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6th Congress of the Balkan Geophysical Society
- Conference date: 03 Oct 2011 - 06 Oct 2011
- Location: Budapest, Hungary
- Published: 03 October 2011
1 - 50 of 158 results
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Comparison of the Dispersion Curves of Different Geological Units using MASW Method
By B. EkinciGround that is subjected to dynamic loadings behaves in differing ways even over short distances. This study examined the effects of firmness of ground on wave dispersion using multichannel analysis of surface waves. Surface waves in different grounds were recorded in the same layout order using the Multichannel analysis of surface waves method (MASW). Seismic recordings, dispersion images and 1-D shifting wave velocity of surface waves were compared for different geological units. The first stage in analysis of surface waves is to obtain preliminary information about the firmness of the environment of surface wave recording. The arrangements in order to increase S/N (Signal/Noise) proportion in forming the dispersion curve allows more accurate calculation of shifting wave velocity. This enables accurate and efficient calculation of seismic base depth.
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Rock Mass Classification using Seismic Velocities
Authors Z.S. Prónay, E. Törös and P. TildyAccording to their case study the authors recommend to use seismic velocities, especially shear wave velocity to characterize the rock mass instead of classical rock mass classification systems. Their experimental work includes a case study comparing the RQD, RMR and Q-value with seismic velocities in a tunnel excavated in granitic rock. The best correlation of shear-wave velocity with RQD was about 90%. Using seismic transmission the rock properties are predictable by non-destructive methods. Furthermore the hydrogeological parameters of rock masses are predictable by vp/vs as well.
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Determination of Geologic and Seismic Rock Mass Properties of Eastern Pontide Eocene-Neocene Volcanic Rocks
Authors A.E. Babacan, K. Gelisli and H. ErsoyShear wave velocity, obtained from surface wave analysis and distribution of longitudinal wave velocity, obtained from refraction tomography is constantly used to determine dynamic elastic properties of the underground layers and soil response. In recent years, many investigations have been carried out to determine the response of the subsurface structure to dynamic strengths in areas where multi-storey buildings are thought to be constructed. This study was performed in the county of Trabzon, Cukurcayır, in the Eastern Black Sea region. It was tried to determine the geological and seismic properties of the Eocene- Neocene aged volcanic rocks in the region. In the study area, seismic data were collected at 10 profiles for refraction tomography and surface wave analysis. Velocity distributions and depth of bedrock were determined from seismic data. In addition, six boreholes were drilled in the study area, and 23 core samples were collected to conduct laboratory tests. The laboratory study was conducted to determine ultrasonic velocities, uniaxial comprehensive strength, and porosity values for each core. Thus, Rock Quality Designation (RQD) values were calculated from borehole cores. The data, obtained from field and laboratory tests, were interpreted in terms of construction.
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Evaluation of Seismic Hazard of Hpp Ashta, Albania
Authors F.G.M. Silo, A.S.A. Bushati, A.S.A. Aliaj and F.G.M. SiloBased on the objectives for the evaluation of HPP Ashta seismic hazard, the purpose of study should comprehend: a) Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and Spectral Acceleration (SA) values on rock site conditions for a return period of 475 years (this equates to a 10% probability of a value being exceeded in a 50 year period) for all three sites under investigation, using Cornell-McGuire Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) methodology. b) Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and Spectral Acceleration (SA) values on specific site conditions, based on the data of geotechnical profile, Vs30, and SPT-N, using soil correction factors of the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Programme. c) Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) values on rock and specific site conditions, for all three specified sites under investigation. It is important for such kind of critical structures, as HPP Ashta is, to estimate the greatest possible seismic hazard, based on fault types, which are the source sites of earthquake generation in or near the area under study. The extensional region, into which the normal faulting earthquakes are generated, is located in eastern Albania. The compression region, into which mainly thrust faulting and much rare strike-slip faulting earthquakes are generated, is located in western part of it.
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New Data on CO2 Storage Capacity of Poland
By A. WojcickiCO2 storage potential for Poland has been assessed under FP6 EU GeoCapacity project and these works were initiated in FP6 CASTOR project. Then domestic research has been carried out, especially ongoing National Programme(2008-2012). In the National Programme both regional studies based on all archive data available and six detailed case studies are conducted. The studies include laboratory analyzes on drill core samples. The goal is to produce "high" realistic storage capacity estimations together with matched capacity estimations. As a result information necessary for future exploration permits for potential CO2 storage sites is expected. The realistic storage capacity for Poland is certainly above 10 Gt which makes a few times bigger value than calculated in EU GeoCapacity. On the other hand matched capacity (injection scenaria) values for particular structures might be a small fraction of realistic capacity. In case of hydrocarbon fields the discrepancy is not so high but in case of saline aquifers, where safety precautions additionally might force us to make strict constraints due to insufficient knowledge about the structure in question or possible conflicts of interest, only a small fraction of storage capacity might remain. Same rule refers to storage in un-mineable coal beds (CO2-ECBMR).
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Thermal Waters Origin and Temperature Signals from Albanides Depth
By A. FrasheriGeological information’s from the thermo-mineral waters origin and the temperature signals from the depth are presented in the paper. Albania represents a country with rich in geothermal resources of low enthalpy and thermo-mineral waters. Geothermal energy of low enthalpy resources is located in different areas of Albania. Thermal waters are sulfate, sulfide, methane, and iodinate-bromide types. Thermal sources are located in three geothermal zones. Location of the geothermal springs, their reservoirs, and water physical-chemical properties are analyzed in detailed in the paper. This analyze is performed in complex with geothermal regime of the geological structures of the Albanides based on temperature at different depths, geothermal gradient and heat flow density. All geothermal information for the depth of the Albanides there is study as integrated part of the geological settings interpretation. Geothermal studies of the Albanides have their contribute in two directions: first, regards on some regional geological aspects of the Albanides, as depth ruptures, etc. Secondly, collection of knowledge in regional and local plane on the thermal and mineral water resources potential and geothermal market of the Albania. Both of directions are presented and analyzed in the paper.
