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IPTC 2008: International Petroleum Technology Conference
- Conference date: 03 Dec 2008 - 05 Dec 2008
- Location: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Published: 03 December 2008
151 - 200 of 303 results
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Removal of Acid Gas Emissions Using Hollow Fiber Gas Absorption Membrane Contactors
Authors A. Mansourizadeh and A.F. IsmailIt is important to devise techniques which would remove acid gases like CO2, H2S and other sulphoric components
present in natural gas and industrial gas. They may have to be removed from the gas streams for environmental, economical
and operational reasons. This paper provides a general review of hollow fiber gas absorption membrane contactor, including
liquid absorbents, membrane characteristics, combination of membrane and absorbent, mass transfer, modules and model
development.
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Water-Out Characteristics and Remaining Oil Distribution Pattern of Different Types of Channel Sands in Lasaxing Oilfield
Authors Z. Lihong, D. Qinglong, G. Junhui, W. Liying, S. Xiaochuan and Y. ShuminAs to the problems of coexistence of intrastratal remaining oil and inefficient/invalid circulation of injecting water; the
hardness of identifying and exploiting the remaining oil, through the comprehensive analysis of 101 core wells and well testing
data on the basis of recognition of channel sand interlayer, this paper researched the waterflooded conditions and dynamic
behavior of remaining oil in the three kinds of typical thick channel sandstone reservoir. Meanwhile, the study shows that 10%
in thickness of the channel sandstone reservoir is in the status of inefficient/invalid circulation of injecting water at the period
of extra-high water-cut.
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Imaging Improvement of Fractured and Faulted Basement through Controlled Beam Migration Examples from Diamond Field in Vietnam
More LessThe accurate determination of the velocity distribution in the subsurface is the single most important part in the long sequence
of processing steps. Those accurate tomographic velocity models demand a state-of-the-art migration algorithms to honor the
details that are needed in imaging the relevant complex structures.
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Inflow Control Device an Innovative Completion Solution From “Extended Wellbore to Extended Well Life Cycle”
This paper will describe a new production technology system
that enabled focusing on achieving performance objectives in
addition to finding and fixing production problems.
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Preparing a Gas Field Development Plan—Tangga Barat Cluster Gas Project
Authors T.Y. Hong, A.H.A. Karim, M.W. Sukahar, K. Theseira, N.A. Borhan, A.R. Yaakob, A.S. Musa, N.S. Hashim and S. MuhamadField development planning is one of the core
business processes in the upstream oil and gas industry.
Before a discovered field can be developed and its
hydrocarbon produced, proper evaluation and planning
of the subsurface reservoirs and surface facilities are
necessary to ensure that the field development plan is
not only economical to undertake, but also flexible
enough to cater for any deviation from the original plan
during implementation as a result of inherent
uncertainties in the reservoirs over the production life
span of the field.
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3D Seismic Data Helps to Lift The Fog—Structural and Stratigraphic Architectural Observations From a Recent 3D Seismic Survey, Block 4, Qatar
Authors A. Pink, C. Sembritzky and M. Zahranrecent 1,860 square kilometre high quality marine 3D seismic survey over Block 4, Qatar was acquired in 2006 and
processed in 2007. The 3D data set provides outstanding images of Mid-Upper Cretaceous (Wasia and Aruma Groups)
stratigraphic intervals. The quality of the 3D allows excellent fault resolution and insight into the details of both the structural
history and the stratigraphic architecture of this part of the Qatar Arch and possibly the greater Region.
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Optimization of Surface Network and Platform Location Using a Next Generation Reservoir Simulator Coupled With an Integrated Asset Optimizer—An Application to an Offshore Deep Water Oil Field in Brazil
Authors F.P. Campozana, R.L. Almeida, M.G. Madeira, S.H.G. de Sousa and M. SpinolaTo design, modify, and expand surface facilities is a multidisciplinary task which involves substantial financial resources. It
can take months or years to be completed, depending on the size and level of detail of the project. Nowadays, the use of Next
Generation Reservoir Simulators (NGRS) is the most sophisticated and reliable way of obtaining field performance evaluation
since they can couple surface and subsurface equations, thus eliminating the need to generate lengthy multiphase flow tables.
