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First EAGE Workshop on Iraq - Hydrocarbon Exploration and Field Development
- Conference date: 29 Apr 2012 - 02 May 2012
- Location: Istanbul, Turkey
- ISBN: 978-94-6282-050-0
- Published: 02 May 2012
21 - 34 of 34 results
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Impact of Carbonate Reservoir Heterogeneity on Water Injection Pilots of the Rumaila Field, southern Iraq
Authors C. Lehmann, K. Ryder, K. Almond, A. Holden, B.A.K. Al-Salim, H. Saeed and P. HenningA water injection trial in one of the giant fields of Southern Iraq has been designed in order to test water injection and sweep efficiency in middle Cretaceous carbonates. Three water injection trial areas have been identified. The areas exhibit different reservoir architectures which will help to understand the nature and mechanisms of water movement. Water injection is underway and the trial is ongoing with preliminary results available.
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Innovative Carbonate Reservoir Modeling: Example from Mishrif Reservoir, Iraq
By H. Al-QassabIntegrated reservoir characterization has a large impact on reservoir management and therefore on reservoir forecasting. The use of dyanamic data in reservoir characterization has become increasingly important, particularly when it comes to permeability modeling.
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Cementing – New procedure to ensure well integrity in South Rumaila Field utilizing Geomechanics Evaluation
Authors H. Soroush, R. Kuchinski, B. Khdier, S. Zaki, B.S. Shaheed and P. KalathingalCementing is a major factor affecting the integrity of a well for its entire life. Proper cement bonding to the casing and formation is a key measure of well integrity. Unlike most drilling related activities, the cement placed into wells must remain competent for the entire life of the well and beyond to ensure no fluid leakage even after the well has been abandoned.
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Tectono-stratigraphy and structure of the northwestern Zagros collision zone across the Iraq-Iran border
Authors M. Mohajjel and S.A. AliTectono-stratigraphic units within the Zagros orogen in northeast Iraq (foreland) and northwest Iran (hinterland) are correlated to provide an integrated map along the collision zone. Structural cross-sections across the Zagros suture zone reveal the relationships between the tectonic terranes of various ages and different origins. Terranes of oceanic affinity have accreted onto the Arabian plate during collision-accretion events that started in the Late Cretaceous. The collision resulted in closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the construction of a structurally complex suture zone. Jurassic-Cretaceous deep ocean radiolarites of the Qulqula-Kermanshah terrane and ophiolitic mélange serpentinites were structurally accreted against the Arabian passive margin in the Late Cretaceous during an ophiolite arc-continent collision event. The overthrust radiolarites and ophiolitic mélange terranes initiated the development of the foreland basin overlap flysch (turbidites) and molasse assemblage on the now active Arabian margin. Paleocene-Eocene volcanosedimentary rocks of the Walash-Naopurdan-Kamyaran terrane developed as an intra-oceanic island-arc within the intervening Neotethys Ocean. They now structurally overlie the older ophiolite mélange and radiolarite terranes as a result of continued convergence onto the margin of the Arabian Plate. These younger thrust sheets and nappes have been transported over the Miocene molasse unit of the Tertiary Red Beds in flexural foreland and covered the late Cretaceous accretionary complex terrane–foreland basin assemblages. The Qulqula-Kermanshah terrane is exposed in a tectonic window at the northeastern part of the mapped area indicating that the late Cretaceous accreted terranes occur below the Walash- Naopurdan-Kamyaran thrust sheet. Late Cretaceous ophiolite massifs-bearing terranes named the“Upper Allochthon” (i.e. Gemo-Qandil nappe, 97-118 Ma) are emplaced by younger thrust sheets over the Paleocene-Eocene Walash-Naopurdan-Kamyaran terrane by out-of-sequence thrusting. Mesozoic metamorphic rocks of the hinterland including volcanic and intrusive rocks of the active Iranian continental margin (Sanandaj-Sirjan zone), collided in the Miocene due to continent-continent collision and occur in the youngest nappes and klippes along the Zagros suture zone. This is the first effort to correlate the tectonic units in this area. Detailed geological information has been compiled for the first time across the Iraq-Iran border by using the published larger scale geological maps from both regions to give correlation between tectonic units. The tectono-stratigraphic units recognized across the border. Tectonic terranes of the Zagros suture zone are identified and named. Structural cross-sections are presented to demonstrate the thrust sheets relationships and ages of convergent tectonic events due to collision along the northeast Iraq and northwest Iran border.