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Tectonically Conditional Zones with an Occurrence of Deep Magnetic Anomalies
By L. KucharicThe Slovak Republic territory is from the abyssal geological structure point of view built by several tectonic mega units of various age. From the North it is the Proterozoic unit Brunia with overlying the Flysch; the next is the Klippen belt; than the partial tectonic crust unit of Cretaceous age (Tatricum, Veporicum, Gemericum) and superficial nappes system; and finally the South Alpine units (Pelső).In the areas of the Neogeneous development markedly hits into the deep structure influence of the lower crust and the upper mantle as a consequence of crust thinning and the ascent of the asthenolite what eventuated into creation of potential geothermal areas.
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Application of Seismic Attributes and N N Log Properties Prediction for Markada Fm. Sandstones, Palmyra Gas Field, Syria
More LessPalmyra is a dry gas field located northeast of the town of Palmyra in central Syria, in the eastern part of the Hayan Contract Area. Palmyra structure belongs to the tectonic province of the southern Palmirydes. The field is covered by 340 km2 3D survey. The main target is Markada Formation. Markada sandstones, as part of Carboniferous Markada Formation, are main Paleozoic gas bearing reservoirs in Palmyrides. In clastic depositional system, nearshore, deltaic distributary mouth bar and/or channel sandstone were intercalated with shale. Markada formation is subdivided into several reservoir/layers A, B, C and D. Target reservoirs have been hardly traceable on conventional seismic and common seismic attributes were difficulty related to any certain lithology or possible gas saturation. Due to good production results on Palmyra gas field it was decided to better explore nearest area and to find location for a new Well-C. In order to evaluate and explore possibility of additional hydrocarbon accumulation, it was necessary to perform additional analyses such as seismic attribute analyses and Neural Network logs properties prediction to better characterise Palmyra reservoirs.
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Seismic Visualization of Thin Sand Bodies in a Mature HC Basin
By L. PollnerWith successfull seismic visualization of channel evolution we strongly supported geological model building and helped in revealing new potentials in a mature HC basin.
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Investigation of the Fethiye-Marmaris Bay using Multi-beam Bathymetric and Seismic Reflection Data
By N. OcakogluMulti-beam bathymetric and seismic reflection data from Fethiye-Marmaris Bay at the SW corner of the Anatolia are interpreted to determine morphological features in the bay. This area connects the Pliny Trench, which constitutes the eastern portion of the subduction zone between the African and Eurasian plates in the eastern Mediterranean with the Fethiye-Burdur Fault Zone in the Anatolia. On bathymetric data, a very narrow shelf of the Anatolian coast, a sub-marine plain between the Rhodes Island and Marmaris Bay, and a large canyon connecting the abyssal floor of the Rhodes Basin with the Fethiye Bay are observed. Of these, the submarine plain and the canyon were named here as Marmaris Plain and Fethiye Canyon respectively. Several active and inactive faults are seen in the study area. Inactive faults with normal character developed a buried basin beneath the Marmaris Plain, called as Marmaris Basin. Active faults with strike-slip character are mapped in NE-SW direction in Marmaris Plain and in Fethiye Canyon. Character of these faults are correlated with transtensional left-lateral Fethiye-Burdur Fault Zone on land and compressional character of the trenches in the Rhodes Basin and its vicinity.Several active channels and submarine landslides are also mapped in the study area.
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Structural-tectonic Interpretation of 3D Seismic Data on Ježevo Oil Field
Authors K. Staniša, F. Šumanovac, J. Velić, A. Bljakčori and R. RajićUsing the programme package Petrel, the three-dimensional seismic interpretation of the Ježevo oil field has been made, in order of defining the structural-tectonic relations and developing new hydrocarbon reserves. Based on the well logs and the data from the cores, the lithology log plot have been made and both the top and bottom of the Gama sandstone series have been identified. E-log marker Rs7 (Sarmatian/Pannonian), Rs5(Lower/Upper Pannonian), Z'(Pannonian/Pontian), Rφ(Lower/Upper Pontian), and the structural-tectonic interpretation of the 3D seismic data have also been made. For reliable settings of lithological limits on the seismic section, the one-dimensional modeling (synthetic seismogram) has been used. We have created a new model that is based on 3D seismic interpretation and contains the tectonic complex limiting the reservoir. In order to achieve a more accurate interpretation of seismic horizons and fault complex, we have used seismic trace and horizon attributes, as well as continuity/discontinuity attributes. The seismic attributes analysis helped define improved collector characteristics, so that, new hydrocarbon reserves could be developed in the future.