Furthermore, coupling a NGRS with an optimizer is the best way to accomplish a large number of simulation runs on the
search for optimized solutions when facilities are being modified and/or expanded. The suggested workflow is applied to a
synthetic field which reproduces typical Brazilian offshore deepwater scenarios. Hundreds of coupled simulation runs were
performed and the results show that it is possible to find optimal diameters for the production lines as well as the ideal
platform location.
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Judgment Elicitation Process for Multi-Criteria Decision-Making in Oil and Gas Industry
By L. VirineDecision-making related to oil and gas exploration and production relies on objective data analysis as well on subjective
judgment of experts. Expert judgment often considered to be less and accurate than objective data analysis. Nevertheless it is
still one of the most common ways in which decisions are made in the petroleum company. By improving judgment
elicitation process particularly in the case of multi-criteria decision-making, it is possible to improve quality of critical
decisions.
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Integrated Approach to Optimize Material Selection for North Field High- Rate Gas Wells
Authors W.A. Sorem, E.J. Wright, J.L. Pacheco and D.A. NormanThe RasGas Company Limited (RasGas) North Field wells typically have a TVD of 9,000+ ft (2750+ m)
with a sail angle up to 70 degrees. The combination of 7-in. monobore and 9-5/8-in. big-bore wells are
designed to handle H2S and CO2 corrosion, HCl acid stimulation, and environmental cracking. The
wells must accommodate high flow rates and through-tubing intervention. This paper describes the
technical development of an optimized operational envelope for L80 carbon steel tubulars for these
North Field high-rate gas wells in Qatar.
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Wired Pipe-Enabled Logging While Drilling Applications
Authors M.J. Manning, J. MacPherson, C. Peveto, D.E. Taylor and N. BakshWired pipe provides high speed, real-time, two-way communication between downhole actuators and
sensors, and uphole data acquisition and control systems. Advanced formation evaluation (FE)
processing in the past has been done using data after the BHA has been retrieved to surface and the
LWD tool’s memory has been dumped, thus limiting real-time value. Similarly in the past, drilling
dynamics data was partially processed downhole and only a subset of data and severity flags were
transmitted realtime.
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Depositional Environment of the Upper Swan Sandstones, Caswell Sub Basin, Australia
Authors P.J. Horton, P. Harrison, S. MacDonald and M. PartingtonThe Upper Swan sandstones represent a key exploration target in the Caswell Sub-basin and are the main reservoir units for
the large Ichthys-Prelude gas-condensate field. The sandstones are present west of the Yampi Shelf margin from Leveque-1 in
the southwest to Maret-1 in the northeast, and in the central portion of the Caswell Sub-basin extend to the northwest as far as
Caswell-2.
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Quantitative Characterization of Oligocene-Miocene Carbonate Mound Morphology From 3D Seismic Data: Applications to Geologic Modeling, East Java Basin, Indonesia
Authors A.S. Ruf, J.A. Simo and T.M. HughesThe High Density MC3D seismic survey, acquired by PGS in 2003 over the North Madura platform, is excellent data for
quantitative interpretation of carbonate buildups. Detailed imaging of the growth histories of Oligocene-Miocene carbonate
buildups provides insight into geometric parameters characteristic of platform initiation, development, and demise. Mound
initiation occurs with development of small (<100 m to 500 m diameter), closely spaced, domal buildups, which become the
nuclei for the formation of intermediate mounds (2 km to 3 km diameter). Nucleation mounds build concentrically to form
intermediate mounds, which selectively coalesce into amalgamated platforms (>5 km diameter), become isolated platforms of
varying size (<5 km diameter), or die off altogether.
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Case Histories of Production Technologies in Separate Zone Water Flooding in Daqing Oilfield
Authors Y. Ye, Z. Shujin, L. Chongshu, M. Qiang, B. Li, Z. Chuanxu and Y. WeiDaqing oil field is a giant, heterogeneous, multilayer sandstone oil field with 80-120 small layers, interlayer permeability
difference of over 60 times. It has performed a miracle of keeping year of stable production of 357 million bbl for 27 years
during its 49 years of development. Till the end of 2007, recovery factor had exceeded 50%. The developed oil production
technologies have played important roles in keeping high and long-term stable production.