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Seismic- Sequence Stratigraphy of Oligo-Miocene deposits in Northwestern part of Dezful embayment (NW of IRAN)
By M. JalaliMore than a century, exploration and production of hydrocarbon in Asmari formation are continued, but nowadays most of targets are in this formation has drilled. Therefore investigation of facies variation and the role of that in quality of reservoir and searching of non-Anticline targets in Asmari formation are very important. This study was done in Northwestern part of Dezful embayment in the area between Naftshahr to Dehlouran near the border of Iraq(NW of Iran).Oligo-Miocene deposits in this area include deep marine marls, carbonates, and sandstones and evaporate. In concern with variation in facies and lithology in these deposits, this area has the potential of Non – Anticline traps and this variation has the very important effects on quality of reservoirs. In this study, detail investigations concerning sedimentology and sequence-seismic stratigraphy of these sediments were established based on new available seismic, outcrop and well data. According to this study, six 3rd order sequences and four seismic facies were determined and paleogeographic maps were drowned. Sedimentolgical and Seismic Sequences are correlated in normal and longitude transects. In these transects the potential of reservoir in was evaluated. The facies change in the basin has been illustrated in paleogeographical maps. Combination of Seismic interpretation and paleogeographical maps shows the areas that have possibility of Non-Anticline traps. This study shows that further potentials such as stratigraphic traps, Fault related traps, sub-trusts and satellite structures still exist in Asmari Fm. In this area, which should be focused on future exploration activities.
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Prediction of hydrocarbon saturation by results of Simultaneous seismic inversion in a carbonate reservoir
By Naimeh RiaziSophisticated techniques such as Amplitude Versus Angle (AVA) Simultaneous Inversion are required to provide Acoustic Impedance (AI), Shear Impedance (SI), density and compressional to shear velocity ratio (Vp/Vs) profiles in which outputs would lead to reliable reservoir discrimination. AVA simultaneous inversion has been utilized for inversion of a 2D seismic profile using one deep exploration well aimed at revealing lateral variations of the Lower Cretaceous Fahliyan carbonate reservoir (SW Iran). The purpose is also to investigate possible relationships between Lamé parameters and hydrocarbon saturation in the carbonate reservoir. Transforming of offset dependent CDP gathers to angle dependent gathers, extracting angle dependent wavelets, producing three angle gathers, construction of initial model and finally simultaneous seismic inversion are stages which have been done in this study. A direct relationship is seen between water saturation (SW) and Lamé parameters in carbonate reservoir. In contrast, indirect relationship with MuRho (MR) and SW is seen in clastic rocks. This study confirms the applicability of AVA simultaneous inversion and Lamé parameter computation in uncovering lateral variations of hydrocarbon saturation within a carbonate reservoir.
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Hydrocarbon Seepage, Spring Waters and Geobotany Surveys as Tool for Detecting Fault Extension: Abu-Jir Fault Zone Case
More LessAbu-Jir Fault Zone is a known fault and as one structural features in Iraq which extend NW- SE for long distance on the western side of the Mesopotamian basin. The feature of this fault on surface is mysterious and not clear. Surface extension evaluation of fault requires the selection of valid parameters among numerous geological factors. The present study focuses on the evidence of the existence of the fault traces on the surface such as springs, hydrocarbon seepages and geobotany in order to employ them as tools in geochemical exploration for determining fault extension. For this purposes, direct and indirect geochemical methods (spring water survey, hydrocarbon accumulation survey as well as geobotany) were carried out along Abu-Jir Fault Zone. The hydrocarbon accumulation features are existed in many types. The first is intruded massive hydrocarbon under high pressure penetrating the gypsum of Fatha Formation and exposed on surface. The second one is that the hydrocarbon intruded gypsum bed along cleavage plane but hasn't exposed on surface. The third type is light hydrocarbon ascending from depth associating the spring water and floating on the water surface. This study invested the anomaly of hydrocarbon, total dissolved solid (TDS), H2S gas emission, abnormality in growth of palm trees such as curvature and overturn the stem of palm trees and formation an isolated local aqueous environments around the springs along Abu-Jir Fault Zone for detecting the fault extension.