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Slope Stability Evaluation and Monitoring using Petrophysical Data
By A. FrasheriAlbania is a mountainous country and Albanides are represented geological structures with possibilities of instable slopes and landslide development (Fig. 1). Based on the geological formations and landslide body mass, can be present following landslide classification in Albania: - Instable slopes and intensive landslides developed in weathered bedrocks and in overburden bed at the lakeshores of hydropower plants. - Instable slopes and intensive landslides developed in Oligocene flysch formation. - Instable slopes and landslides developed in Neogene’s molasses formations. - Landslides developed in loose Quaternary deposits. - Downfalls in the weathered rocks Developing of new landslides or re-activation of the old ones is mainly due to construction works. Special constructions, such as hydrotechnical works, civil, industrial, urban and rural constructions and constructions in the infrastructure, particularly during last years, as well as destroyed equilibrium in ecological systems through deforestation etc., all these events have contributed to landslide development. Landslides are located in the deluvial deposits, and in the altered-bedrocks. The slipping bodies of some landslides have very big volume, more 50 than million cubic meters. The biggest ones are observed near of hydrotechnical works.
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Determination of Cracks in Road Rock Slops using Ground Penetrating Radar
By C. KurtuluşHighway rock cuts are potential risk for the vehicles and passengers. Remediation is required for all road cuts not to cause any damages. For this purpose, mapping of discontinuity orientations is a requirement. Most discontinuities may be observed once the cut was exposed. However, the discontinuities in the rock mass are not observed, and their detection plays important role for preventing damages. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has the ability to detect these discontinuities and provide information to reduce damage and lost of lives.
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Application of the Electrical Resistivity Tomography Method (2D) for Study of Slides in Albania
More LessThis presentation introduces the results from geophysical methods application during the geological-engineering study of Bagoja landslide (Kavaja). Geophysical method used for this study is the Electrical Resistivity. The Electrical Resistivity method has been applied in the respective study , was for achieving Tomography with the dipole-dipole sceme and SEV method. By applying these electrometrical methods, the thickness of the sliding body as well as the depth and angle of the slipping plane, are determined
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Slip-sweep Seismic Technique at GES: On the Way from Theory to Practice
Authors A. Ragalyi-Kovacs Ltd. and E. SzantoSuccess of hydrocarbon exploration principally relies on seismic prospecting. Rush for more detailed image with higher resolution and reliability is not only a technical question. In the industrial seismic explorations cost efficiency always has been and remained to be an essential issue. We have investigated the possibilities of application of slip-sweep seismic technology in the Pannonian basin. Our goal was to optimize acquisition parameters and processing on synthetic data and design special filters to remove noises and draw an economic conclusion.
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Field Testing Sesimic Phase and Polarity - Vibratory Source Signature and Recording Systems
More LessThere have been many field testing methods to check the phase and polarity of the recording system and vibratory source on seismic surveys. Applications of different test techniques lead have led some confusion due to crews having different manufacturer’s geophones, accelerometers and vibrators. The aim of phase and polarity testing in the field is to ensure that recording system and vibratory source polarity conventions are properly implemented and polarity of the data correctly being recorded. In order to avoid any confusion, phase and polarity of the final product should be discussed in the initial project start-up with the company representative and crew supervisor. The full system of data acquisition and processing must be considered to make meaningful statements of the phase and polarity of final products. In this paper, phase and polarity field testing of the two types of vibratory sources use of two different vibrator accelerometers will be explained, implementation of the field quality control for the recording system and source polarity will be discussed and established definitions of the polarity “Normal and Reverse Polarity” real raw data examples will be presented.
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3D Seismic Data Merging: A Case Study in the Croatia – Hungary Border Area
Authors M. Radovcic, S. Cumbrek, I. Nagl and T. RuzicOver the last two decades, numerous small 3D seismic campaigns with varying objectives have been conducted in the Croatia – Hungary border area. For the purpose of better understanding the subsurface relations, the need to merge existing surveys emerged. The most recently acquired project of Novi Gradac-Potony 3D was designed to allow merging with the previously processed adjacent 3D projects (Barcs Southeast, Barcs West and eastern part of Molve South). According to the test results, it was decided to merge those surveys in pre-stack stage, i.e., from the original field tapes. In such way, plenty of tricky issues encountered, like different original processing flows, mismatches of static shifts, phase and amplitude variations, discrepancies in velocity fields, etc. were directly addressed. The final result was a single consolidated 3D data volume with a near perfect match across the four projects which allow more confident seismic interpretation.
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Some Survey and Interpretation Problems on IP Method
Authors A. Frasheri, P. Alikaj and N. FrashëriProblems of IP mining exploration are analyzed and solutions presented in the paper. The dipole-dipole array configuration is considered as a symmetrical array in terms of the reciprocity principle. In the paper, is demonstrate that the IP/Resistivity configurations of the anomalies in pseudosections depend from the location of transmitting and receiving dipoles related to target, there are left C1C2-P1P2 and right P1P2-C1C3 arrays. IP physical modeling and field surveys have demonstrated that exist differences between real medium and mathematical models. In IP sections of mathematical models, anomalies remain open in the depth. It is due to the fact that in used mathematical formulas, the IP chargeability is considered as a linear phenomenon. The use for the inversion of formulas based on the linear IP phenomenon implies errors, which may be comparable with the instability of the inversion itself. To achieve the quality of IP surveys, it is necessary to well evaluate the non-linear character of IP phenomenon. An accurate interpretation of data with dipole-dipole array should consider the information on dipoles orientation on the survey line. The same recommendation is valid for the inversion interpretation. IP Realsection represents the best solution for the representation of the underground anomaly medium.