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An Analysis of the At-Bit Resistivity Decision Making Process
By G. LindsayA variety of Logging While Drilling (LWD) resistivity
devices are currently available, ranging from
conventional propagation resistivity to azimuthally
sensitive resistivity to near bit resistivity devices. A
comparison of the cost/benefits and challenges of
using a near bit resistivity device and a normal LWD
propagation resistivity device is presented. The
comparison and operational process, in both oilbased
and water-based drilling fluids, are described
as experienced in a high spread cost example from
West Africa and a low spread cost example from
onshore US.
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Understanding the Time-Lapse Seismic Response of a Compacting Carbonate Field, Offshore Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors T.B. Barker, B.N. Chen, P.F. Hague, J. Majain and K.L. WongThe M4 field, a reefal carbonate buildup offshore Sarawak, was discovered in 1980. It has an average porosity of 32% with a
170 ft condensate-rich gas column. The field came on-stream in 2002, producing through two subsea, near-horizontal wells
drilled about 25 ft below the top of the reservoir. Similar to other fields in the area, a strong aquifer provides the main drive
mechanism, although there has been a pressure decrease of about 650 psi after 3 years of production.
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Integrated Technologies of Testing and Controlling for High Efficiency Separate Layer Water Injection
Authors L. He, X. Danfeng, Z. Lizhi, Z. Fukun, W. Yumei, L. Xianhui and Z. XueqingWe introduce an integrated technology for testing and controlling of high efficiency sub-divided zonal water injection in
Daqing oilfield. The Oilfield is a heterogeneous multi-layer giant continental sandstone oilfield. After long-terms of water
flooding, 95% of main pay zones have been in production and water cut has exceeded 91%. The development of the oilfield
has also aimed at relatively thinner and less permeable layers to maintain stable production.
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Using 4D Seismic for Understanding Drainage Pattern and Optimizing Infill Wells Placement in a Heterogeneous and Compartmentalised Reservoir—Cases From the Heidrun Field
Authors E. Kolstø, T. Røste, O. Husby, J.A.A. Tyssekvam, A.S. Moen, T. Endresen and N.K. DawoduHeidrun is an oil and gas field located in the Norwegian Sea. The reservoir is compartmentalised by a complex network of
faults associated with several stratigraphic barriers. Forecasting the drainage pattern of the different reservoir compartments
is difficult, as communication across segment bounding faults and across the stratigraphy is hard to predict.
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Sand Management Challenges in the South China Sea
Authors S. Hussain and T. GrueningThe production of formation sand into the wellbore and topside facilities is a common problem in the oil and gas
industry because of its adverse effect on well productivity and equipment. The traditional approach is to minimize the
production of sand downhole by applying downhole sand control techniques, such as gravel packing and screens to
prevent formation sand from entering the production system. Sand management on the other hand abandons this “zerosand-
production-philosophy” by carefully monitoring and regulating sand influx to a tolerable level.
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Risk Based Decision Support for the Planning of a Challenging HPHT Drilling Operation
Authors T. Nilsen and H.C. KarlsenIn the planning of a new appraisal well on an HPHT field on
the Norwegian shelf, pressure control was at an early stage
identified as a challenge. The pressure margin was expected to
be narrow and pore and fracturing pressures were uncertain.
This represented risks related to fracturing and losses and to
kick and ultimately loss of well control.
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Characterizing Carbonate Reservoirs through Sequence Stratigraphy and Seismic Attributes Analysis: An Example from the Miocene Carbonate of Central Luconia Province, Offshore Sarawak
Authors M.R.C. Kob, M.Y. Ali and M.F. IdrisThe growth architecture, faulting and karstifications of the Miocene carbonate build-up in Central Luconia Province, offshore
Sarawak, Malaysia were studied using an integrated 3D seismic and calibrated with core and well-logs. A high resolution
well-to-seismic tie was obtained through the application of climate stratigraphic approach. This calibrated 3D seismic data
were then analyzed using sequence stratigraphy and seismic attributes analyses.
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Integrated Data Analysis and Dynamic Fracture Modelling Key to Understand Complex Waterflood: Case Study of the Pierce Field, North Sea
Authors B. Hustedt and J.R. SnippeThe performance of many waterfloods (and EOR schemes) is characterized by fluid injection under fracturing conditions.
