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IPTC 2008: International Petroleum Technology Conference
- Conference date: 03 Dec 2008 - 05 Dec 2008
- Location: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Published: 03 December 2008
1 - 100 of 303 results
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Global Petroleum Market Entry Risk Assessment and Opportunity Mining Through Comparison Matrix Approach
By S. RajanEscalation of per-barrel crude prices is expected to continue on an inflation adjusted basis in the foreseeable future according
to most analysts. Rising prices are largely attributed to market forces fueled by surging world economy and growing
demand, particularly in Asia and Middle East. Relatively flat rates of exploration and exploitation success have been unable
to keep pace with that growth, leading to tight supplies. Politics, weather, speculation and other factors further contribute to
supply uncertainty.
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A Methodology for Gauging the Sensitivity of Project Value During Concept Comparison and Selection
Authors M. Neuhold, S.A. Shedid, C. Jablonowski and C. Wiboonkij-ArphakulProject value is highly correlated with decisions made
during concept comparison and selection. Decisions as
such are made amid uncertainty, putting value at risk. This
study details a methodology for determining the loss in
project value when inaccurate estimates are used during
concept comparison and selection. The difference between
net present values (NPVs) based on inaccurate estimates
and those based on an alternate hypothesis that is assumed
to represent the truth determines the magnitude of loss.
The value of the information required to reduce
uncertainty can then be obtained.
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A Novel Method to Construct Capillary Pressure Curves by Using NMR Log Data and Its Application in Reservoir Evaluation
More LessBy analyzing hundreds of capillary pressure curves, the controlling factors of shape and type of capillary pressure curves are
found and a novel method is presented to construct capillary pressure curves by using reservoir permeability and a synthesized
index. The accuracy of this new method is verified by mercury-injection experiments. Considering the limited quantity of
capillary pressure data, a new method is developed to extract the Swanson parameter from the NMR T2 distribution and
estimate reservoir permeability. Integrating with NMR total porosity, reservoir capillary pressure curves can be constructed,
which could be used to evaluate reservoir pore structure and calculate reservoir originality water saturation in the intervals
with NMR log data. At last, the constructed NMR capillary pressure curve by this new method is used in well site to detect the
change in reservoir pore structure and initial water saturation as a function of depth, comparision among the calculated result,
core data and Archie water saturation, demonstrate the responsibility and accuracy.
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Post-Frac Analysis Based on Flowback Results Using Chemical Frac-Tracers
Authors M. Asadi, R.A. Woodroof and J.D. Dumas Jr.Chemical frac tracing is used to evaluate flowback and cleanup efficiencies. The technique utilizes a family of
unique, environmentally-friendly, fracturing fluid compatible chemical tracers to quantify segment-by-segment
recovery for individual fracturing treatments and stage-by-stage recovery for multi-stage fracturing treatments.
These chemical tracers with their unique chemical characteristics are mixed at a known concentration into frac fluid
stages as the frac fluid is pumped downhole. Upon flowback, samples are collected and analyzed for tracer
concentration. With the use of the mass balance method the flowback efficiency for each stage is calculated.
These precise flowback calculations yield a more accurate assessment of cleanup efficiency. This paper presents
several case histories in which the technique was implemented. Results and fracture flowback prognoses are
presented. The results are also used to assess post-frac performance as a function of flowback efficiency.
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Reserves Are Added By Re-Thinking a 1983 Steamflood Pilot
Authors D.G. Nelson and M.J. EconomidesA 1983 steamflood pilot project was abruptly terminated in the Edison Field in California. Recently discovered and reinterpreted
information suggests that the decision was unjustified. A critical review of the pilot and the original steamflood
simulation along with a comparison of actual field measurements make it clear that the steamflood should be reconsidered,
and in the process, greatly adding to the field oil reserves.
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State-of-the-Art BHA Program Produces Unprecedented Results
Authors D.C-K. Chen and M. WuThis paper presents the development of a new bottomhole
assembly (BHA) program and how it is used to deliver
optimal BHA design. The new program allows users to run
static and dynamic models in the same application which will
save time and minimize errors.
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Acoustic Thin-bed Analysis to Enhance Stoneley Permeability and Mechanical Properties Processing in Laminated Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors J.A. Franquet, S.A. Al-Arfi and A.H.A. AmiriThis paper presents an acoustic thin-bed analysis in a
laminated carbonate reservoir in order to enhance the
Stoneley-wave permeability estimation and the rock
mechanical characterization. The results of the enhanced
acoustic characterization were corroborated and validated
by a wireline acoustic image log.
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Diagnosis of Excessive Water Production in Horizontal Wells Using WOR Plots
Authors M.A. Al Hasani, S.R. Al Khayari, R.S. Al Maamari and M.A. Al WadhahiMany oil fields in Oman are developed with horizontal wells
to maximize productivity and develop wider drainage areas for
more cost effective recovery. Premature water breakthrough
either from water injectors or from water aquifer reduces the
wells profitability because of both reduction in net oil rate and
additional cost for water handling. To determine the best
solution to shut-off, source and nature of the water entries
must be well identified.
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Comprehensive Mini-Frac Testing in the Gullfaks Field as a Tool for Characterization of Reservoir Structure and Rock Mechanics
More LessThis paper describes the stress field and rock mechanical
aspects in the Gullfaks Field reservoirs. The data analyses are
mainly based on large volume water and gel “mini-fracs”
associated with data gathering in conjunction with propped
fracture stimulation jobs. A few data points represent results
from Pump-In/Decline Tests after perforating/before start-up
of single zone water injectors. The data are based on “state of
the art” mini-frac analysis techniques which also are discussed
in this paper.
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A Monte Carlo Approach to Value of Information Evaluation
Authors Ø. Arild, H.P. Lohne and R. BratvoldThe value of information (VOI) methodology can be used for determining whether further information should be collected
before making a decision. Typically, a VOI is calculated on an expected monetary value (EMV) basis by means of a decision
tree, and the cost of the information is compared to the VOI to determine whether to undertake further data collection. A
majority of VOI studies employ the discrete decision tree approach to VOI evaluation, thus simplifying the problem by
reducing the range of the outcomes and the number of uncertainties addressed at the same time.
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Killing of a Gas Well: Successful Implementation of Innovative Approaches in a Middle-Eastern Carbonate Field—A Field Case
Authors S. Salehi, G. Hareland, M. Soroush, K.K. Dehkordi and F.K. SalehA casing collapse occurred in a gas producing well with about 2.5 million cubic meters per day gas flow rate at a depth of
216 ft due to tectonic movements. As a result, the well blew out and different serious procedures were put into play to kill the
well (Figure 1). This paper aims to review the practical and innovative approach that was used to secure and extinguish the
well.
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Characterization of Fracture Dynamic Parameters to Simulate Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors H. Bahrami, J. Siavoshi, H. Parvizi, S. Esmaili, M.H. Karimi and A. NasiriFractures identification is essential during exploration,
drilling and well completion of naturally fractured
reservoirs since they have a significant impact on flow
contribution. There are different methods to characterize
these systems based on formation properties and fluid flow
behaviour such as logging and testing.