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Geoelectrical Model Calculations on Investigation of Subsurface Nuclear Explosion
By Z. PlankThe Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is an international treaty outlawing nuclear explosions in aH environments.If CTBTO data indicates that a nuclear explosion might have taken place, an on-site inspection can be dispatched to the suspected area. The group of inspectors will search the ground for more concrete evidence of a recent nuclear test. At this stage application of geophysical survey methods are focused. Subsurface nuclear activities cause such irreversible changes in the geological structure and rock properties that make the surface geoelectric methods suitable for inspection. Geoelectric models of the undisturbed and after explosion earth have been created for the purpose of investigating the possibilities of applying resistivity methods. Forward and inverse model calculations were carried out to find the most appropriate array parameters of the geoelectric survey.
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Electrical Tomography for Studies of the Inner Structure of Dumps (Open-pit “Ellatzite”, Bulgaria)
Authors S. Shanov, I. Vasilev, A. Mitev, V. Hristov and B. MihailovaThe study presents the results of electrical tomography profiling (electrical resistivity and induced polarization) on external dumps at the vicinity of the open pit “Ellatzite” for copper ore mining (Central Balkan Mountain area, Bulgaria). The aim of the performed geophysical works was a clarification of the dumps structure, because increased instability of the dumps slopes, visible as a surface rupturing on the artificial terrain. The study is of importance for the engineering designing and decisions for the dumps stability. In order for more detailed mapping of subsurface structures the method of electrical profiling using the advanced technical capabilities of the electrical tomography on the base of multi-electrode schemes was applied. Two presented cross-sections, both crossing at the best way the western dumps, because of their positioning perpendicularly to the artificial, secondary sliding structures, are very informative and can be used for finding the necessary approaches to stop the processes of gravitational destroying of the dumps.
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Inversion of First Breaks on Multilayered Media
Authors A.N. Paripas and T. OrmosIf we assume layered models, usually such methods have been developed before that can calculate 2-layered models - with one layer boundary in the structure. Recent development and utilization follows the direction of tomographic methods using diving waves that can deal with multilayered structures as well. A method has been developed in the Department of Geophysics, University of Miskolc, which is able to invert more than one layer at a time in case of a properly chosen measuring system. However, inversion evaluation in a multilayered case can lead to uncertain ambiguous results – similar to equivalence problems. Thus, for having more reliable inversion results, adequately set inversion parameters and a measuring configuration is needed that results in appropriate quantity and quality of information. Investigation results and examples are shown in this study.
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First Arrival Picking in Seismic Refraction Data by Cross-Corelation Technique
Authors M. Senkaya and H. KarsliThe quantified interpretation of the seismic refraction record depends on correct and confident picking first arrival times. However, if the refraction data are poor, traditional first arrival picking techniques are not enough. For this reason, novel techniques are necessary to obtain first arrival times from such data. In this study the cross-correlation technique (CCT), commonly used in reflection data processing, was applied to determine first arrival times. By means of the technique, the process of the first arrival time picking is realized semi-automatically and erroneous picking to be arise from noises was decreased and picking procedure was attributed to mathematical base. Also, effectiveness of semi-automatic picking was especially evaluated with seismic refraction tomography.
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Seismic Wave Velocity and Anisotropy of Devonian Limestones, Nw Turkey
By C. KurtuluşDevonian limestones crop out at various places at northwestern part of Turkey. In situ geophysical and geotechnical studies were conducted to determine their dynamic engineering parameters such as: P-and S-wave velocities, Poisson’s ratio, shear modulus, elasticity modulus, and natural period. Geophysical and geotechnical laboratory tests were performed: ultrasonic measurements of compressional pulse velocity (UPV), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), point load index (Is(50)), were carried out on cylindrical specimens cored across and along the foliation planes; effective porosity (n), Bulk density (d), and absorption of water by mass (Wm) sets of the rock specimens were determined. Finally, statistical correlations were performed by regression analysis to evaluate the relationships between UCS , Is(50),d, n, Wn and UPV.
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Deghosting of Seismic Data Based on Adaptive Subtraction Algorithm
Authors A.A. Bocharova and M.A. Poluboyarinov.Ghost-waves is a traditional problem for seismic processor, however there is no efficient solution of this problem until now. It is considered, that ghosts are less obvious then long-path multiples and are less easily removed by seismic processing. This paper propose a new approach for ghost-wave removal. It is based on adaptive subtraction of a ghost-wave model from the original wave field. The method was applied to synthetics seismic data and field seismic data recorded in several areas. Results show that the described approach is effective in all cases.
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Regional Magnetic Field Model for Croatia and Hungary
More LessWithin the framework of a Croatian-Hungarian bilateral project, joint field surveys were carried out and common geomagnetic field data base was compiled with the aim of constructing a reference geomagnetic model for the two countries. The magnetic maps were obtained by polynomial expansions in latitude and longitude (PA) and by adjusted spherical cap harmonic analysis (ASHA). It was shown that good fit between model and observations could be achieved by the traditional PA method. However, it was argued, that since PA could not satisfy the physical condition of curl-free property of the field, ASHA was superior to it. With ASHA, the determination of at least 25 coefficients or the selection of big half-cap-angle was required to achieve similar residuals than obtained in PA. We showed also that the residuals of the global IGRF11 model were comparable to that of the PA and higher-degree ASHA models. It is suggested that this is resulted in by the fact that the RSs of Croatia and Hungary are located in non-anomalous area. We think therefore that the real power of ASHA technique can be exploited in local anomaly studies carried out on the basis of the observations of country surveys rather than RS campaigns.