Especially when the geology is complex and the mobility of the reservoir is low induced fractures can be of the same order as
the well spacing, which has a significant (in general undesired) impact on both areal sweep and vertical conformance.
Therefore, fluid injection needs to be actively managed and surveyed in order to design an appropriate injection strategy over
time.
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Microwave Assisted Gravity Drainage of Heavy Oils
Authors B. Hascakir, C. Acar, B. Demiral and S. AkinConventional EOR methods like steam-injection are usually not cost effective for deep wells and wells producing from thin
pay zones, due to excessive heat loss to the overburden. For such wells minimizing heat losses can be achieved by using
microwave heating assisted gravity drainage. In this study, the feasibility of this method was investigated. Heavy oil samples
from conceptual reservoirs (Bati Raman (9.5 API), Garzan (12 API) and Camurlu (18 API)) in south east Turkey were used.
Using a novel graphite core holder packed with crushed limestone premixed with crude oil and water effects of operational
parameters like heating time and waiting period as well as rock and fluid properties like porosity, permeability, wettability,
salinity, and initial water saturation were studied.
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Integration of Downstream and Upstream Capabilities for Field Wide Production Optimization
Authors A. Mardikar, E. Van Donkelaar and K.C. GohThe demand for oil and gas is ever increasing. At the same time much of the new oil is in challenging environments and is
increasingly becoming more difficult to produce. This, together with exponentially increasing communications capacity and
computing power, has led to several initiatives in the area of Digital Oil Fields, Smart FieldsC_ etc. In all these initiatives,
optimization on multiple economically relevant time scales plays an important role. The downstream refining and chemicals
businesses have faced similar questions and have developed a well-established hierarchy for optimization on multiple time
scales (Long Term Planning, Scheduling, Real-Time Optimization, Performance Monitoring, APC, Base-layer control) in
which the scope, time scales, integration, interfaces etc. have been clearly defined.
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Creating Value Through Energy Efficiency Assessments
More LessTotal has been strongly involved in GHG emissions reduction since several years, initially focusing on flaring reduction: all
new projects since 2000 are designed with no continuous flaring and more globally, flaring will be reduced by 50% from 2004
to 2012. Second step of emissions reduction is to focus on combustion: consumptions will exceed wasted energy (flares, vent,
losses) in the next years as a result of actions taken to cut by half gas flaring on one hand and evolving characteristics of assets
portfolio: mature fields, LNG, extra heavy oils on the other.
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Casing Drilling Package Reduces Overall Drilling Time: Critical Analysis of an Operation in Papua New Guinea
Authors A. Zreik, C. Westren, B. Ersan, C. Jurica and L. ClarkThe lowlands area of Papua New Guinea is composed of claystone overlying a limestone formation. The upper claystone
formation is primarily sticky, dispersive, and soft to very soft. Historically, drilling operations have used 12 1/4-in. steel tooth
roller cone bits to drill this formation. However, one major problem with drilling this formation conventionally is the open
hole time. The formation has a tendency to swell and break out, hence increasing the risk of not being able to run casing to
bottom. This risk was overcome by employing casing-while-drilling (CwD).
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Good Ethics Makes Good Business Sense
Authors T. Azeez, J.G. Martin and M.C. CraigheadThe confidence of stakeholders in corporations has been shaken by a series of corporate wrongdoings. Over the past several
years, numerous top executives have been found guilty of improprieties such as illegal accounting methods and violating the
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and other anti-corruption statutes. As a result, government authorities in the U.S. and
other countries have been expanding their oversight of the ways organizations manage their businesses and the records they
generate. Failing to comply with these standards can have significant consequences with the possibility of fines, other
monetary penalties, jail time for executives, adverse share price impact and loss of market share.
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Can One Size Fit All? A Comprehensive Solution for Fault Modeling
Authors K.S. Hoffman, J.W. Neave and E.H. NilsenPetroleum exploration and production is increasingly moving into challenging areas, which requires reducing risk as much as
possible. Often, however, the structural complexity is simplified due to the lack of robust modeling techniques. Common
configurations such as a Y intersection formed by a synthetic/antithetic fault pair can be difficult to model due to the
limitations of the framework-building technique. Truly difficult situations, such as listric faults, low angle faults, or crossing
conjugate faults, are often not even attempted – which means that the resulting reservoir models do not correctly represent the
subsurface.