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Determination and Prediction of Wax Deposition from Alaska North Slope Crude Oil
Authors V.B. Kulkarni, T. Zhu and F. HvedingDue to increasing oil demand, oil companies are moving into arctic environments for oil production. Due to low temperature in
these regions, wax starts to deposit when the temperature falls below Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT). These solid wax
particles cause additional pressure drop in production tubing, pipeline and processing equipment eventually leading to
plugging. Problems associated with wax deposition are very costly due to production down time and removal of wax. Hence
accurate prediction of WAT and the amount of wax formed at given condition becomes important for sustainable operation in
this kind of environment.
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Navigating the Fog of Reservoir Uncertainties to Decision Makings with Advanced Mathematical Models in New Field Development
Authors T.R. Pham, F.A. Al-Ajmi and M.A. Al-ShehabReservoir development, most of the time coming at the
heel of an exploration effort, faces enormous challenges
in terms of uncertainties in all aspects of the event,
especially with respect to the reservoir parameters. A
survey by Bickel and Bratvold(1), highlighted the
difficulty in the industry of making the connection from
the uncertainty quantifications and analyses that are
probabilistic to decisions that are deterministic. The
survey also highlighted the observation that the decision
making process has not improved in proportion with the
industry’s capability pertaining to probability analyses.
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Combined Underground Gas Storage and Enhanced Oil Recovery in a Fractured Reservoir
Authors J. de Kok and T. ClemensThe Schönkirchen Tief reservoir is located in the Vienna Basin. The reservoir contained 19 mn m3 oil originally in place. The
current recovery factor after 45 years of production is 59 %. The field was produced by water injection. The wells, located at
the crest of the high relief structure are exhibiting a high water cut. In 2006-2007, a comprehensive study was performed to
optimise the future development of the field.
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Effective Stimulation of Carbonate Reservoirs around the World by Creating Multiple Drainage Holes
Authors R.S. Aboud, J.D. Diaz, A. Mendez, L.J. Kalfayan, L.N. Portman, R. Stanley and J.A. CurtisA new stimulation technique of limestone and dolomite wells has been successfully implemented in several regions around the
world (South America, Europe, Middle East, and South East Asia), since 2005.
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Swelling Packers: Lab Testing and Field Application
Authors A.S. Al-Yami, H.A. Nasr-El-Din, M.Z. Awang, A.S. Al-Humaidi and M.K. Al-ArfajThe best well completion is the lowest cost one that meets the demands for the well during its life time. There are different
aspects that we need to consider when designing completion such as reservoir consideration (Allen and Roberts, 2006).We
can have openhole completions, perforated casing completion, or horizontal completions. In this study, we present lab
evaluation of oil and water swelling elastomers for potential field application in Saudi Arabia fields.
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Methodology for Exploratory Offshore Wells Design and Construction, Plataforma Deltana – Venezuela Study Case
By N.L. BizzaroThe object of this project is the development of a planning model for the construction of off-shore exploratory wells. The
starting phase of the investigation comprised the assessment of seismic and geological information, drilling program, weather
and oceanographic conditions in off-shore region of eastern Venezuela.
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Low Salinity Brine Injection for EOR on Alaska North Slope (ANS)
Authors S. Patil, A.Y. Dandekar, S.L. Patil and S. KhataniarDisplacement of oil from reservoir rock pore spaces is a function of many interacting variables, among which the
reservoir wetting state has been shown to be one of the most important, which is affected by the rock lithology; oil chemistry
and brine salinity. Therefore, efficient and cost-effective oil recovery requires an understanding of the nature and, where
possible, the optimal manipulation of these interacting variables.
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Simulation on Technical Limits of Multi-Molecular-Weight Polymer Flooding in Heterogeneous Multi-Layer Reservoirs in Daqing Oilfield
Authors Z. Xiaoqin, G. Wenting, M. Nan, L. Changsen and G. SonglinBeing a heterogeneous multi-layer oilfield, Daqing Oilfield benefits remarkably from polymer flooding. However, for the low
permeability oilfields with severe multi-layer and heterogeneity problems, applying molecular weight injection technology
alone may cause uneven injection; and surface split injection may result in high cost. So, downhole separate polymer injection,
as a multipurpose adjustment measure to minimize the heterogeneity, is feasible and necessary. And Daqing has successfully
realized the downhole technology.
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Concept of Classified Polymer Flooding Control Extent and Influences on Flooding Effect
Authors S. Zhenbo, Z. Xiaoqin, L. Xia, W. Lijun and M. JingIn oil reservoirs, if sand bodies are interconnected, and the polymer molecules can penetrate, then we regard the porous
volume as swept volume of polymer flooding. But polymer flooding effects are associated with interconnection types of swept
porous volume, which has not been involved in the previous concept of polymer flooding control.
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A State-of-the-Art Permeability Modeling Using Fuzzy Logic in a Heterogeneous Carbonate (An Iranian Carbonate Reservoir Case Study)
Authors M.R. Ghafoori, M. Roostaeian and V.A. SajjadianPermeability is one of the crucial parameters in dynamic
reservoir modeling and simulation. Direct measurement
of permeability through coring and wireline formation
testing is expensive and sometimes fail to achieve. In
recent years, different methodologies have been
introduced to the petroleum geosciences/engineering
descipline to predict permeability from openhole logs.
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Evaluation of Rotary Jetting Tool Application for Matrix Acid Stimulation of Carbonate Reservoir in Southern Area Field of Saudi Arabia
Authors S. Haldar, A.A. Al-Jandal, S.M. Al-Driweesh, S. AlSarakbi and M.A. EspinosaStimulation of oil wells is becoming more and more challenging every year. Wells easy to select are fast diminishing. Today’s
candidate for matrix acid stimulation have high water cut, close oil-water contact, marginal pay zone to stimulate and complex
completion, raising more challenges. Combining coiled tubing pinpoint treatment placement with diversion method is crucial
for such wells. Traditional chemical diversion like gelplug, VES, foam or nitrogen divert treatment fluid in the zone of broad
permeability contrast.
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An Integrated Workflow for Gas Injection EOR and a Successful Application to a Heterogeneous Sandstone Reservoir in the Southern North Sea
Authors N. Nishikiori, K. Sugai, C. Normann, A. Onstein, O. Melberg and T. EilertsenThis study describes an improved engineering workflow to
perform technical evaluation and screening of gas injection
EOR. A successful case study demonstrates how field data,
engineering analysis and simulation are integrated to
precisely model gas injection EOR. This workflow can be
adaptable for any type of reservoir and can be utilized as a
fast-track screening workflow for gas injection EOR.
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Exploratory Well Hits Target Successfully on the 8th Attempt in the Binak Oilfield, North of Persian Gulf
Authors M. Fazaelizadeh, G. Hareland, S.A. Mirhaj, Y. Yousafi, A. Kustamsi and F. ShirkavandIn the Binak oilfield, located in the north of the “Persian Gulf”, seven exploratory wells were attempted to drill to the target,
which is the Khami reservoir at a depth of 5600 m. Due to special conditions and problems, drilling through the formations in
this oilfield was unsuccessful. The main drilling challenges include selecting correct casing depth, borehole instability due to
shale sloughing and severe fluid loss and flow during drilling. These problems resulted in the unsuccessful drilling of seven
exploratory wells. Therefore, the following factors were considered in designing the new exploratory well number eight.