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Magnetic Anomalies of Central Volcanics in Slovakia
Authors Ö. Bektaş, A. Büyüksaraç and K. RozimantThe Central volcanics, located in Central part of Slovakia, is characterized by andesitic volcanic activity, andesite stratavolcanoes, dome complexes dating Middle and Late Miocene. Magnetic anomalies of the region exhibit a highly complex pattern. A 3-km upward continued magnetic anomalies do not appear to be correlated with topography and reflect anomalies of the deep-seated magnetized bodies. Pseudogravity transform was performed on the upward continued anomaly. Then, pseudogravity anomalies were modeled as a three-dimensional. The top and bottom of the body are at 4.4 km and 8.5 km, respectively. Volcanic structures, which are known and some lineaments, are presented on the maxima of the horizontal gradient of pseudogravity anomalies. They are well correlated with structural map of Central Slovakia Volcanic Field (CSVF).
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Electromagnetic Imaging with Tensor Invariants and Classical Magnetotelluric Interpretation along the CEL-07 Profile
More LessBesides the traditional electromagnetic data processing, nowadays one can see more and more transformation solutions (especially for very large data systems), which provide images about deep geological structures and their dimensions free of the orientation of the measuring system. The key parameters of these transformations are called tensor invariants. In this paper the detailed information about the quality, joint interpretation possibilities and applicability of the most used tensor invariants in electromagnetic investigation is presented. Comparison of various invariant results (together with dimensionality analysis) with results of classical magnetotelluric interpretations (inversions) to a 2D datasets in a research area in West-Transdanubia (Hungary) was applied and the main tectonic lines could be identified. In the contact zone of three tectonic units (Pannonian Basin, Eastern Alps and Dinarides), in a complicated – basin and range – geological situation magnetotelluric deep soundings were carried out along a 140 km long profile with a site distance of 2 km. The MT sites followed the Hungarian part of the CELEBRATION-07 (CEL-7) deep refraction profile, and the MT spacing was the same as the seismic one.
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A new analytical modeling of Asphaltene-Induced Formation Damage under Ultrasonic Stimulation
Authors A. Rabbani, M.H. Gazanfari and I. NajafiAlthough there are evidences on efficiency of the ultrasonic waves in asphaltene damage removal, a little is known about the modeling of permeability enhancement due to ultrasonic waves radiation towards the asphaltene-induced damaged formations. This study presents a novel analytical stimulation on formation asphaltene damage with an approach to the ultrasonic stimulation. By attending the hydraulic radius concept, filtration theories in porous media and ultrasonic effects on asphaltene particle size, a theoretical and relative statics model has been developed. In addition to examining the effects of asphaltene particle size distribution on permeability impairment, a Sensitivity Analysis has been presented to clarify the relationship between asphaltene adsorption parameters and permeability alteration. Literature experimental results confirm the permeability damage predicted by the current modeling for five volume injection of Asphaltenic oil. Furthermore, it has been proved that sonicated samples of crude oil cause less asphaltene-induced damage in the porous media due to solvent injection.
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Developing of Dynamical Evolution Model of Rock Massif State as a Response on a Changing of Stress-deformed State
By O.A. HachayThe first feature of the state evolution is: the local volume massive does not immediately respond on the changing of the surrounded it stress state. Therefore it stores the response energy and then extracts it through a high energy dynamical effect. It is very significant to define the time of reaction lagging, in spite of the influence on the massive can be assumed as elastic. The unique model which can explain that effect is a model of the massive with a hierarchic structure. We developed a mathematical algorithm using integral and integro-differential equations for 2-D model for two problems in a frequency domain: diffraction a sound wave and linear polarized transverse wave through a arbitrary hierarchy rank inclusion plunged in an N-layered medium. That algorithm differs from the fractal model approach by a more free selecting of heterogeneities position of each rank. And the second the problem is solved in the dynamical approach. The higher the amount of the hierarchic ranks the more is the degree of nonlinearity of the massive response and the longer can be the time of massive reaction lag of the influence.
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Structural Investigation of the Western Transdanubian Hills – a Transition Zone between the Alps and the Pannonian Basin
Authors G. Kovács and T. TelbiszThe investigated study area is situated in the transition zone between the still uplifting Eastern Alps and the subsiding Little Hungarian Plain (Joó 1992). The contrasting forcing of the differentially uplifting neighbour regions created here a distinctive low relief, hilly surface morphology and a characteristic drainage network pattern. Our study aimed at the reconstruction of the surface evolution. First, we determined the geomorphic domains based on their geomorphometric characteristics. Second, we proved neotectonic origin of some specific area. Last, we analyzed the connection between the surface morphology and the deeper structure.
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Travel Time Residuals at the Contact of the Dinarides and Pannonian Basin
Authors F. Šumanovac, D. Dudjak and E. HegedűsTeleseismic earthquake records from a passive array of 15 short-period and 4 broad-band seismometers are used to estimate traveltime residual patterns at the contact of the Dinarides and Pannonian basin. Estimation of relative residuals is achieved with fast and powerful stacking procedure through iterative alignment of traces. Global ak135 propagation model is used for achieving initial alignment by selecting the time window around the desired phase. Final alignment is obtained by rapid convergence of introduced time-shifts between reference trace and traces from each station. Similar residual patterns are caused by events arriving from the same region, but patterns differ if the events originate from various locations. Stations situated in the south-western part of the array show positive residuals, and stations situated in the north-eastern part of the array show negative residuals. Stations that show positive residuals are situated on thick Dinaridic crust, which explains later arrivals. Early arrivals correspond to stations situated on much thinner Pannonian crust, hence the negative residuals. Residual pattern that occurs between these two distinctive groups is characterized by alternating negative and positive residuals. This feature corresponds to ophiolitic Transitional zone characterized by strong lateral heterogeneities in the lithosphere.