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How To Handle Real-Life Well Production Instabilities and Uncertainties Within "Digital Fields" A Practical Application From Congo and Gabon
Authors J. Danquigny, M. Tison, G. Ouayé, E. Ségui and M. ViéDigital fields involve the regular use of modeling tools to
model and optimize production systems. Modeling is a
challenge given the transient and instable flow regimes
encountered in Oil & Gas facilities. Optimization requires a
further level of accuracy: it implies the modeling of an
envelope of production operating-points.
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Integrating Images From Multiple Depths of Investigation and Quantitative Signal Inversion in Real Time For Accurate Well Placement
Authors R. Chemali, M. Bittar, F. Hveding, M. Wu and M. DautelOptimal field development often entails placing the wells in prescribed locations within the reservoir. An error of a few
meters in height above the oil-water contact or with respect to the roof can result in millions of barrels left behind through the
life of the field. Driven by this key requirement, new technologies continue to emerge to help geologists, drillers, and
reservoir engineers geosteer the wells. In recent years, two types of LWD information have been used. Wellbore imaging on
one hand recognizes when a well path has left the reservoir and determines the angle of exit. On the other hand, traditional
axi-symmetrical resistivity logs help quantify through inversion the distance to an approaching boundary, but fail to tell its
azimuth.
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Unlocking the Limits of Extreme Length in Alternate Path Gravel Packing
Authors C.S. Yeh, S.R. Clingman, B.A. Dale, T.J. Moffett, L.E. Harrison, M.D. Barry, M.T. Hecker and D.C. HaeberleAlternate Path® technology (APT) is a field-proven gravel packing technique for multi-zone, long interval, or horizontal
wells. This technique has enabled the successful completion of more than 70 deepwater wells in West Africa. Recent APT
technology advancements continue to improve completion design options and significantly extend the gravel pack length.
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Reservoir Simulation Model Updates via Automatic History Matching With Integration of Seismic Impedance Change and Production Data
Authors Y. Dong and D.S. OliverAutomatic history matching can be used to incorporate 4D seismic data into reservoir characterization by adjusting values of
permeability and porosity to minimize the difference between the observed impedance change and the predicted impedance
change, while remaining as close as possible to the initial geological model. To perform the history matching efficiently, an
adjoint method is used to compute the gradient of the data mismatch and a quasi-Newton method is used to compute the
search direction.
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Gumusut-Kakap Project: Geohazard Characterisation and Impact on Field Development Plans
Authors C. Hadley, D. Peters, A. Vaughan and D. BeanShell and venture partners encountered numerous seafloor and near seafloor geohazards at the deepwater Gumusut-Kakap
field on the continental slope offshore Sabah, Malaysia. The geohazards included subsurface gas hydrates, steep seafloor
slopes, a history of mass transport activity, seafloor expulsion, shallow faulting, low seismicity, shallow gas and shallow
water flow.
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Injection of Water above Gas for Improved Sweep in Gas IOR: Performance in 3D
Authors M. Jamshidnezhad, L. van der Bol and W.R. RossenIn gas-injection IOR, simultaneous injection of water and gas from parallel horizontal wells, with water injected from the
upper well (sometimes called "modified SWAG"), can give deeper penetration of gas before gravity segregation than
simultaneous co-injection of water and gas from the same well ("SWAG"). Most previous studies of this process were limited
to 2D, where injection rate is uniform along each well.
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An Innovative Workflow to Model Fractures in a Giant Carbonate Reservoir
Authors M.-H. Hui, B. Mallison and K.-T. LimMost of the oil reserves in the giant carbonate field of interest reside in the fractured regions of the reservoir. The extensive
fractures pose significant challenges for reservoir characterization, gridding, discretization, simulation, and upscaling. In this
work, we present an innovative workflow that addresses these challenges and provides the capability to realistically model
the impact of fractures on oil recovery for a practical field study. Our approach allows us to do away with the simplifying
assumptions of the dual-porosity (DP) conceptualization traditionally employed to model naturally fractured reservoirs
(NFRs).
