Non-double-couple Seismic Events Induced by Hydraulic Fracturing Observed from a Linear Array of Receivers

We developed a new method to invert source mechanisms of seismic events observed from a single (vertical or near vertical) array of receivers. This method was tested on a synthetic dataset and applied to a seismic dataset acquired during hydraulic fracturing of a sedimentary formation. We show that a crack-opening seismic event recorded on a single vertical array can be inverted as a pure shear seismic event, indicating that the best fitting shear mechanisms inverted from seismic data acquired along a vertical borehole provide misleading information. We found that the majority of the analyzed source mechanisms of the induced events are not consistent with pure shear faulting as previously thought. The non-shear source mechanisms are required even when seismic noise, location uncertainty, and uncertainty in the attenuation structural model are considered.