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The Crustal Structure Beneath the Marmara Region, Turkey using Receiver Function Method
Authors T. Tezel, B. Kaypak and T. ShibutaniWe determined the Moho depth and velocity discontinuities in the crust and uppermost mantle using receiver function method in Marmara region, Turkey. We used teleseismic earthquake data recorded between 2005-2010 by the national broad band seismic stations operated by Earthquake Department of Disaster and Emergency Presidency of Turkey and Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory (KOERI). In this study, we selected 21 broadband stations that are located in the Marmara region in Turkey. The Moho depth changes from 28 to 39 km and upper mantle velocities varying between 4.0-4.5 km/s in the study region.
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Dynamic Topography in Europe
More LessAccording to the classical theory of isostasy topography is controlled by the variations of crustal thickness on a regional scale because the crust floats on the mantle. However, the existence of over- and undercompensated areas indicates that the classical isostatic theories are not enough to explain the topography. Mounting evidence indicates that a significant proportion of Earth’s topography results from the viscous stresses created by flows within the underlying mantle. This portion of the topography is commonly referred as dynamic topography. In a case study on the European continent I analyzed the coherency between topography and free-air anomaly and it was found that dynamic topography may play an important role in the Pannonian basin.
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The Effect of Different Geometries on the Thermal Mantle Convection
More LessA leading tool for understanding thermal convection in the Earth’s mantle is numerical modeling. To solve Boussinesq equations a finite element code has been applied. This is the first time this method has been used in Hungary, namely, modeling mantle convection on the Cartesian coordinate system. The simulations have been run in 2D Cartesian and cylindrical coordinate systems as well as in a “mantle-like” cylindrical-shell. The mantle dynamics are controlled by the Rayleigh number, which is the ratio of the buoyancy to viscous forces. The effect of Ra has been studied in the range of 1e4 to1e7. The significance of the cylindrical geometry is that at a given rms velocity the convection can carry the most heat to the surface and the results were close to the three dimensional case. This may imply that the upwelling part of the 3D mantle convection is cylindrical (mantle plume). In the cylindrical-shell domain an impressive approximate picture of the chaotic structure of the mantle convection has been shown. With the comparison of the three geometries it could be said that the cylindrical coordinate-system seems to be the most appropriate geometry to investigate the physical properties of an individual mantle plume.
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Facies Variations Detected by Well Log Correlation in a Geothermal Reservoir (Újfalu Formation) around Debrecen, Hungary
Authors T. Buday and Z. PüspökiA sequence stratigraphy based well-to-well correlation was performed as part of a regional geothermal project to determine the geometry and hydrogeology of a reservoir from which two famous spas produce thermal water. The most important thermal reservoir in Cenozoic formations in Hungary is the Újfalu Formation, which was mainly deposited in a delta front environment. In this paper a facies variation is presented in the Újfalu Formation, above a thrust wedge of the basement. Parasequences were determined by well log correlation, the appearance of parasequences is different in the sub-basins (sandy) and above the thrust (silty with sand layers). The silt and clay deposits in the reservoir decrease the hydraulic conductivity, modify the water movement. The difference could be formed by the relative vertical movement of the thrust during the deposition and local character in the surroundings of it. This information refines the sub-regional solid and hydrogeological model, thus helps the sustainable, economic and various utilization of geothermal energy in a famous thermal bath area.
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Vibration on the Surface Due Underground Mining in Karviná Region, Czech Republic
Authors Z. Kaláb, R. Kořínek, E. Hrubešová and M. LednickáKarviná region, part of the Upper Silesian Basin (Czech Republic and Poland), where intensive mining induced seismic events have been documented for a long time, is the area with underground exploitation of black coal. This exploitation manifests also as negative effects on the surface, mainly deformations of surface, changes of hydrogeological conditions and induced vibrations. Experimental investigation documents intensive vibrations that for more intensive mining induced seismic events exceed the value of 10 mm/s. One example from interpretation using time-frequency map of measured digital signal is included.
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Possibilities of Potential Mapping for BHE Heat Pump Systems
By E. PulayThis study is aiming to develope a mapping method that can be used as an aid for designing smaller borehole heat exchanger geothermal heat pump systems. This is yet a not widely researched, undeveloped topic. For the mapping method assessment a study area near Budapest was used. The results showed that besides rock composition mapping and guideline-based heat extraction calculations, the thermal conductivity estimations are the most precise and the most informative way to complete this task. With these maps favorable and less favorable areas can be distinguished within a study area. These maps allow for more precise estimation of necessary borehole lenghts for given projects. Also, after consulting with companies, this information can be used for payback time analyses.
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Trends of Wastewater Discharge and Pollutant Content in Rivers of Shanghai
By J. C. KangWater Environment in Shanghai got more and more attentions. The hotspots are wastewater discharge and pollutant content in Changjiang and Huangpu rivers. From 1981 to 2009, the city wastewater discharge was fluctuated between 18*108 ton and 24*108 ton. Inside, the gross of industrial wastewater was trendily decreasing from more than 13*108 ton at 1980s to about 7*108 ton recently years. The gross of living wastewater was increasing trendily, it related with increasing of city population. The month flux of chemical pollutant discharged by Changjiang River was between 25.9*104 ton to 209.6*104 ton in recently years. The average pollutant gross carried by Changjiang River in year, was about 593.45*104 ton among 2002 to 2009; about 83.68% was COD. Other pollutants were nutrients, oil, heavy metal and arsenic, the variability was larger with year. The month flux of pollutant carried by Huangpu River was 2.56*104 ton, more than 63% was COD averagely. The pollutant gross had an increasing trend year by year. Generally, the percent of pollutant from Huangpu River was about 3.6 to 4.4% compared with that in Changjiang River.