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Successful Application of the Key Well Concept to Enhance Formation Evaluation
Authors M.O. Amabeoku, D. Kersey, A.A. Al-Harbi, A.R. Al-Belowi and R.H. BinNasserAn integrated system of acquiring data from key wells to calibrate petrophysical models has proven effective in formation
evaluation programs. In the key wells, extensive logging, coring and fluid sampling programs provide the data used to
develop better predictive models for water saturation, lithology, porosity, and permeability. These enhanced models have
reduced uncertainties and resulted in more accurate hydrocarbon-in-place calculations.
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Effective Perforating and Gravel Placement: Key to Low Skin, Sand-Free Production in Gravel Packs
Authors S. Jain, R. Tibbles, J. Munro, R. Suppiah and N. SafinCased-hole gravel packing is commonly utilized to control sand production from oil and gas wells. The success of a casedhole
gravel-pack job depends on the ability to effectively pack perforation tunnels, which act as conduits between the
reservoir and the wellbore for hydrocarbon production.
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Achieving Excellence in Water Injection Through Application of Innovative Technology
Authors M.A. Chouhdary, H. Al-Rasheedi, A. Mahmeed, H.F. Mubarak and M. Al-HajeriPaper illustrates that how the excellence in water injection can be achieved in terms of oil recovery and production enhancement with
application of innovative technology in line with principles of integrated reservoir management. The paper discusses the key
achievevements and major challenges faced in implementation of peripheral water injection in a mature corbonate reservoir.
The Wafra field was discovered in 1954 6 is located in the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. The mineral rights in this
region are shared equally by both countries. The field is now operated jointly by Saudi Arabian Chevron (100 % owned subsidiary of
Chevron) and Kuwait Gulf Oil Co.
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Electrical Submersible Pumping System: Striving for Sustainable Run-Life Improvement in Oman Oil Fields
Authors A. Al-Bimani, S. Armacanqui, B. Al-Barwani, I. Sipra, S. Al-Hajri and H. Al-RiyamiThe Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) is one form of artificial lift system which is heavily in use in company’s oil wells,
others being Beam Pumps, Gas Lift and Progressive Cavity Pumps (PCP). PDO is managing some 800 ESP systems scattered
across North & South fields, which is expected to grow by 50% in the next five years business plan.
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Implementation of Driving and Journey Management System in Central Sumatra Operation, Indonesia
Authors E. Yuelni, G.H. Narayanan and G. WiraatmajaAccording WHO road crashes is the second leading cause
of death globally among young people aged five to 29 and
the third leading cause of death among people aged 30 to
44 years. Road crashes kill 1.2 million people every year
and injure or disable as many as 50 million more. Without
immediate action to improve road safety, it is estimated
that road traffic deaths will increase by 80% in low and
middle income countries. 1)
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Challenges and Strategies in Exploring and Developing Carbonate Reefs in Southeast Asian Basins
By M.Y. AliThe Miocene carbonates have trapped a significant hydrocarbon reserve in several basins in Southeast Asia. However, the
industry has been continuously facing unique challenges in exploring and developing this play type due to complex
depositional history and reservoir heterogeneity resulting from drustic vertical and lateral facies changes and extensive
diagenesis.
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Drainage Network Response to Geological Structures: A Case Study of Joya Mair Oil Field (Pakistan)
Authors F. Shahzad, S.A. Mahmmod and R. GloaguenThe Joya Mair Oilfield is part of the folded and imbricated Himalayan thrust sheet in Pakistan. Its drainage networks with
transverse streams intersect different geological structures at their highest structural position. This dynamic interaction can be
studied by their mutual superposition and different quantitative behaviours. We use drainage network extracted from Shuttle
Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 90 m) digital elevation data. We use digital image processing techniques on SRTM data
and already published maps to prepare lineaments database of the area. The stream power law under steady state condition can
be used to calculate incision rates.
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Petrophysical Evaluation of Gas Hydrate Formations
More LessGas hydrates are recognized as a massive source of fossil fuel that could be far in excess of conventional hydrocarbon
resources. The evaluation of formations that contain gas hydrates is therefore receiving renewed emphasis through
contemporary petrophysical technology. A key factor is the use of logging-while-drilling (LWD) to sense hydrate-bearing
intervals before drilling-induced thermal invasion and thence hydrate dissociation take hold. Recent advances in LWD
technology have brought most of the potentially diagnostic tools onto the drill string, so there is little disadvantage in not
having a wireline database. Moreover, modern tools have a sharper spatial resolution and a greater capability for differential
depths of investigation.