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Selection Criteria for Artificial Lift Technique in Bokor Field
Authors M.A. Wahba, M. Jadid, I.B. Subari, M.N.B. Abu Talib, P. von Pattay and D. SaenzAs production declines and watercut increases, wells are often converted from gas lift to electrical submersible pumps
(ESPs). ESPs are an attractive alternative since they can achieve lower bottom hole flowing pressures. This can accelerate
production and improve recovery.
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Improvements in the Management of Structured and Unstructured Data
Authors M. Garbarini, R.E. Catron and B. PughWe describe business practices and IT tools that we deployed to reduce the time that Engineers and Geoscientists spend
looking for, gaining access to, and manipulating data and information. Various sources have estimated that technical
professionals spend up to 30% of their time searching for data and information. Less well measured, but estimated to be just
as large, is the time spent gaining access to data, moving it into and between technical applications and dealing with data
quality problems. We share our analyses and classification of how this time is being spent.
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Hydrajet (Abrasive) Perforating Can Improve Success of Fracturing Stimulations
Authors B.W. McDaniel, J.B. Surjaatmadja and L.E. East Jr.At least as early as the 1960s, many well operators knew that hydrajetting perforations, or slots through cemented casing,
could often “bail-out” a problem well that otherwise seemed completely resistant to hydraulic-fracturing attempts. However,
for more than 50 years of fracturing applications, there was insufficient demand for this process to make it a commodity
service, especially before the advent of coiled tubing (CT) services in the 1980s. With very sporadic use, this type of well
service was costly because abrasive mixing and high-pressure pumping were both needed, and efficiencies of repetitive use
were not developed. Conventional explosive shape-charge perforating was usually lower-cost and seemed sufficient for most
wells.
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First-Ever Vessel-Based Large-Scale Propped Fracturing Treatment in a Tight, Deep, Hot Formation in Bohai Bay Yields Multiple Fold Oil Production Increase
More LessBohai Oilfield, CNOOC's offshore oilfield in northern China’s Bohai Sea, is China’s third largest oilfield in terms of oil &
gas production. Most of the offshore shallow, high permeability reservoirs have been developed since early eighties.
Recently, attention has been shifted to the deep, and low permeability reservoirs in the offshore Bohai Bay area.
The BoZhong (BZ) field, an important petroleum district in the Bozhong Depression, has a complex history of structural and
depositional evolution. The Shahejie (SHJ) reservoir shows general characteristics of deep (~13,000ft), low to medium
permeability; light crude; high temperatures; and overly pressured. The natural flow capacity of the formation without
stimulation is around 60–190 BOPD, at a high drawdown pressure of 1,500 psi.
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Fractured Basement Characterization from Multi-Attributes Guided Integrated Continuous Fracture Modeling
Authors M. Lefranc and A. CarrillatThis paper demonstrates an integrated approach to
conditioning models for fractured basement reservoirs
(granite) through application of Continuous Fracture
Modelling (CFM). The approach is built on two main steps:
1) the interpretation and analysis of FMI, log and core data
which provide high vertical resolution information for a
limited number of locations and, 2) the prediction of the
fracture intensity in the inter-well space.
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The HR Group as a Strategic Business Partner, A How to Case Study
Authors J.F. O‘Callaghan and A.A.A. Al-BannayAs part of its 2020 strategy, a major Middle East oil company is expected to face significant employment challenges in its
heavy oil and gas businesses due to competiveness within global recruitment markets. Its HR Group is forging a strategic
business partnership role with management and employees and incorporating this concept into its new strategy.
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Early Bed Boundary Detection While Drilling - Testing and Application of a Bit Resistivity Device
Authors A. Hartmann, M. Gorek, C. Fulda and K. KrafEarly detection of a change in formation is often key to making safe and efficient decisions while drilling. Where sudden
changes in pore pressure or wellbore stability relating to lithology are expected, reducing bottomhole assembly (BHA)
penetration into these zones allows either changes to mud parameters or casing seat selection to be made with reduced risk.
Where reservoirs are intercepted, early reservoir detection offers the chance to maximize the productive interval by placing
the casing the top of the reservoir, which is often most important for production. It also allows to perform conventional
coring instead of bypass coring or to change the mud system to avoid damge of the reservoir.
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4D Seismic in Carbonates: From Rock Physics to Field Examples
We have carried out 4D seismic research on two giant carbonate fields in Abu Dhabi, UAE, employing an integrated
approach. Our work process started from fundamental rock physics analysis. The Xu-White rock physics model, originally
designed for clastic rocks, was extended to carbonates. With this model, we characterized the reservoir interval by different
(geophysical) pore types, related them to petrophysical (sedimentalogical) pore types, and performed log conditioning to
improve well to seismic ties. Laboratory ultrasonic measurements of core plugs and log analysis were conducted in
combination with the rock physics model to examine the fluid and pressure sensitivities.
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Novel Signal Enhancement Approaches and Advanced Seismic Imaging as Applied to a Land 3D Seismic Survey
Authors J.M. Reilly, P. Traynin, R. Neelamani, D. Hinkley, G. Skeith, P.D. Silitonga and S. ChackoRecent advances in understanding the physics of surface waves, coupled with innovative transform methods, can improve
land seismic data quality sufficiently to justify the application of more advanced imaging algorithms. This paper presents the
results of an effort to improve the imaging of an Oligo-Miocene isolated carbonate platform in a land seismic acquisition
setting.
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Origins and Deep Water Exploration Potential of Natural Gases in the Offshore South China Sea
More LessMore than ten gas pools in the shallow water region of the Pearl River Mouth (PRM) Basin and the Qiongdongnan (QDN)
Basin, the Offshore South China Sea have been discovered since 1983. Gases produced from QDN Basin are characterized by
high contents of benzene and toluene and relatively heavy delta13C2 values (-25- -27 permil), and the associated condensates
by high abundance of bicadinanes and oleanane, which indicate a good correlation with the coal-bearing sequence of the
Oligocene Yacheng Formation in the Basin.
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Theory and Application of Integrated Pore Pressure Prediction in Deepwater Exploration
By A.L. LiawAn integrated pore pressure analysis technique has been applied to reduce the uncertainty of risks in exploration prospects
in deepwater Gulf of Mexico, West Africa, and offshore Brazil. Pre-drill predictions of pore pressure related attributes
have not only enhanced the success of exploration programs, but also have optimized the design of deepwater drilling
programs. The pore pressure analysis technique is based on the integration of 3D high resolution and high density velocity
field derived from seismic pre-stack migration gathers and acoustic impedance inverted from a calibrated seismic
migration volume. Case studies have revealed that 75% of pre-drill predictions, using 3D high resolution seismic
velocities, fall within 1 ppg accuracy. In conjunction with the application of real-time analyses, we have further improved
prediction accuracies.