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Transport of Pollutants around a High Building: Integrated Magnetic, Mineralogical and Geochemical Study
More LessWe studied the degree and distribution of traffic induced pollution at a 40 m high building at the side of a major road in Budapest by making magnetic, mineralogical and geochemical analysis on settled dust samples collected at different levels and at the front and back sides of the building. We observed strong seasonal dependence of the amounts of anthropogenic pollutants, which were highest during summer. This season was also characterized by strong vertical variation of the amounts of dust, of the magnetic susceptibilities (reflecting best the traffic induced pollution) and of the concentrations of Pb. All these have maximum values at 9 m, on both sides of the building. The pattern of the distribution does not correspond to what is predicted by an air flow model published for high buildings with similar morphology and wind conditions.
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Monitoring Water Quality in Open Basins of Non-operating Mines and Dumps
Authors D. Borisova, H. Nikolov and B. BanushevWithin this research we explore time and seasonal behavior of multispectral satellite data with middle to high spatial resolution in order to estimate the content of metal particles in the water basins formed by non-operating copper mine and dumps. The aim is to test if regression model could be created between metal polluted water and the spectral response of the basins. As basis the spectral response of the embedded rocks of the copper mine and sands on the beaches of the dump site have been investigated. Similar to the well known vegetation indices such as NDVI several spectral indices are suggested, analyzed and the results are reported. The obtained results showed that the analyzed data and the implemented approach are proved to be useful in environmental monitoring process for the mining company responsible for the ecological state of the region. Also the successful implementation of method could be considered as basis for establishment of airborne monitoring of the ecological state of these areas.
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Electromagnetic Profiling for Pollution Studies on Land Contiguos with a Landfill Facility in Kumasi, Ghana
By V.S. AsareThis study aimed principally to ascertain if any, and to what extent, leachate has communicated into the adjoining lands from the operation of the landfill facility. In this investigation an EM ground conductivity survey was done using Geonics EM34-3 instrument. The EM34-3 has three intercoil spacings of 10, 20 and 40 m to vary the effective depth of exploration from 7.5 m to a maximum of 60 metres. Traverse lines were located at both sides of a creek into which the treated effluent is discharged. The equipment was set at 10 m, 20 m and 40 m interval spacing in both the vertical and horizontal dipole modes. At each station the horizontal dipole (HD) mode reading was taken first, followed by the vertical dipole (VD) mode, to probe different depths based on the respective intercoil spacing. Regions close to the banks of the stream were found to have high terrain conductivity but only limited to roughly 30 m on both sides of the creek. The apparent conductivity values are however, mitigated at depths. The results of the study, for now, do not project an eminent threat to the groundwater system.
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Integration of Geological and Geophysical Data in Thrace Basin, Turkey and Modeling of Gravity Anomalies
Authors A. Aydemir, D. Demir, F. Bilim and A. AtesThe Thrace Basin located in the European part of Turkey is the most important basin for natural gas production. In this work, the geology and geophysical data of Thrace Basin are integrated in respect of natural gas potential and to determine the possible “kitchen areas” for hydrocarbon generation. Although the region has been investigated by the petroleum geologists and geophysicists for a long time, the thickness of the sedimentary units is still under debate. In this study, the basin was modelled from the gravity data and it was correlated with the available seismic data. In the conclusion, a good consistency between two different data sets was obtained and depth of the sedimentary basin was found changing from 3 km to 7 kilometres.
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Geopgysical Investigations in Cankiri-Corum Basin, Turkey
Authors A. Aydemir, Y. Aslan, A. Buyuksarac, N.Y. Erik and A. AtesThe Cankiri-Corum Basin is one of the most important Tertiary basins located in the central Anatolia, Turkey. This basin is situated on a complex region and it can be classified as an “unexplored” basin. In this study, gravity anomalies, seismic and borehole data were used to investigate sub-surface structure and thickness of the sedimentary units in the Cankiri-Corum Basin. 2D modelling results of the gravity anomalies with the correlation of the seismic sections indicate that there is good consistency for a basin-fill composed of sedimentary units with thickness of 5 km. This thickness is enough for the hydrocarbon generation in case of having possible source rocks in the deeper parts of the basin that could be accepted as the “kitchen area”.
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Geophysics Entering INSPIRE
By L SőrésGeophysics is going to be involved in the INSPIRE process as part of the Geology theme of Annex II. The first public version of the data model (v2.0) was released in June 2011 (INSPIRE Thematic Working Group Geology [2011]). Consultation and testing period will be closed in October 2012. The core data model will become part of the European legislation and will control the data provision of Legally Mandated Organisations (LMO). To support the INSPIRE framework directives with a coherent data model an application schema for geophysical feature types were specified. The Data model is based on ISO and OGC standards and the INSPIRE General Concept Model. It supports two schemas, a simple one for legal data provisioning obligations and an other one for more detailed data descriptions.
