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Second EAGE/AMGP/AMGE Latin American Seminar in Unconventional Resources
- Conference date: November 14-15, 2019
- Location: Mexico City, Mexico
- Published: 14 November 2019
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An Integrated Workflow Of Petrophysics, Rock Physics And Geomechanics For Formations In The Delaware Basin
Authors V. Anantharamu and Y. Del MoroSummaryDelaware Basin is one of the most prolific oil and gas basins in North America. The most drilled targets in the basin are Avalon, Bone Springs and Wolfcamp formations. The main constituents of these formations are a heterogonous mixture of organic mudrocks, siliciclastics and carbonates. Due to the complex nature of these lithologies, it is necessary to perform an integrated workflow to extract finer details from seismic to understand and characterize the unconventional targets. In this study, we show a thorough petrophysical analysis and then establish relationships between petrophysical properties of the rock (such as porosity, minerology, pore geometry, and total organic content) to the geophysical measurements (elastic properties) and show geomechanical analysis for Avalon mudrocks and the Bone Springs formation. This integrated workflow serves as a foundation for extrapolating the well data into a 3D reservoir characterization using seismic inversion. Finally, the results can help in searching for sweet spots and decisions on landing, fracking zones for optimal production.
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Elastic Property Estimations Of Phyllosilicate Minerals In Shale
Authors V. Anantharamu and L. VernikSummaryShale rocks are very significant for both unconventional and conventional hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation. The main constituents of shale are mica and clay minerals (which occupy 30–90% in volume fraction) and the remaining constituents are quartz, feldspar and carbonates. The orientation distribution of the clay minerals including mica significantly affects the elastic velocities and anisotropy of shales. For any type of rock physics modeling or anisotropy analysis, individual elastic moduli of clay minerals, their orientation distribution functions (ODF) and their volume fractions are imperative. The clay minerals are generally finegrained and it is not possible to find a single large enough crystal for acoustic measurements. In this study, we use the orientation distribution data from published literature to devise an elliptical heuristic function relating bedding-normal P- and S-wave velocity in zero-interparticle-porosity clay aggregates to their preferred orientation. Then we compute elastic moduli for the most common phyllosilicate shale minerals such as muscovite, illite and illite/smectite aggregates. These results can be used for velocity modeling and accurate reservoir property estimations from seismic.
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Seismic Pore Pressure Estimation In Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors C. Sayers and Den Boer L.SummaryPore pressure impacts decisions related to drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and hydrocarbon production, so is a key parameter for economic development of unconventional reservoirs. Pore pressure is, however, difficult to measure in low-permeability rocks typical of unconventional shale resources. In environments like the Gulf of Mexico, where young Tertiary shales dominate the sedimentary column, pore-pressure prediction based on seismic interval velocities often gives good results. Unfortunately, changes in lithology in unconventional reservoirs often occur over vertical depth intervals too small to be resolved by seismic velocities, since these typically have poor vertical resolution. Prestack seismic inversion, however, provides estimates of P-impedance and the ratio of vertical P-velocity to vertical S-velocity (VP/VS) that have greater vertical resolution than seismic velocities obtained by kinematic analysis. This presentation shows how pore pressure may be estimated using P-impedance and VP/VS obtained from inversion of seismic amplitude variation with offset (AVO) data. Using P-impedance (product of P-velocity and density) is conceptually similar to using seismic velocity. However, it offers greater vertical resolution and is more sensitive to pore pressure changes since velocity and density tend to respond in the same direction to changes in pore pressure. P-impedance is, however, sensitive to changes in rock composition. Since VP/VS also varies with composition, a seismic-inversion-to pore-pressure transform based on both P-impedance and VP/VS allows the influence of variable lithology and mineralogy on predicted pore pressure to be reduced and a more reliable estimate of pore pressure to be obtained.
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Technology And Process Roadmap To Improve Performance In Horizontal Wells In Vaca Muerta Unconventional Reservoir, A Success Story In Argentina.
Authors R. Hernandez, E. Rodriguez, J.D. Telles, J. Alarcon, H. Bedino, R. Krasuk, L. Diaz and L. TiseraSummaryVaca Muerta is one of the biggest unconventional finds of the last several years, located in the Neuquen Basin in Argentina, it is the second biggest shale gas reservoir and the fourth for shale oil in the world. To meet the objective of drilling horizontal wells with high performance, a roadmap focused in the fast introduction of technology and processes was established to achieve a fast learning curve. To improve drilling performance, the selection and implementation of directional tools and bit technologies through all sections was vital. To reduce flat times, a deep analysis of invisible lost time was used to find potential time saving areas. The implementation of batch drilling and offline cementing and logging operations led to huge time saving.