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The State of Optimum Value Testing - The Vision and the Reality
Authors H. Elshahawi, R.H. Hite and M.P. HowsSince the turn of the century, Shell has had a vision that Optimal Value Testing (OVT) will replace conventional drill stem
tests for in-situ measurement of dynamic reservoir properties such as permeability and drainage volume. The term OVT
refers to as any testing method that yields fit-for-purpose results at the lowest cost and HSE impact.
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The Potential of Compressed Natural Gas Transport in Asia
Authors X. Wang and M. Marongiu-PorcuNatural gas use is expected to increase dramatically in the world over the next two decades, especially in the two fastest
growing countries in Asia: China and India. Japan is already greatly dependent on natural gas. In connecting sources with
markets, natural gas is transported with two well-established technologies: 70 percent by pipeline and 30 percent by liquefied
natural gas (LNG). Pipelines traversing land masses, when feasible, are the obvious option. However, offshore pipelines have
a distance limit and a terrain restriction. LNG facilities (both the liquefaction process at the source and the re-gasification
process at the receiving end) are expensive to construct and the entire process is complicated, costly, and energy wasteful. It
is applicable for long haul sea distances and large volumes of gas.
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Integrated Modeling of Fractured Low Permeability Reservoir, Sangonghe Formation, Baolang Oilfield, Northwest China
Authors F. Zhou, G. Yao, G. Wang, O.D. Orodu and Q. YangThis paper integrated Flow Zone (FZ), single sandstone sequence, with the study of fracture, and gave a fine characterization
and modeling of fractured low permeability reservoir. It pointed out that calculating the porosity and permeability for low
permeability reservoir based on FZ and building the 3D discrete fracture network (DFN) distribution model integrated with
the static fracture character and the density distribution of high angle fracture (HAF) and low angle fracture (LAF) are
efficient methods for fractured low permeability reservoir.
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Bioremediation Techniques for Oil Sludge Treatment at the Arun Field
Authors S. Radhi, N.S Khanim and A.D. SyaktiSlurry sludge that contains hydrocarbons and heavy metals compounds were generated from drilling activities and production
processes in the Arun Field in North Aceh. The sludge was categorized as a hazardous and toxic waste, and it required special
handling and treatment.
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Replacing Wireline Formation Pressure With Formation Pressure While Drilling in Long Horizontal Wells
Authors J.K. Larsen, C.J. Maeso, F. Liu, R. Narayanan and R. NomanThis paper presents a case history of how Formation Pressure While Drilling (FPWD) technology has effectively replaced
traditional pipe conveyed wireline technology in long horizontal wells.
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Integrated Data and Information Management System from SubSurface to Surface to Enhance Production Activity and Business Decision – Driving Cross Disciplines Integration through Data/Information Management
Authors T. Magdalena and N. SwatikaToday, it is so often we heard the words of “data or information”. Furthermore, it becomes the data or information
management process, where three important parts should be involved: input – process – output. From those
three, data become the “input”, and running systems or applications are the “processes” which will deliver
information as the “output”. Those three basic parts are essential for running continuously and simultaneously in a
daily operation by implementing the data or information management system practices within the company.
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Improved Techniques for Acquiring Pressure and Fluid Data in a Challenging Offshore Carbonate Environment
Authors K.D. Contreiras, F. Van-Dúnem, P. Weinheber, A. Gisolf and M. RuedaThe combination of low permeability, oil base mud and near saturated oils presents one of the most challenging environments
for fluid sampling with formation testers. Low permeability indicates that the drawdown while sampling will be high but this
is contra-indicated for oils that are close to saturation pressure. A logical response is to therefore reduce the flow rate but in
wells drilled with OBM an unacceptably long clean-up time would result.
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LNG Technology Advances and Challenges
Authors R.R. Bowen, M.R. Miller, J.L. Planteen, O.W. Tredennick, G.M. Norman, C.M. Duke and M.N. GreerThis paper outlines the development and implementation of technologies that have led to a significant growth in the worldwide
LNG business and offers a look at technology directions that may hold promise to help continue future growth. Among
the key technical enablers has been the evolution in the size of LNG trains over the past twenty-five years, resulting in
significant unit cost reduction. Similar to liquefaction facilities, LNG ships have also been increasing in size to achieve
similar reductions in unit cost of LNG transported. Lessons learned in the design, execution, and implementation of large
LNG trains and ships, as well as the overall changes of LNG liquefaction trains over the past twenty-five years, have been
key to the evolving design of the LNG value chain.
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A Compositional Wellbore/Reservoir Simulator to Model Multiphase Flow and Temperature Distribution
Authors P. Pourafshary, A. Varavei, K. Sepehrnoori and A. PodioProduction of hydrocarbon often involves gas and liquid (oil/water) concurrent flow in the wellbore. As a multi-phase/multicomponent
gas-oil mixture flows from the reservoir to the surface, pressure, temperature, composition and liquid holdup
distributions are interrelated. However, nearly all two-phase wellbore simulations are currently performed using “black oil”
simulators.
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Express-Technology for Direct Searching and Prospecting of Hydrocarbon Accumulation by Geoelectric Methods
Authors N.A. Yakymchuk, S.P. Levashov and I.N. KorchaginThe late publications testify that now the scientific institutions and service companies give the important attention to
geoelectric and electromagnetic methods (EM) of prospecting and exploring of oil and gas fields. New EM methods are
actively developed and the known ones are improved, the more wider application of these methods is observed during
investigation for oil and gas, both onshore, and offshore, and the aspiration of the companies to purposeful integration of EM
methods with seismic is marked also.
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BTX Plant Performance Tests (Best Practice)
Authors M.H. Al-Abdullatif and M. Al-GhamdiFor years Saudi Aramco faced rapid and chronic Claus catalyst deactivation induced by aromatics (BTX) in feed acid gas (lean
acid gas). This catalyst deactivation resulted in low sulfur recovery and frequent shutdowns to replace the catalyst. After
completing an exhaustive process selection study to identify the most cost effective solution to the problem, the company
proceeded with installation of regenerable activated carbon beds upstream of sulfur recovery units (SRUs) to remove
aromatics contaminants before they reach the converter beds.
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Improving the Detection and Analysis of Seafloor Macro-Seeps: An Example from the Marco Polo Field, Gulf of Mexico, USA
Authors H. Dembicki Jr. and B. SameulThe hunt for seafloor hydrocarbon seeps has become an important component of many deepwater exploration
programs. Finding thermogenic hydrocarbons at the seafloor is evidence of a working petroleum system and the
recovered hydrocarbons can be used to give insight into the contents of the subsurface reservoir. But
hydrocarbon seeps are often small features not easily recognized on conventional seismic data and sampled
seep oils often mix with recent organic matter and experience biodegradation that hamper the interpretation of
thermogenic hydrocarbons.