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Microfacies and Petrographic study for Yamama formation in Ratawi field
Authors A.H. Saleh and S. N.Al-JawadThe available thin section examination for Yamama formation in Ratawi field, Six cyclic type microfacies have been recognized for Yamama Formation ( L. Beriassian - E. Valangenian ) at Ratawi-3 (Rt -3) and Ratawi-4 (Rt-4) Wells , Those are as Follows : Peloidal packstone, Algal wackestone - packstone , Oolitic- Peloidal grainstone, Bioclastic wackestone - packstone, foraminifera wackestone and mudstone microfacies , the latter has been divided into two submicrofacies: argillaceous lime mudstone and sparse fossiliferous lime mudstone. The horizontal extension of these microfacies can be identified by studying log Characters variation and thin sections.
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Experimental Determination of Hydrate Phase Equilibrium
Authors Ehsan Kamari and M. OyarhosseinIran's proved natural gas reserves are the world's second largest reserves. Mainly, because of different climate changes and different reservoirs’ characterizations, studying the behavior of producing outcome fluids and their transportation is greatly essential. One of the main problems occurs in the gas reservoirs is related to the hydrate formation while producing from a well, either in production strings or production lines (before and after choke). Effective parameters which lead to form hydrates are: high pressure, low temperature and water presence; and therefore, the high possibility of having this phenomenon in Iranian reservoirs is quite obvious especially in the cold climates and for the gas wells. Hydrate formation in production lines and equipments will also result in many different obstacles such as: complete or partial closure in production lines and heat exchangers, erosion of the equipment, pressure reduction, etc. In this paper, by the experimental data from one the Iranian sour gas field, the conditions of hydrate formation, which will be helpful to determine the safe/unsafe zones by P-T curves, will be discussed. In addition, the final data will be compared to other correlations, as well.
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Construction of the Iraq National Gravity and Magnetic Database for the promotion of Hydrocarbon Exploration
Iraq has a long history of hydrocarbon exploration which included the regional gravity surveying of Iraq using land gravity and aeromagnetic methods. These exploration data sets have now been fully compiled into digital products which provide a wealth of new structural and sub surface information for the shallow parts of the basins (main seen by the gravity data) and deep basement structures (mainly seen by the aeromagnetic data). These responses result from a strongly magnetised basement and weakly magnetised sediments that vary from 4-5 km to in excess of 13 km in thickness in eastern Iraq. Since sediments increase in density with depth due to compaction, the gravity anomalies will be associated with tectonic movements (faulting and folding) that have laterally offset the sediment layers and densities.
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Foreland Basin System of the Northeastern Arabian Margin, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Impact on Oil Accumulations
By B. Al-QayimPart of the convergence history of the Arabian margin during Upper Cretaceous –Pliocene time is documented in megasequence of two successor foreland basins. A close up look of this sequence’s outcrops and subsurface sections through facies and lithostratigraphic correlation as well as sequence stratigraphic analysis invoke reinterpretation and evaluation of their tectonostratigraphic origin and basin differentiation. The early one is represented by the proto Zagros foreland basin. It is developed upon obduction of radiolarite-melange suites over the Arabian margin during Late Turonian age. The Dokan oligostiginal limestone, Gulneri marine shale, and the Kometan oligostiginal-globigerinal limestone formations represent the starving, pre-flysch stage of the basin. The extensive intra-Turonian unconformity which bottoms these units marks the onset of this foreland basin formation. The major filling stage is represented by the Upper Campanian-Paleocene pelagic Shiranish marlstone and the thick, (up to 3Km.) flysch sequence of the Tanjero and Kolosh Formations. Basin inversion and shoaling is demonstrated by the punctuation of the upper part of the flysch sequence with reefal to shoal limestone of the Aqra-Bekhme (Ma’astrichtian) and the (Upper Paleocene-lower Eocene) Sinjar nummulitic limestone and the Khurmalah dolostone Formations. The red silciclastic sediments of the Gercus Formastion constitute the continental molasse filling stage. Deformation is limited and confined to the proximal areas.