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Enhancement of Linear Features from Gravity Anomalies by Using Curvature Gradient Tensor Matrix
By B. OruçIn this study, a new edge enhancement technique based on the eigenvalues and determinant from the curvature gradient tensor matrix (CGTM) has been described. The performance of the technique has been tested by using theoretical examples. It has been shown that the zero values of smallest eigenvalue of CGTM are suitable for mapping in source boundaries with a high resolution. The method has been applied to CGTM computed from the gravity anomaly data from Aydın-Germencik geothermal area in the western region of Turkey. The small eigenvalue provides a detailed image of the edges of basin and uplift and therefore give the results which tend to structural trends. I have also compared the Euler deconvolution (ED) position estimates with the small eigenvalue map obtained from the CGTM of residual gravity anomaly. Both techniques have agreed in detecting the basin and uplift edges in the subsurface.
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Last Decade Gravity Data Processing in the ELGI
Authors J. Kiss, E. Prácser, L. Vértesy and Á. GulyásThe Bouguer anomaly map shows an integrated image of the geological structures of the given area which depends on the density distribution of the rocks. It means that Bouguer anomaly map gives a summarized gravity effect of all geological formations to be found from the surface until a depth of several tens of kilometres. The different depths of the Moho in Central-Europe is determined by different crust thicknesses of the Carpathian Basin and its surrounding mountains (Alps, Carpathians and Dinarides) which are connected, first of all, to the isostatic roots of the mountain regions. A formula to calculate the isostatic effect of oceanic antiroots — or in case of Hungary the effect of deep sedimentary basins which cause the same effect — is known for a long while. So we realized full isostatic correction to get gravity Bouguer anomaly maps of Hungary without regional isostatic effects. We can get more information about the depths of gravity sources using spectral analysis and spectral depth estimations. The longest wavelengths are connected to crustal anomalies, while the shortest ones to the near surface gravity sources. We can separate gravity effects of different depths by spectral (matched) filtering of the Bouguer anomaly map.
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Major Principles in Spectrometric Studies of Vegetation
Authors D. Borisova and R. KanchevaAn essential application of remote sensing with significant importance for practice is vegetation monitoring. In agriculture for instance regular and timely information is needed about crop state and development, about the occurrence of stress situations for undertaking of respective measures, and etc. This paper has the goal to summarize issues related to vegetation peculiarities as a biological system and as an object of spectrometric studies, and on this ground to analyze a number of specific problems typical in vegetation monitoring, to point out some difficulties that data interpretation runs on, to suggest some approaches for their overcoming. Spectral reflectance specifics of the soil-vegetation cover as a dynamical system and a mixed class is scrutinized, the use of reflectance properties as an indicator of plant state is substantiated basing on their adequate relationship with plant bioparameters.
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Geoelectric Survey of the Hypotetchical Mithras-temple in Porolissum
Authors D. Raáb, K. Kelevitz and L. LenkeyIn this paper we present the results of a direct current geoelectrical surveying made for exploring an underground building in the Roman age fort of Porolissum. It was assumed that the building was a Mithras-temple. It was made of volcanic rock surrounded by clayey soil. We carried out the measurements along two sets of sections perpendicular to each other. We made two surveys: first using Wenner-Schlumberger array and second time a dipol-dipol array. We inverted the apparent resistivities as a 3 dimensional dataset with the software RES3DINV. The boundaries of the building could be easily identified, and we got information about the building’s inner structure, too. The reisistivity distribution showed where bigger rocks, the former archeological trenches, the walls and the collapsed parts of the building were located. There were no significant differences between the results of Wenner-Schlumberger and dipole-dipole arrays, the lateral distribution of the resistivity was almost the same. Later the archeological excavations proved the results of the geophysical measurements in detail.
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Combined geophysical investigation for the detection of ancient metallurgical installations near Keratea City, Greece
Authors G. Apostolopoulos, P. Karalis, G. Amolochitis and K. LeontarakisThe area of Lavrion, south part of Attica, is important in Greece for its mining and industrial history. Ancient times mining activity and metallurgical processing has left galleries and circular laundries for enrichment, tanks for the water used and forges for melting. A geophysical survey has the target to detect walls and tanks in an area near Keratea city some ancient installations have been revealed by archaeological excavation. Electromagnetic measurements with a conductivity meter have found elongated features of low conductivity (walls) and circular features of high conductivity (tanks full of conductive material). ERT and GPR sections have approved these results giving additional quantitative information. The results can be used as guideline in future archaeological excavation.
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Correlation of Geophysical Methods to Investigate an Archaeological Site at Bujang Valley, Kedah, Malaysia
Authors S.Y. Moussavi Alashloo, M. Moussavi Alashloo, R. Saad, M.N.M. Nawawi and R. AsadpourAn integrated geophysical survey using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), seismic refraction tomography (SRT) and magnetic techniques was performed with the purpose of locating buried artifacts and defining shallow structures at the Bujang Valley archaeological area, Kedah, Malaysia. Bujang Valley is considered to be the earliest commercial and religious center in Malaysia. The geophysical investigation was conducted in three steps. First, a magnetometry survey was performed using a G-856 proton precession magnetometer over 15 profiles. Then, a resistivity survey was designed in 6 profiles utilizing a pole-dipole array. Later, 2 lines of seismic refraction were measured and correlated with resistivity survey results. The magnetic survey revealed six anomalies which two anomalies had a high magnetic value, related to buried structures. The ERT and SRT techniques displayed three main layers of alluvium soil mixed with sand and clay, saturated zone and the bedrock layer. A joint analysis of results showed that the obtained information well suited to determine the archaeological remains and subsurface geological properties. An excavation test confirmed the geophysical results. Consequently, the results of this study reconfirmed that the integrated geophysical techniques yield satisfactory results and useful information upon which archaeologists can base further investigations of the site.
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