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Assessment of the Fisheries Impact of Seawater Use by Offshore Facilities
By J.P. SmithProposals to construct multiple offshore liquefied natural gas terminals (LNG) in the United States that planned to use
seawater as a heat source for vaporization of LNG have prompted assessments of the potential for entrainment of marine
organisms in seawater intakes to impact fisheries. The publication of multiple impact assessments for facilities in the same
region facilitated a critical review of the techniques currently in use and led to research on improvements in assessment
methodology.
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Paraffin Inhibitor Applications in Deepwater Offshore Developments
Authors D.W. Jennings and M.E. NewberryParaffin inhibitors can have a significant impact on crude oil production for some developments. Paraffin inhibitors are used
for reducing wax deposition in flowlines and/or for improving the flow properties of waxy crude oils. The effectiveness of
the paraffin treatment is dependent on the crude oil chemical composition, inhibitor chemistry, inhibitor dose rate, and the
production conditions.
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Seismic Expression of Loss Zones Within Carbonates of the Browse Basin
By M.R. PowerThis integrated study documents the drilling hazards associated with drilling through the complex overburden geology of the
Browse Basin (Fig. 1). Previous drilling campaigns by other operators in the region have encountered severe problems when
drilling riser-less with seawater and viscous mud sweeps through unconsolidated sands of Early Tertiary age.
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Tackling Gas Field Decline with Efficient Chemical Water Shut-off : Successful Application on Peciko Field (East Kalimantan, Indonesia)
Authors A. Armon and L. RiyantoHigh water production in a gas well could significantly
reduce gas production due to high friction losses in the
tubing, the effect of water blocking in front of
perforations and formation damage due to water, which,
eventually, could lead to a significant loss of recoverable
reserves. Selective mechanical water shut-off , (i.e. casing
patch), the main technique used to solve this problem so
far, has some disadvantages, mainly reducing the inside
diameter of the production tubing which makes future
mechanical water shut-off of the deeper reservoirs more
difficult. Chemical water shut-off is the preferred solution
to this problem.
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Wellbore Stability Predictions Using Mechanical Earth Model—A Case Study for Okan Field, Offshore Nigeria
By X. YiOkan field is one of the oldest fields being developed in
offshore Nigeria. Geomechanics challenges with further
development include drilling through severely depleted
shallower reservoirs, high-angle penetration through
sloughing shales, and horizontal wells. Significant
downtime due to tight hole, packoff, and stuck pipe was
experienced in several wells drilled recently, which
resulted in significant extra capital expenditure.
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Optimization and Rejuvenation of Mature Assets: Challenges and Solutions for Water Control in Gas Wells
Authors F. Wahid, P. Mukerji and Z. ZaoualiAs more fields advance towards the later stages of their life, there is a compelling drive to optimize production. It is necessary
to understand the changing reservoir performance over time and therefore proactive surveillance plays a key role in achieving
production optimization.
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Advanced Wells: A Comprehensive Approach to the Selection between Passive and Active Inflow Control Completions
Authors F.T. Al-Khelaiwi, V.M. Birchenko, M.R. Konopczynski and D.R. DaviesAdvances (from conventional wells to horizontal and then multi-lateral) in well architecture for maximising reservoir contact
have been paralleled by advances in completion equipment development of both "Passive" Inflow Control Devices (ICDs)
and "Active" Interval Control Valves (ICVs). These devices provide a range of fluid-flow control-options that can enhance
the reservoir sweep efficiency and increase reserves. ICVs were initially employed for controlled, commingled production
from multiple reservoirs; while ICDs were developed to counteract the "Heel-Toe" Effect. The variety of their reservoir
applications has since proliferated, so that their application areas now overlap. It has become both complex and time
consuming to select between ICVs or ICDs for a well’s completion.
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Resolving Created, Propped, and Effective Hydraulic Fracture Length
Authors C.L. Cipolla, E.P. Lolon and M.J. MayerhoferRecent advances in hydraulic fracture mapping technologies have provided a wealth of information on the created fracture
length in numerous geologic settings. Prior to such measurements, fracture length was estimated using "un-calibrated" fracture
propagation models––but there was significant uncertainty in the results that cascaded into subsequent production analyses.
However, we also need to understand how the created fracture length relates to the location of proppant in the fracture and the
producing or effective length to evaluate well performance and improve stimulation designs. Unfortunately, the advanced
fracture mapping technologies that today provide accurate measurements of the created fracture length cannot provide any
insights (yet) into the propped and effective fracture lengths. Advanced production data analyses, pressure transient testing,
and/or numerical reservoir modeling are required to determine the effective fracture length.
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Prospecting and Modelling the Deepwater Turbidite Through Integrated G&G Studies
Authors M.H. Liau, K. Waters, H.D. Johnson and C.A.L. JacksonThe study was focused on the Sheryl field located in Block 21/23a, Central North Sea, UK. This field was
discovered in the Eocene Tay deepwater turbidite reservoir. A robust conceptual geological model was constructed
via an integrated approach of utilising the rock physics forward modelling, seismic attribute and geological data for
the purpose of further prospect evaluation and static model building.
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Lessons Learnt and Experiences Gained in Developing Heavy Viscous Oil Field Using Pattern Waterflood: Case History if a Field in South Oman
Authors V. Gupta, C. Barrio and K. MahrooqiThe paper describes the history of a successful field
development of a complex heavy oil field in south Oman
and illustrates the changing development philosophy
dictated by the field behaviour.
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Integrated Modeling and Statistical Analysis of 3-D Fracture Network of the Midale Field
Authors D. Bogatkov and T. BabadagliAs the maturation of conventional oil reserves pushes the industry to explore challenging reserves, state-of-the-art reservoir
characterization becomes an integral part of any exploration and production venture. Naturally fractured reservoirs are good
examples of such challenging fields. Oil recovery performance estimation from such reservoirs requires a good understanding
of reservoir structure and its effect on the dynamics of the process. Addressed in this work is one of the critical issues for
fractured reservoirs—that is characterization and 3-D modeling of a fracture network.
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Sequence Stratigraphy Approach to Identify New Play and Evaluation of Petroleum System in Blocks 102 & 106, Song Hong Basin, Vietnam
Authors H. Harun, O.A. Mahmud and J. UnirBlocks 102 & 106 are located in the Song Hong Basin, offshore, Northern Vietnam in water depth of 25 to 30 meters
(Figure 1). Petronas Carigali Overseas (V) Sdn. Bhd. (PCOSB) is the operator of the blocks with a 50% working interest. To
date, PCOSB has acquired about 1054km2 of 3D data and drilled three exploration wells. The first well was drilled in 2004
with minor oil and gas discovery in the Middle Miocene shallow marine sand.
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Life Cycle of a Depletion Drive and Sour Gas Injection Development: An Example from an A4C Reservoir, South Oman
Authors B. Haynes Jr., N. Kaura and A. FaulknerA field in South Oman discovered in 1978 is an over-pressured sour oil reservoir. Since first oil
began in 1982, the field will has gone through three stages of development during its life. These
can be summarized as follows; pressure depletion, pressure maintenance with sour separator gas
plus sweet make-up re-injection, pressure maintenance with sour separator gas plus sour makeup
gas injection from other fields
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Constraining 2-D Maps to 3-D Reservoir Descriptions—Field Study
More LessIt is well established in reservoir description process that coarser scale of the data has less uncertainty associated with it. For
example 3D seismic data may provide information about column average porosity data. Many procedures in the literature are
developed for integrating such column averages in 3D property distribution.
