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Seismic Surveillance for Reservoir Delivery From a Practitioner’s Point of View (EET 6)

image of Seismic Surveillance for Reservoir Delivery From a Practitioner’s Point of View (EET 6)
  • By O. I. Barkved
  • Format: EPUB
  • Publication Year: 2012
  • Number of Pages: 273
  • Language: English
  • Ebook ISBN: 9789462820111

Time-lapse seismic surveys or 4D seismic offers snapshots of a producing hydrocarbon reservoir and its surroundings and is the most common seismic surveillance technique in the oil and gas industry. New developments of this technology includes permanent seismic installations; observations of changes outside the reservoirs and a link to geomechanics and the use of passive recordings. In this book we are using examples from the Valhall field to illustrate examples of seismic surveillance that will include data examples from marine towed 4D, frequent surveying using permanently installed sensors, in-well recordings and analysis of passive data, including micro seismicity. Some of the historical 4D examples, an update on the state of use of permanent recordings systems are also discussed.

© 2012 EAGE Publications bv

Table of Contents

Acknowledgement

General disclaimer

1 Introduction
1.1 Outline
1.2 Seismic surveillance
1.3 Brief history of seismology
1.4 Some milestones in the development of 4D seismic

1.4.1 Draugen
1.4.2 Gullfaks
1.4.3 Ekofisk
1.4.4 Valhall
1.4.5 Halfdan
1.4.6 Carbonates
1.5 Permanent systems
1.5.1 The Foinaven benchmark
1.5.2 Teal south 4C/4D PRMS test
1.5.3 The Valhall permanent installation
1.5.4 The Clair permanent installation
1.5.5 The Ekofisk permanent reservoir monitoring system
1.5.6 Cere La Ronde gas storage
1.6 Monitoring hydro fracturing
1.7 Conclusion

2 Introduction to the case history
2.1 North Sea chalk fields
2.2 Reservoir and depletion plan
2.3 Geological setting
2.4 Reservoir characteristics
2.5 Wells and completion
2.6 Compaction and subsidence
2.7 Reservoir modeling
2.8 Geomechanical modeling
2.9 Role of seismic data
2.10 The Valhall imaging challenge
2.11 Conclusion

3 Basic Rock Physics, Geomechanics and Modeling
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The elastic equations and some relevant concepts
3.3 Empirical rock physics models
3.4 Brief on rock mechanics
3.4.1 Stress, strain and Hooke’s law
3.4.2 Mohr-Coulomb
3.4.3 Deviatoric stresses
3.4.4 Acoustic emission and micro-seismicity
3.4.5 Poro-elasticity and effective stress principle
3.5 Time-Lapse modeling of the reservoir changes
3.5.1 Fluid substitution
3.5.2 Pressure effects
3.6 Changes outside the reservoir
3.7 Will seismic surveillance work in my case?
3.7.1 Feasibility study
3.7.2 Noise
3.7.3 Modeling changes outside the reservoir
3.7.4 Modeling changes inside the reservoir
3.8 Conclusion

4 Acquisition, Processing, 4D analysis and Permanent Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Maximizing the signal and minimizing the noise
4.3 Quantifying repeatability
4.4 Acquisition
4.4.1 The importance of source and receiver position
4.4.2 Acquisition factors
4.4.3 Seismic sensors
4.4.4 Marine seismic sources
4.4.5 Land seismic
4.4.6 Marine towed streamer
4.4.7 Ocean bottom
4.4.8 Nodes
4.5 Processing
4.6 Time-lapse analysis
4.6.1 Time-shifts
4.6.2 AVO and 4D inversions
4.7 Processing & analysis strategies for permanent reservoir monitoring - A Valhall case study
4.7.1 Accuracy of receiver positions
4.7.2 Processing flow
4.7.3 Processing strategy
4.7.4 Data management
4.7.5 Automated workflows
4.7.6 Reservoir model data
4.8 Conclusion

5 Case Study: Seismic Surveillance for Reservoir Management
5.1 Reservoir management applications
5.1.1 Reservoir modeling
5.2 Static reservoir modeling is a dynamic process
5.2.1 Reducing geological structural model uncertainties using 4D data
5.2.2 Reducing geological properties uncertainty using 4D data
5.2.3 A workflow for inverting for pressure from time-lapse attributes
5.3 TDRM
5.4 Practical integration
5.4.1 Well connectivity
5.4.2 Testing relative permeability curves
5.4.3 The seismic time-lapse responses of an injection test
5.5 Conclusion

6 Case Study: Seismic Surveillance for New Wells Delivery
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Chasing “thin” pay in the flank
6.1.2 Moving into the difficult crestal area
6.2 Conclusion

7 Case Study: Seismic Surveillance for Base Management
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Well surveillance
7.2 Linking production and log data to 4D seismic response
7.2.1 Workflow
7.2.2 Integration & validation
7.3 Where does the production come from
7.4 Business impact
7.5 The right action may be doing nothing
7.6 Conclusions

8 Passive and other Emerging Technologies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Passive recordings from Valhall
8.2.1 Early tests
8.2.2 Permanent installation of electrical systems in drill cutting re-injection wells
8.2.3 Permanent installation of optical system in producing well
8.3 Passive recordings using the LoFS (surface) array
8.3.1 Monitoring hydraulic fracturing in horizontal wells
8.3.2 Shallow shear waves and shear-wave splitting
8.3.3 Making the most out of noise
8.4 Delineating fault re-activation
8.5 AVOA
8.6 Shear-wave time-lapse at the reservoir
8.7 Time-lapse changes in critical reflection angle
8.8 Monitoring hydrofracturing using shear-wave splitting and passive monitoring
8.9 Conclusion

9 The Business Value
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Why should we do seismic surveillance?
9.2.1 Growth – maximizing the recovery
9.2.2 Complexity factors and recovery
9.3 Value, cost and savings
9.3.1 Defining the value categories
9.3.2 Value of information
9.3.3 Value examples
9.4 The role of surveillance in future development plans
9.4.1 Seismic surveillance through field life
9.5 Selection of seismic surveillance system
9.5.1 Technical elements
9.5.2 Logistic elements
9.5.3 HSE issues
9.6 Conclusion

10 Summary and Reflections
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Valhall LoFS project - summary
10.2.1 Business context models
10.2.2 Technical elements
10.2.3 Interpretation and data management
10.2.4 Integration
10.2.5 Changes outside the reservoir
10.3 Future directions
10.3.1 Methods
10.3.2 Systems
10.3.3 Integrating seismic surveillance data into business decisions
10.4 Conclusions
 
References

Index

References

http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/books/9789462820111
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