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Safety of Occupants in Freefall Lifeboats—Injury Criteria and Limits
Authors R. Skjaeveland and M. PhilippensThe IMO safety criteria for lifeboats, the CDRR or CAR procedure, are both addressing the injury risk to occupants
based on seat panel accelerations, thus related to the overall body acceleration. However, based on full scale drop
tests with an automotive crashdummy (ATD) it was concluded that additional criteria for head and neck are required
as tolerance levels for automotive injury criteria were exceeded.
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The Comparison of the Severity and the Efficiency of Fiscal Terms in the Asia Pacific Region
Authors W. Hou and W.G. AllinsonThe Asia Pacific Region is one of the most prominent regions of the world for oil and gas exploration and development. It
contains a range of opportunities – from mature, producing areas to frontier exploration areas. Since the recent increases in
oil prices, the international oil and gas industry has paid increased attention to the region. For most of the countries in the
Asia-Pacific, the fiscal terms have a considerable influence on the economics of exploration and production and a review of
the terms is a crucial part of exploration or field development investment decisions.
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Steam Injection in a Waterflooding, Light Oil Reservoir
Authors W. Shuhong, L. He, G. Wenlong, S. Dehuang, Q. Yu and L. LihuaSteam injection, one of commercial technologies widely used to develop heavy oil reservoir, has brought reservoir engineer’s
attention to improve performance of waterflooding, light oil reservoir and enhance its oil recovery. Sarto reservoir, located at
the transitional belt in Daqing Oil Field, is the case of steam injection utilized. It is a typical multi-layer sandstone fluvial and
deltaic deposit with depth of 1000~1200m, permeability of 500~2000md and porosity of 20~30%, surface oil viscosity of
50~100cp @ 50oC, wax content of 25~30% and freezing point of 30~35 °C.
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Hot Water Injection Pilot: A Key to the Waterflood Design for the Waxy Crude of the Mangala Field
Authors S. Kumar, R. Tandon, D. Beliveau, P. Kumar and S. VermaniIn 2004, the Mangala field was discovered in the Barmer Basin of Rajasthan, India. The field contains approximately 1.3
billion barrels of STOIIP in high-quality fluviatile reservoirs. The oil is waxy and viscous, with wax appearance temperature
and pour point within a few degrees of the reservoir temperature. The base development plan is waterflooding, and a major
concern identified during the field appraisal stage was reservoir damage due to in situ wax dropout because of cooling if
ambient temperature water was injected.
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Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility: Key Factors for Positive Impact of International Petroleum Agreements
Authors L.J. Miranda and K.A. MalikHydrocarbons are well known for being a major component in the global energy needs. The technical review of previous
studies indicates that this horizon will not change in the near future until alternate sources of energy become available and
economically sustainable.
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Optimizing Well Integrity Surveillance and Maintenance
Authors S. Kairon, T. Lane and M.D. MurreyExxonMobil Exploration & Production Malaysia Inc. (EMEPMI) operates 17 offshore oil and gas
fields in the Malay Basin. EMEPMI performs well integrity operations and maintenance on 37
platforms involving 781 wells with 1215 completions (single and dual wells). There are about 350
wells on gas lift, 1215 surface controlled subsurface safety valves (SCSSV), with 6943 tree and
wellhead valves. The fields produce approximately 150,000 bopd and 1.2 BCFD of gas.
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Field Case Histories Demonstrating Critical Role of PLT Flow Model Selection for Improved Water Shut-off Results in Offshore Thailand
By L.-B. OuyangProduction logging (PLT) has been routinely practiced in oil and gas industry to estimate oil, water, and/or gas production
profile, determine fluid entry or exit location and amount along perforation interval(s), and detect major oil/gas/water
producing layers. Through successful PLT surveys and appropriate interpretation, we may also identify thief zones and high
perm channels, locate injected fluid breakthrough, monitor fluid front movements, detect crossflow and fluid migration, assist
in reservoir simulation studies, etc.
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