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Moving Closer to Real-Time Field Management With Self Organizing Wireless Technology
Authors P. Schwarz and W. BakerThe upstream production segment of the oil & gas industry is currently experiencing many pains ranging from significant
decreases in production, increases in operating & maintenance costs, and increasing human, asset, and environmental safety
risks.The impact of these challenges is reducing the profitability for the producer and is also being transferred all the way
down to end consumer in high natural gas and oil prices.
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Using Open And Cased Hole Sonic Anisotropy And Geomechanics Modeling For Hydraulic Fracturing Evaluation: A Case Study - Carmópolis Field, Northeast Brazil
Authors C.M.C. Almeida, R.L.C. Melo, B.B. Holzberg and C. GuimaraesHydraulic fracturing plays a very important role in these mature and complex geology fields located onshore northeast
Brazil – Carmópolis and Sirizinho Fields – on the revitalization of the oil production. The purpose of this work is to
demonstrate the benefits of applying an integrated analysis for a hydraulic fracturing evaluation, that is performed using a
workflow including time-lapse Sonic Anisotropy and Flexural Waveform Dispersion Analysis (open hole and cased hole)
which main objectives consisted on the generation of a horizontal stress map for the studied area and an accurate
measurement of the hydraulic fracture heights on the borehole wells together with a representative Mechanical Earth Model
(MEM).
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Fracture Conductivity Using Emulsified Acids: Effects of Emulsifier Concentration and Acid Volume Fraction
Authors S.H. Al-Mutairi, A.D. Hill and H.A. Nasr-El-DinNone uniform acid etching of the face of the fracture is the primary cause of fracture conductivity in acid fracturing. The
retained conductivity of the fracture after the acidizing depends on many factors some pertaining to the rock texture, some to
the acidizing conditions and others to the treating fluids. Previous research focused on the texture of rock and acidizing
conditions such as flow rates, temperature and contact times. These parameters along with the type of acid used proved to
affect the fracture conductivity as was shown in previous research. This paper focuses on the fracture conductivity after
acidizing it with the emulsified acids. The objective of this work was to study the effect of droplet size, acid volume fraction
and emulsifier concentration on the fracture conductivity.
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St. Joseph Field Waterflood Project: Fractured Water Injection Using Smart Well Technology
Authors D. Harris, N.G. Du Rieu and K.I. RollettSt Joseph is a mature oil field offshore Sabah, Malaysia. It has been on production since 1981, gas injection started in 1996. A
large re-development project is planned to install water flooding and restore offshore living quarters. First water will be
injected in 2010.
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Smart Gas Production System Optimising Gas Delivery for Sarawak
By M. WongThe Smart Gas Production System (SGPS) is an integrated production system model of the offshore Malaysian Sarawak gas
production network . The model combines reservoir, wellbore and surface network information to optimise gas production to
the onshore processing facilities at Bintulu. The unique feature of the model is it also takes into consideration the gas demand
for the overall network as well as requirements of the individual gas contracts. This paper will concentrate on the features of
the integrated model, complexities of the Sarawak production system and how the model is used to meet LNG delivery
demand.
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Recent CSEM Learnings in Deepwater Borneo
More LessControlled Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) is an emerging technology with the potential to provide detailed resistivity images
of the subsurface. Following a string of successes with the deployment of CSEM and drilling performance in DW Borneo in
2004, CSEM data was acquired over a number of similar structures in 2006. Proprietary inversion techniques indicated the
possible presence of a shallow surface resistive body, while hinting at the presence of slightly elevated resistivities at depth.
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Adaptive Parallel Reservoir Simulation
Authors P. Lu, J.S. Shaw, T.K. Eccles, I.D. Mishev, A.K. Usadi and B.L. BecknerThe availability of multi-core CPUs for personal computers makes desktop parallel computing a reality. Parallel computing
for reservoir simulation creates the opportunity for significant run time reduction but also introduces additional technical
challenges, particularly in the areas of load balancing and general algorithmic robustness.
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Bubut - A Near Field Exploration Success, Inboard Brunei
Authors Z.H. Ahmad, E.S. Hassan, K. Raghavan, I. Donaldson, H. Kooper, G. Maier, M. Dean, C. Tucker and S. GloverBrunei Shell Petroleum (BSP) recently discovered Bubut (BU), a significant gas accumulation
in its mature heartland and close to liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities. The current
commercial focus on gas raised the significance of the deep gas-bearing sequence which was
first identified in 1983.
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Oil Sands Reservoir Characterization in Athabasca, Canada
Authors A. Takahashi and T. TorigoeReservoir characterization was conducted by combining geological and geophysical methods in the oil sands area, Athabasca,
Canada. For the production of bitumen from the reservoir 200 to 500 meters in depth, the Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage
(SAGD) method (Steam Injection EOR) has been adopted as bitumen is not movable at the original temperature. It is essential
to understanding the detailed reservoir distribution as bitumen is produced just from the vicinity of the producing wells by the
SAGD method.
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Geochemical Evaluation of Reservoir Compartment, Effective Pay Zone and Origin of Gas Seepage in Production Site Using Gas Molecular and Isotopic Composition
More LessGas compositional and isotopic analyses were performed for cuttings-adsorbed gases densely collected by headspace gas
method from the wells drilled in Northeast Japan to identify hydrocarbon-charged intervals, assess vertical
compartmentalization, and clarify effective pay zones in commingled production. Molecular and carbon isotopic compositions
of gases usually provide information on their origin, maturity, compositional change due to migration, and extent of
biodegradation.
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Natural Gas Transportation Infrastructure Concepts
More LessNatural gas is rapidly gaining ground with its reputation as an alternative environmentally friendly fuel source.
Currently major gas exporting countries are already exporting to major markets in Asia and Europe. Natural gas
can be transported in a gaseous, liquid or solid phase; however, the infrastructure needed to transport gas via
pipelines or in its liquid form as LNG is expensive.
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Source and Reservoir Rock Distributions in Coal-Bearing Non-Marine Sediments within a Sequence/Tectono-Stratigraphic Framework: Implications for Non-Marine Rock Exploration
More LessCoal-bearing non-marine sediments are one of major targets of hydrocarbon exploration, as it contains high source- and
reservoir-rock potential. Since non-marine sediments are more heterogeneous in general than marine sediments, this paper
attempted to construct a realistic and practical model for source and reservoir rock distributions in non-marine sediments
within a sequence/tectono-stratigraphic framework, which focuses on controlling factors on the distribution patterns. This
study selected 3,000 m-thick Eocene coal-bearing non-marine sediments in Hokkaido, Japan as a case study field to collect
basic data for constructing and testing the source- and reservoir-rock distribution model. In addition to sedimentological field
analysis, geochemical source-rock potential analysis was conducted, and relevant published data were also considered to
obtain a comprehensive model.