The effective implementation of the technologies and processes roadmap along with the solutions found for the issues encountered, was the key of the success of the project. The results of the first pad drilled was 38.6 days in average time per well. For the second pad we reached an average well time of 23.7 days.
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Design Of An IT Tool To Select New Technologies To Stimulate Unconventional Reservoirs In Ecopetrol’s Wells
More LessSummary“The Decision-making capacity is determinant for a hydrocarbon production project to be profitable. The Constant changes in the industry force engineers and managers to acquire the necessary skills and expertise to analyze databases and execute the best options for the company’s success. One of the most important operations to obtain economic revenue from a hydrocarbon well is reservoir stimulation through well perforating operations.
Ecopetrol, Colombia’s state oil company, has a General Well Completion Module named “Módulo General de Completamiento Petrolero (MGCP)”. The absence of a robust software with key variables for field operators to select the best technologies to stimulate formations was the main problem of this module.
This project offers, as an adequate solution, to integrate an IT tool referenced as “New Technologies: Connectivity Methods” to MGCP. This tool selects perforating and shooting technologies currently implemented by oil and gas service companies around the world based on three computational matrices.
The tool empowers the field operators to choose the best option to stimulate low permeability conventional formations and unconventional reservoirs with challenging conditions such as tight-gas sands, gas and oil shales, coalbed methane, heavy oil and tar sands, and gas-hydrate deposits.”
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An Integrated Approach To The Haynesville: The Links Between Geology, Seismic, And Production
Authors M. Letizia, I. Yakovleva, G. Spence, R. Taylor, K. Chesser, P. Fonseca, C. Davies, M. Nassir, V. Swami and D. WaltersSummarySummary not Avilable
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Nonlinear Anisotropic Joint Pp−Ps Litho-Elastic Inversion: Example From Midland Basin
Authors E. Gofer and R. BachrachSummaryIn unconventional plays clay-rich shale formations are often targeted for oil and gas productions. Shale can be approximated as transversely isotropic media with vertical axis of symmetry. Amplitude versus angle (AVA) response along interfaces in such reservoirs is not only related to P- and S-impedance but also to the contrast between the anisotropic parameters. It is impossible to jointly resolve VP/VS ratio and density with the anisotropy through unconstraint AVA inversion and therefore transverse isotropy (TI) constrain must be applied. Litho-elastic (LE) inversion solves jointly for lithology and elastic parameters relaxing the dependency on the low-frequency model prior. Using lithology information LE inversion can also relax the TI constraint. Compared to P−p prestack AVA inversion, joint Pp−Psv prestack inversion can provide a more accurate estimate of VP/VS ratio and density, thus enabling a better estimate of lithological classification and petrophysical properties. Herein we demonstrate a nonlinear anisotropic joint Pp−Psv LE inversion on a 3C 3D data set from the Midland Basin.
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Unfolding Porosity Layers Of Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors M.Z. Nur Fatihah and M.S. JamariSummaryUnfolding Porosity Layers of Unconventional Layers” is a technical presentation discussing about the different porosity types existed in unconventional reservoir. Unconventional resources have become one of the booming business in oil and gas industry. Hence, the requirement of estimating the volume of these resources has become one of the significant topics to be discussed worldwide. This volume estimation comes with its set of assumptions which are accepted and used globally. Porosity is one of the key parameter in estimating the volume of resources, be it in the conventional or unconventional reservoirs. The presentation will include the porosity model introduced for unconventional reservoirs and will discuss more on porosity segments. The methodology and way of porosity measurement will also be discussed along with some examples which are evaluated by the company. The importance of this discussion will hopefully aid industry professionals to understand more on the producibility indication from porosity and production intervals prioritization.
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Dripping Nanodarcies Oil From Shale
Authors M.Z. Nur Fatihah and M.S. JamariSummarySummary not Available
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Best Practices Implementation For Horizontal Wells In Vaca Muerta
Authors A. Centurion and G. CarrilloSummarySummary not Available
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Efficient Development Of Unconventional Reservoirs Using 3G Workflows –Breaking The Silos Between Geophysics, Geology, Geomechanics And Engineering To Achieve True Integration
By M. MorfordSummaryA 3G workflow relies on the synthesis of geophysical and geological information with geomechanical techniques to solve the engineering problems encountered during hydraulic fracturing.
There are multiple available techniques and algorithms in the 3G disciplines, but some are more valuable in the 3G workflow, especially those requiring minimal input data, those which deliver reliable results quickly, and those that can be validated with multiple measurements. These tools, and their results, must be easily relatable and transferrable to the next discipline, or to the ultimate recipient who is a completion and/or reservoir engineer.
To effectively accomplish these tasks, the workflows between the 3G disciplines: Geology, Geophysics and Geomechanics must be seamless, fast and provide reasonable predictions of frac effectiveness.
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