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Enhanced Formation Evaluation Using High Quality LWD logs in North and South Iraq
By O. El FaroukMud invasion effects most data acquired by logging tools which in turn affects formation evaluation. In most cases WL logs ran several days after drilling the reservoir section. Weatherford performed back to back job between high quality sonic resistivity LWD versus complete wireline logging suits to study the differences in quality and allowed quantification of mud invasion effects on WL data. The study proved the excellent quality of LWD data and its ability to replace the WL which save rig time and avoid running WL radioactive source bearing density neutron tools. Also LWD provide real time petrophysical evaluation which plays important role in the decision making process before invasion takes place and mask the correct water saturation calculation.
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Open Hole Log Data Acquisition in the Challenging Well Bore Conditions of Northern Iraq
By R. KuchinskiThe tectonic stresses inherent in the earth’s crust in Northern Iraq create challenges in the drilling and completion of oil and gas wells drilled in this area. Geomechanical studies show that wellbore stability issues can arise when formations are penetrated by well bores. These well bore stability H55 issues can lead to difficulties when attempting to acquire open hole wireline log data leading to increased formation evaluation risks. These risks can be classified as follows: 1. Lost rig time due to the inability of logging tools getting to bottom. (bridging) 2. Lost rig time due to delays associated with making last minute arrangements for alternative logging methods when bridging problems become too severe. 3. Lost in hole charges associated with permanently sticking logging tools due to bad hole conditions. 4. Unsound decision making throughout the life of the well, because bad hole conditions, made the acquisition of formation evaluation data impossible. Recent advances in Formation Evaluation technology and conveyance techniques; allow for the acquisition of high quality petrophysical measurements regardless of borehole conditions or geometry. Logging systems conveyed in the drill string, or through the drill string, have a 100% chance of getting to bottom on the first attempt. With the logging tools securely attached to the drill pipe, the risk of the logging tools getting stuck is also reduced. The non-traditional conveyance techniques presented on this poster will illustrate several case studies from Northern Iraq which have led to operational optimization to formation evaluation in this area.
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Optimization Water Flood, Water Management and Plan for EOR Stage using Rantau Structure in North Sumatera Indonesia as an Example
Authors A. Badril and I. Putu SuarsanaRantau structure is located in north Sumatra basin of Indonesia, with the main hydrocarbon producing layer from Keutapang, has 33 productive layer and divided into 11 compartment (A1, A2, B, C1, C2, D1, D2, D3, D4, E1 dan E2) and has 580.25 MMbbl remaining oil in place. Rantau structure start produced in 1929, total number of wells already drilled 558. Peak primary oil production occurred in 1969 with 31,711 bopd. The oil was produced from primary stage to secondary stage on several layers and blocks. The secondary stage has been started with injecting water since 1984 with peripheral pattern and successful increasing oil production from secondary recovery until 5,500 bopd in 1988 from the previous condition 2,550 bopd in 1984 with source of water injection from sea water that has water salinity 26000-33000 ppm, this poor water injection quality directly impact problems for injection wells (plugging) and declining oil production until 2300 bopd in 1997. To increase or optimization oil production from potential layers or blocks, that some of them was not impact by secondary recovery in 1984. Water production is the main issue that can impact directly to oil production, manage water production and get more additional production from potential layer that some of them was not impact by secondary recovery from 1984. EOR division Pertamina EP planned for pilot water flood on 3 potential layers (600, 400, 770 & 800), upgrading injection & production facility (water for injection comes from water produce and treated before inject into the reservoir) and EOR stage on layers and blocks that in 1984 already impact by water injection. Kick off pilot water flood had been done in January 2010 with irregular 5-spot pattern in layer 600 and successful increase reservoir pressure and oil production until 400-500 bopd (after 3-4 months injected) from 2 producer wells form the previous condition 20 bopd. From the prediction with reservoir simulation additional reserve form full-scale water flood in 3 potential layers (600, 400, 770 & 800) can get maximum 11.65 MMbbl and additional reserve from chemical flood 6.83 MMbbl (layer 600), but for the long term EOR division Pertamina EP will be screening and restudy all production layer, because remaining oil in place still potential to optimize with secondary and EOR stage.
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