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3D Seismic Geomorphological Analysis of Submarine-Fan Turbidite Reservoir Distributions and Shape Variations Using Seismic Facies and Sedimentological Information: Examples from Active Margin Basins
Authors O. Takano, M. Nishimura, T. Tsuji, T. Saeki and T. FujiiRecent development of 3D seismic technology enables to visualize three-dimensional distributions of subsurface reservoir
rock bodies. It is expected that linking this technology to sedimentological concept and methods such as depositional systems
and sequence stratigraphy leads to realistic and efficient solutions in reservoir distribution analysis, since such genetic process
information provides a guideline for better interpretation and evaluation.
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An Integrated Approach to Field Surveillance Improves Efficiency in Gas Lift Optimization in Bokor Field, East Malaysia
Authors G. Kartoatmodjo, R. Strasser, F. Caretta, M. Jadid, G. Bakar and J. LiewProper fieldwide production surveillance for artificial lift is critical in brown field operations to ensure optimum field
production and efficiency. Using appropriate processes, tools and technology, production surveillance is able to be conducted
in efficient manner. These tools play an important role in well diagnostics to cater for appropriate production optimization for
the field.
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A New Three-Phase Oil Relative Permeability Simulation Model Tuned by Experimental Data
Authors B. Yuen, A. Siu, N. Bukhamseen, S. Lyngra and A. Al-TurkiThe measurement of three-phase displacement involves varying two independent saturations. Therefore, recording the
relative permeability for all possible three-phase displacement combinations in the reservoir becomes impractical. A common
practice utilizes two-phase data to estimate three-phase relative permeability in the reservoir simulator. Most three-phase oil
relative permeability models used in commercial simulators do not contain the flexibility of tuning with measured
experimental data.
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Crosswell Electromagnetic Tomography: from Resistivity Mapping to Interwell Fluid Distribution
Authors A.F. Marsala, S. Ruwaili, S.M. Ma, Z. Ali, M. Buali J.-M. Donadille, S. Crary and M. WiltA crosswell electromagnetic (EM) technology trial project has been conducted in Haradh field in Saudi Arabia, located in the
southern part of Ghawar field. The project objective is to map the fluid distribution and monitor the movement of injected
water. Crosswell EM resistivity is one of the technologies that can be deployed for deep reservoir surveillance during
hydrocarbon production.
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Semi-Analytical Study of Production of Gas Hydrates and Their Techno-Economic Uses
Authors I. Kurawle, M. Kaul, Z. Amin and N. KulkarniGas Hydrates being projected as the next most important source of energy are object of immense research activity. The study
relates to an analytical review of the conditions for the Natural Clathrate formation, production and their use as a source of fuel
and gas transportation systems.
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Reconstructing Sedimentary Depositional Environment with Borehole Imaging and Core: A Case Study from Eastern Offshore India
Authors C. Shrivastva, S. Ganguly and Z. KhanEstablishing the depositional sedimentary environment is the most important task for exploration geologists to model the
reservoir heterogeneities. Interpretation of borehole images has been the key to better understanding of the sedimentary
environment in the study area in Krishna-Godavari basin (KG basin) along the east coast of India. The present study aims at
reconstructing sedimentary depositional environment with the help of image logs and cores and other available data set. Data
analysis and integration of borehole images in 9 wells of the study area present a detailed insight into the different
architectural elements of the sedimentary environment envisaged.
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Inversion Algorithms for Marine Controlled-Source Electromagnetic Data
Authors A. Abubakar, M. Li, T. M. Habashy and J. LiuThe marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM)
technology has attracted much attention for its capability in
directly detecting thin hydrocarbon reservoirs. The approach
is based on comparing the electric field amplitude as a
function of the source-receiver offset with a similar
measurement for a non-hydrocarbon bearing reservoir.
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Good Practices in Progressing a Smart Well Portfolio
By H.C. LauAlthough smart wells have gained acceptance in the industry1-3, the integrated workflow needed to progress a portfolio of
smart well opportunities requires systematic attention. In some cases, smart wells fail to materialize not because technologies
are not ready but because of lack of participation and integration of relevant disciplines in a timely fashion.
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Extending Life and Usage of CT Strings by High-Performance Spoolable Connector
Authors A. Ehtesham, R. Howard and J. HriscuWorld oil demand challenges the industry to continually find new and more effective methods of hydrocarbon extraction,
while competition and economics further drive the need for greater efficiency. Without question, the development of coiled
tubing (CT) has greatly enhanced the industry’s ability to satisfy both of these dynamics, especially as horizontal drilling has
become more commonplace.
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Paleo-Environmental Reconstruction and Analysis (Paleogeography, Paleoclimate, Paleo-Oceanography, Paleobiology) as Part of Integrated Source Rock Prediction
Authors K.M. Bohacs and C. FraticelliInnovations in paleo-environmental reconstructions can play an important part in the exploration needed to
meet the world’s growing demand for sufficient and reliable energy. We have developed new technology which
integrates the complex interactions among numerous paleoenvironmental controls to predict the occurrence,
quality, and distribution of source rocks at a basin-scale. A key element of the analysis is the determination of the
impact of paleogeography and paleo-earth systems on the production, preservation, and concentration of organicmatter-
rich strata.
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Wellbore Strengthening without Propping Fractures: Analysis for Strengthening a Wellbore by Sealing Fractures Alone
Authors H. Wang, B.F. Towler, M.Y. Soliman and Z. ShanIncorporating particulate lost circulation materials (LCM) into drilling fluids for drilling weak formations to prevent lost
circulation has been in the spotlight in the drilling industry over the last few years. This new technology sometimes is
referred to as “stress cage”. Creating a stress cage1,2 can increase the wellbore pressure containment which effectively widens
the mud weight window. The mechanism has been explained as propping small fractures intersecting the wellbore resulting
in an increase in the hoop stress.
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Fault Shadow and Sub-Reef Imaging Resolved by Interpretative PSDM Workflow in Kutai Basin
Authors N. Abdoun, M-A. Cepi, B. Duquet, F. Bertini and Y. Le StunffA depth imaging case study is presented over a geologically complex area in the South Mahakam delta. Being located
structurally in a transition zone between the Paternoster high platform and the Kutai basin, the area is strongly
compartmentalized. Lateral velocity variations across faults with very significant throws induce severe fault shadow effects
below fault planes over the East Mandu and Jumelai fields. Pinnacle carbonate overlaid by shale produces pull up anomalies
and seismic image degradation over the Stupa field.
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Piceance Drilling: Technology Coupled with Wellbore Manufacturing Processes Critical to Delivering Predictable Results
Authors C.D. Chisholm, S.A. Harris and T.J. MashinskiThe ability to effectively integrate drilling technology and wellbore manufacturing principles is key to the successful
development of the Piceance Basin. The basin is a tight gas unconventional resource located in western Colorado, U.S.A.
