or its breakthrough), which causes toxic and bacteriological contamination of surface water, agricultural and recreational lands. To forecast the zone of distribution of toxic harmful substances formed in the body of the landfill, the migration flow of filtration waters was studied and determined for the area of Zdolbuniv landfill. The current methodological techniques are used, which provide the complexity of research during the analysis of the impact of the filtration process from the source of pollution on the components of the environment. Pollution migration occurs as a result of convective and diffuse-convective transfer together with the main transfer in the direction of deep flow. Therefore, different dispersion coefficients along and across the direction are taken into account. The influence of the transverse dispersion is carried out in the linear flow of the aquifer of a certain thickness. Diffuse migration of contamination has three zones: it is a zone of partial mixing, within that the contamination does not extend to the entire thickness of the formation; a mixing zone in which contamination occurs throughout the formation; a zone of complete mixing in which the contamination is distributed evenly. The concentration of the source of contamination was determined from water samples taken from the collection pond of the leachate. Groundwater pollution affects the quality of river water into which they are discharged. Therefore, there is an interaction of causes and effects in surface and groundwater pollution. The hydrochemical study confirmed the degree of contamination of conditioned receptors. As a result of researches the mathematical modeling of migration of a filtration stream and influence of polluting elements on underground waters in the zone of influence of the Zdolbuniv landfill of municipal solid waste is executed. Accordingly, the patterns of distribution of groundwater pollution concentration within the landfill have been established.

Preparation and implementation of the strongest earthquakes with a magnitude of 8–9 reflects the planetary scale of their development, which is manifested in the dynamic processes taking place in the Earth’s hydrosphere. It is known about the increased information content of time-tested signs of an impending catastrophe based on changes in the hydrogeodeformation field of the Earth. So, solving the problem of predicting earthquakes, hydrogeological parameters of the environment are used. The proposed approach to predicting earthquakes is carried out by verifying of the dynamics of groundwater oscillations, based on information about the trend in the level of water oscillations in wells on the eve of the earthquakes posted in periodicals. The subsequent testing of earthquake prediction was also carried out based on studying the current information on the dynamics of water level fluctuations in monitoring wells located in the central part of Ukraine (on the Ukrainian Shield). Data from the regional base for studying the hydrogeodeformation field of the Middle Dnieper region of the Dnipropetrovsk geophysical expedition “Dneprogeofizika” were used.

The core problem of man-made and natural disasters is human activity. Modern radar materials of space surveys are unique data on the detection of geodynamic processes proceeding of the reservoir coast. Remote sensing and geological data are integrated into geoinformation systems to facilitate analysis and interpretation. The technique can potentially measure millimetre-scale changes in deformation over spans of days to years.

Tectonic-physical studies were carried out within large territory of Kryvyi Rih region, covering all age rocks complexes and areas with different types of structures. Reconstructions of tectonic stress fields of the local level were carried out within the study areas. The initial data were the results of a field study of sliding mirrors, cracks, cleavage planes, layering, microstructural orientations of minerals, which were combined into separate groups according to age and structural features. The reconstructed stress field characterizes the next stage of the structure formation of the Kryvyi Rih ore region, which is compression. The characteristics of this stress field correlate well with the axes of fold deformation of the Cypriot series transverse compression, which means that it is folded. The latest stress field is reliably reconstructed according to the youngest cleavage cracks and discontinuities that cut all the age complexes of the Kryvyi Rih ore region. It is characterized by the strongest variability of the orientations of the local stress axes distribution. On the summary stereograms, 45-degree conical regions corresponding to the minima of the distribution of the axes σ1 and σ3 are confidently determined, which make it possible to determine the stress axes direction of the regional level.

It is proposed to apply methods of statistical simulation of realizations of 3-D random fields with Gaussian type correlation function to solve the problems of conditional maps, adding of data to achieve the necessary precision, and other such problems in geophysics. The approximations theorems and built on their base algorithm of statistical simulation of Gaussian homogeneous isotropic random fields using the spectral representation are considered. Model example is the aircraft magnetometry data in the Ovruch depression. It is divided into deterministic and random components for data analysis. The deterministic component is proposed to approximate by cubic splines and the stationary random component is proposed to modeling on the basis of spectral expansions of random fields with Gaussian type correlation function.