The subsurface environment is highly variable where significant lost returns events are encountered, which contribute to
wellbore instability and narrow drilling margins. Vibrational effects on downhole components provide additional
complexity. Coupled with surface locations in rugged terrain and ambient temperatures ranging from -10ºF to 90ºF,
significant obstacles exist to achieving consistent, low cost drilling performance.
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Pore-Scale Modeling of Rate Effects in Waterflooding
Authors N.A. Idowu and M.J. BluntWe first present a new method to generate stochastic random networks representing the pore space of different rocks with given
input pore and throat size distributions and connectivity – these distributions can be obtained from an analysis of pore-space
images. The stochastic networks can be arbitrarily large and hence are not limited by the size of the original image.
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Surface Heave Detection Related with CO2 Injection by DInSAR at In Salah, Algeria
More LessSurface deformation related with CO2 injection at In Salah Gas Plant, Algeria, was analyzed using satellite-borne
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. In Salah Gas project is widely known as long term CO2 storage project, of which
injection has been performed since August 2004, with the injected amount of 1 million tons CO2 per year. Surface
deformation around three injection wells was analyzed by Differential Interferometric SAR (DInSAR), a remote sensing
technique to detect the surface displacement at an order of millimeters, using 30 scenes of ENVISAT ASAR. DInSAR
results of 56 interferometry pairs, which met with requirements of perpendicular baseline between two observations less than
300m, the observation interval longer than 1.5 years and less phase noise of tropospheric turbulence, were stacked to derive
the surface deformation rate with reducing the influence of atmospheric delay and phase noise. The result of stacking shows
that the surface heave rate of 7 mm/year was detected around all of the three injection wells, whereas a subsidence rate of 3
mm/year for the gas-producing wells.
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Multi-Stage Fracturing Stimulations Improve Well Performance in Tight Oil Reservoirs of the Changqing Oilfield
More LessThe oil reservoirs in the Changqing Oilfield consist of stacked sand/shale deposits, and the majority of the target zones have a
permeability of 0.05-0.3mD. All oil wells completed in tight reservoirs from the Changqing Oilfield require fracture
stimulation to achieve commercial production and to improve well productivity. Fracture stimulation is also very common for
water injection wells to enhance injectivity.
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Numerical Simulation of CO2 Storage in Aquifers without Trapping Structures
By K. AkakuThe numerical simulations for the CO2 storage using a conceptual, generic, simple 3D aquifer model without trapping
structures were carried out in this study. They showed that the mudstone barriers, which have relatively poor sealing
efficiency, prevent the upward migration of CO2 and help its lateral distribution. This suggests that the heterogeneities in the
formation, particularly the distribution and properties of low permeability rocks, are very important to predict the movement of
the injected CO2.
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Correction of Induction and Laterolog Charts for Evaluation of Gas Reservoirs
Authors A. Shahbazi and K. ShahbaziOne of the main parts of reservoir characterization is the estimation of porosity, lithology and water
saturation. These are done in the pay zones by utilizing formation evaluation and logging tools
consisting of sonic, resistivity, and radioactive logs. For this purpose, induction and laterolog charts in
conjunction with the extent of conductivity of drilling fluid are used to decide whether Dual Induction
Log (DIL) or Dual Laterolog (DLL) tools to be employed.
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Waste Sulfur Disposal: Conceptual Design of a Sulfur Sequestration Process Using Alkaline Minerals
Authors T.A. Rappold and K.S. LacknerExcess production of by-product sulfur from oil and gas requires sequestration beyond acid gas injection
and the piling of elemental sulfur. Here we introduce a process concept for the disposal of sulfur as
magnesium sulfate brine.
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Data, Information and Digital Security
By J. BowlerOil and gas is becoming increasingly more difficult to produce from existing reservoirs and new hydrocarbon reserves are
more often associated with complex reservoirs or inhospitable locations. These conditions have a detrimental effect on the
commerciality of further hydrocarbon developments and decisions need to be taken quickly and robustly to prevent erosion of
the value of the assets. Historically, considerable reliance would have been placed on experienced personnel to take those
decisions, but the industry is facing a skills shortage and the greater incidence of frontiers developments exacerbate that
shortage.
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Integrated Modeling of Karstification of a Central Luconia Field, Sarawak
Authors M. Kosters, P.F. Hague, R.A. Hofmann and B.L. HughesIt is well established that some of the carbonate fields in the Central Luconia Gas Province, Sarawak, Malaysia, have been
subjected to karstification as demonstrated by sometimes severe drilling losses. Although significant progress has been made
mapping and predicting these karstification features on seismic, there is quite some uncertainty left on the exact size and
occurrence of these features. Furthermore there is little known about the impact of karstification on GIIP and water
breakthrough.
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Data Acquisition and Formation Evaluation Strategies in Anisotropic, Tight Gas Reservoirs of the Sultanate of Oman
Authors H.J. de Koningh, S.H. Al-Mahrooqi, B. Herold and K. CigIn a time of declining production and increasing demand, geoscientists are challenged more and more often to develop new
techniques and strategies for evaluation and appraisal of increasingly complex and deeper reservoirs.
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Effect of Mud Clasts on Stochastic Permeability Modeling for Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) Production Forecasting in the Athabasca Oil Sands, Canada
Authors K. Kashihara and K. HosokoshiSub-seismic scale permeability heterogeneity due to the existence of mud clasts can adversely affect steam chamber growth
during the steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process. Using stochastic approach integrating core, log and seismic data
from the Athabasca Oil Sands, Canada to obtain representative permeability values for grid modeling enables reconstruction
of heterogeneity with sub-seismic scale resolution for flow simulation in SAGD production forecasting.
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Oil Sands Reservoir Monitoring Using Time-Lapse 3D Seismic in Canada
Authors T. Nakayama, A. Takahashi, L. Skinner and A. KatoTime-lapse 3D seismic monitoring study was conducted in the Hangingstone steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD)
operation area, Alberta, Canada. The objective of the study was to delineate areas of the reservoir infiltrated by steam using
differences between two vintages of 3D seismic for efficient reservoir management.
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Propellant-Assisted Perforating - An Alternative Stimulation Solution in Heavily Karstified Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors F. Robinson, K.C. Folse, M.S. Brinsden and D. WongTwo gas fields offshore Sarawak, Malaysia, are characterised by heavily karstified carbonate reservoirs. These reservoirs are
typified by significant porosity and permeability heterogeneities such that large fluid loss zones are commonly encountered
while drilling the reservoir section. The drilling strategy for the subsea development wells called for the use of a solid drill-in
liner as a contingency should major losses be encountered while drilling the reservoir section. This strategy stands opposed to
using a pre-drilled liner. The use of a drill-in liner, however, necessitates perforating.
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Managing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Upstream Operations in a Carbon-Constrained World
More LessSociety today faces a formidable energy challenge: to meet the ever-increasing demands for more energy, protect against
energy supply disruptions and reduce energy’s environmental and social impacts. Shell has long recognized the trilemna of
providing for cheap, convenient and clean energy and has taken a proactive approach towards managing its greenhouse gas
emissions and carbon footprint.
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